Abstract: A device for capturing carbon dioxide includes a supply source for supplying a compressed flue gas; a multi-stream heat exchanger for pre-cooling the compressed flue gas and a gas expansion device located downstream of the multi-stream heat exchanger. The multi-stream heat exchanger is configured to separate the compressed flue gas into a first compressed stream and a second compressed stream. The gas expansion device is configured to expand the compressed flue gas into a first sub-stream of carbon dioxide depleted gas and a second sub-stream of carbon dioxide. The device includes a first recirculation channel that recirculates a portion of the first sub-stream into the multi-stream heat exchanger and a second recirculation channel that recirculates at least a portion of the second sub-stream into the multi-stream heat exchanger, wherein the multi-stream heat exchanger is configured to pre-cool the compressed flue gas using the first sub-stream and the second sub-stream.

Abstract: A method for producing cold heat for cooling a process is provided. Seawater is pumped at a selected depth and cooled to create a mixture of ice and brine. The ice is separated from the brine. Cold heat is obtained by thawing the ice. A process cooling system for producing cold heat is also provided. A pumping station comprises a line system to obtain seawater and direct the seawater to an onshore cooling plant. A refrigerant circulates in an evaporation stage in a refrigeration circuit. A heat exchanger in the evaporation stage freezes a portion of the seawater in the line system with the refrigerant. A cooling plant is connected to the line system to receive the frozen seawater. The cooling plant comprises a separation tank for separating the frozen portion of seawater from brine, and a heat exchanger to cool the process by heat exchange with the frozen seawater.

Abstract: A refrigeration system that includes at least one semi-closed air-refrigerated chamber and an air-cycle refrigeration loop for drawing air from the refrigerated chamber(s), cools the air, and returns the now-cooled air to the refrigerated chamber(s). The refrigeration loop includes various compression, expansion and heat transfer stages for cooling the air drawn from the refrigerated chamber(s). The air within the refrigerated chamber and air infiltrating into the refrigerated chamber(s) will typically contain moisture. A positive-pressure cyclone separator located between a final expansion stage and the refrigerated chamber(s) removes snow created in the final expansion stage due to moisture in the air drawn from the refrigerated chamber(s).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for separating a mixture to be separated (solid-liquid or liquid-liquid mixture) using a deliquescent filter medium. The mixture to be separated is separated into a liquid passing through a filter layer of the filter medium and a captured material captured in the filter layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing a fluid concentrated ingredient based on crystals based on a fatty acid ester, and also to the use of this fluid concentrated ingredient.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the partial crystallization of a phase in a solution, comprising at least one pump for circulation of the solution in a circuit of a heat exchanger formed from at least one tube in contact with a cooling circuit, characterized in that the circuit of the exchanger includes static means to mix the solution, so that the crystallized particles of the phase are continuously mixed with the solution during the circulation of said solution. The invention also relates to an assembly including several devices according to the invention or several parts of such a device. The invention also relates to a method to use such a device.

Abstract: Apparatus for separating solids from a mixture or solution, comprising an outer wall provided with an inlet for the mixture or solution and provided with a first discharge for discharging an ice slurry and a second discharge for discharging a salt slurry, one or more raking or scraping elements for scraping solidified material from cooled wall portions which are cooled at or close to a temperature where the mixture or solution solidifies, preferably the eutectic temperature thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method of recycling LiCl salt wastes comprising radionuclides and an apparatus using the same. The method includes a) solidifying a LiCl salt contained in the LiCl salt wastes and contacting the outer wall of a housing, by charging a crystallizer comprising the housing having an internal accommodating space and an air cooler in the internal accommodating space into a crystallizing furnace accommodating the LiCl salt wastes comprising the radionuclides, and by cooling the housing to a temperature of two-phase region where the liquid state and the solid state of the LiCl salt waste coexist, b) separating the crystallizer where the LiCl salt is solidified from the crystallizing furnace, c) recycling the LiCl salt by heating the separated crystallizer to melt the solidified LiCl salt.

Abstract: A process for purifying removal of crystals from their suspension in mother liquor by means of a washing column having forced transport in which the process chamber is encased by a metal wall which, on its side facing away from the process chamber, is heated at least along the length of the pure melt zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for cooling a beverage, the system comprising: a beverage line (5) connectable to a beverage supply for transporting beverage from the beverage supply through an insulated carrier to a dispensation site (1), a cooling medium generator (2) for generating a cooling medium; a cooling line (6) for transporting the cooling medium from the cooling medium generator through the insulated carrier so as to allow heat exchange between the cooling medium in the cooling line and the beverage in the beverage line; and a pump (3) for pumping the cooling medium through the cooling line. The cooling medium generator (2) is an ice slush generator. The present invention also relates to a method of cooling a beverage flowing through a beverage line using ice slush as a cooling medium.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is presented for the desalination of water by freezing seawater. The process is integrated into a liquefied natural gas regasification system.

Abstract: A method for separating dissolved materials, including organic and inorganic solids and volatile constituents, from a liquid or aqueous solvent is disclosed. The method first extracts water from the flow stream being treated using a crystallization apparatus which freezes the water onto a continuous loop wire rope and withdraws the wire rope from the chamber containing the feed stream. The resultant concentrated solution is then subjected to a different process of evaporation by heating at reduced pressures resulting in the efficient separation of the materials in solution from the liquid medium while conserving energy. This procedure is considered highly effective in allowing for the concentration of the materials and then the extraction of the materials in solution and the recycling and reuse of the water or other liquid.

Abstract: A method for crystallizing a substance, especially an inhalable medicament, comprising the following steps: (a) dissolving said substance in a solvent, to produce a solution of said substance, (b) producing a segmented stream which consists of alternating segments of said solution of the substance and of a transport medium, (c) introducing said segmented stream into the first end of a retention stretch, which retention stretch has a first end and a second end, so that said segmented stream passes from said first end to said second end of said retention stretch, and exits from the second end of the retention stretch, (d) cooling the retention stretch, to thereby bring about crystallization of the substance in the segments of solution, in the segmented stream, as said segmented stream passes through the retention stretch, and (e) separating the crystals of material from the segmented stream as it exits from the second end of the retention stretch.

Abstract: An apparatus for making frozen food products having a horizontal mixing spindle with a continuous, closed-loop, recessed, crisscrossed track around its outer lengthwise surface. A paddle wheel encircles the spindle and has a plug or guide skate that extends into the crisscrossed track and guides the paddle wheel back and forth along the length of the spindle as well as around the circumference of the spindle. A horizontal, cylindrical, cooling canister encloses the spindle and paddle wheel and is coupled to a refrigeration unit for keeping the canister and its contents cold. One end of the canister is provided with a push-type dispensing block for dispensing the frozen food product.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for recovering a crystalline material from an aqueous solution, which solution also contains organic contaminants, in which process the material is crystallised from the aqueous solution by freeze crystallising at a eutectic freezing point of the solution.

Abstract: A water de-salination and ice slush producing system separates potable water and brine from sea water in a reverse osmosis apparatus. A chiller tube produces ice slush from the sea water mixed with waste brine. The chiller tube has an outer housing and a first cylindrical wall, defining a first cooling space together with the outer housing. A first cooling conduit is inside the first cooling space, for circulating a coolant to cool down the first cylindrical wall. A second cylindrical wall defines an ice generating space together with the first cylindrical wall.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a dynamic type ice cold storage method and system capable of efficiently suppressing, by an appropriate replenishment of water, an increase in concentration of an aqueous solution with the progress of freezing of the aqueous solution, thereby preventing a lowering in the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator, and hence diminishing power required for the formation of ice crystals. The temperature of an aqueous solution contained in a freezer which includes a heat exchanger for cooling is measured with a thermometer, and as the liquid temperature drops with the progress of freezing, melted water is replenished into the freezer from a melted water tank by means of a pump to keep almost constant the temperature of freezing performed by the heat exchanger for cooling.

Abstract: A water de-salination and ice slush producing system separates potable water and brine from sea water in a reverse osmosis apparatus. A chiller tube produces ice slush from the sea water mixed with waste brine. The chiller tube has an outer housing and a first cylindrical wall, defining a first cooling space together with the outer housing. A first cooling conduit is inside the first cooling space, for circulating a coolant to cool down the first cylindrical wall. A second cylindrical wall defines an ice generating space together with the first cylindrical wall.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing liquefied natural gas. A liquefaction plant may be coupled to a source of unpurified natural gas, such as a natural gas pipeline at a pressure letdown station. A portion of the gas is drawn off and split into a process stream and a cooling stream. The cooling stream passes through a turbo expander creating work output. A compressor is driven by the work output and compresses the process stream. The compressed process stream is cooled, such as by the expanded cooling stream. The cooled, compressed process stream is divided into first and second portions with the first portion being expanded to liquefy the natural gas. A gas-liquid separator separates the vapor from the liquid natural gas. The second portion of the cooled, compressed process stream is also expanded and used to cool the compressed process stream. Additional features and techniques may be integrated with the liquefaction process including a water clean-up cycle and a carbon dioxide (CO2) clean-up cycle.

Abstract: Method for determining changing ice concentration in binary ice volumes with the steps: carrying out mechanical work in the volume to be measured with an electric motor, determining the electric power and mathematical conversion into a measure for the ice concentration.

Abstract: An installation is described for continuous crystallization of liquids by freezing. The installation performs liquid preliminary cooling under predetermined temperature; adding gas into cooled liquid and their intermixing; delivering mixed liquid and gas through the refrigerated evaporator; winding round mixed liquid and gas into the refrigerated evaporator; a pumpless refrigeration circuit, including compressor, water condenser, cooling tower, indirect refrigerated evaporator, expansion valve, low pressure receiver and required refrigeration accessories, for the realization of cooling volumetric crystallization of liquid flowing through the refrigerated evaporator. These processes cause the formation of a bubble slurry with crystal nuclei, gas bubbles and concentrated, unfrozen liquid; preparation means are described for transportation and further storage or use of bubble slurry; immovable means are designed for feasible separation of pure fine crystals and mother concentrated liquid.

Abstract: A freeze crystallization concentration system is disclosed for separating a liquid feed stream into a more purified liquid and a concentrate in which only a single pass through a freeze-crystallizer and ice separator is required. The crystallizer, which converts the initial feed stream into a slurry of ice and concentrate, includes a scraped surface heat exchanger that produces, pumps and removes an ice slurry and uses a secondary cooling system to ensure that the crystallizer will operate in any required position and is not sensitive to motion. The separator includes a rotating drum which separates the ice crystals from the surrounding concentrate by the use of centrifugal force and without the use of screens or filters. An auger, rotating at a different speed than the drum, may be located at the center of the drum for removing the ice crystals.

Abstract: A freeze crystallization concentration system is disclosed for separating a liquid feed stream into a more purified liquid and a concentrate in which only a single pass through a freeze-crystallizer and ice separator is required. The crystallizer, which converts the initial feed stream into a slurry of ice and concentrate, includes a scraped surface heat exchanger that produces, pumps and removes an ice slurry and uses a secondary cooling system to ensure that the crystallizer will operate in any required position and is not sensitive to motion. The separator includes a rotating drum which separates the ice crystals from the surrounding concentrate by the use of centrifugal force and without the use of screens or filters. An auger, rotating at a different speed than the drum, may be located at the center of the drum for removing the ice crystals.

Abstract: A freeze crystallization concentration system is disclosed for separating a liquid feed stream into a more purified liquid and a concentrate in which only a single pass through a freeze-crystallizer and ice separator is required. The crystallizer, which converts the initial feed stream into a slurry of ice and concentrate, includes a scraped surface heat exchanger that produces, pumps and removes an ice slurry and uses a secondary cooling system to ensure that the crystallizer will operate in any required position and is not sensitive to motion. The separator includes a rotating drum which separates the ice crystals from the surrounding concentrate by the use of centrifugal force and without the use of screens or filters. An auger, rotating at a different speed than the drum, may be located at the center of the drum for removing the ice crystals.

Abstract: A process and apparatus is disclosed for removing impurities from gases such as flue gases. A liquified gas such as nitrogen is introduced into direct contact with the gases to be cleaned of impurities concurrent with the introduction of a sorbent powder for cooling the gas to a temperature in the range of 60.degree. C. to -20.degree. C. and with nucleation precipitation and condensation of heavy metals, salts, acids and hydrocarbons onto the sorbent. A porous and permeable bed of said sorbent is formed through which the gases are drawn for absorption and adsorption of said precipitated and condensed material thereon. The pH of the sorbent is adjusted and maintained in the pH range of 9 to 11.

Abstract: An aqueous ice slurry is fed by a conduit from a freeze exchanger directly to one or more heat exchangers for cooling or air conditioning one of more enclosed or defined spaces. Warm water withdrawn from the heat exchangers is returned, with or without prior cooling, to the freeze exchanger to be converted into aqueous ice slurry. Warm water from the heat exchangers may be fed to a central thermal energy storage tank containing a bed of ice to cool the water and the cold water is fed to the freeze exchanger to form aqueous ice slurry. When heat exchangers have coils too small for an aqueous ice slurry to flow through the slurry is mixed with warm water from the heat exchangers to melt the ice and produce cold water which can be passed through the heat exchangers.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously removing from the mother liquor the crystals contained in a suspension of crystals in the mother liquor and for washing the crystals with a washing liquid, comprising a closed cylindrical chamber, feed devices for the suspension of crystals, discharge devices for removing the disintegrated crystal bed, feed devices for washing liquid, filter devices in the form of a flat ring for extracting mother liquor from the suspension supplied, while retaining crystals, transport devices in the form of rotating blades which are fitted in the cylindrical chamber above the filter devices and stator blades above the rotating blades being able to move backwards and forwards over a certain stroke in the axial direction between the filter devices and the stator blades fitted at a distance above the filter devices.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus for the closed-loop regeneration of spent hydrochloric acid pickle liquors that have been used to pickle ferrous metals by recovering ferrous chloride from the spent pickle liquors at very low temperatures. The process includes maintaining the hydrochloric acid and iron concentrations within the spent pickle liquor at levels that will prevent the liquor from freezing when cooled to about -10 degrees Fahrenheit and that will permit the formation of ferrous chloride crystals within the spent pickle liquor when the liquor is cooled below about +18 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit and to about -10 degrees Fahrenheit. The ferrous chloride crystals formed at such low temperatures are then removed from the pickle liquor, which then permits reuse of the free hydrochloric acid remaining within the thus regenerated pickle liquor in normal pickling operations.

Abstract: A method of removing contaminants from an aqueous waste stream comprising feeding a contaminated aqueous liquid to the lower internal space of a feed tank and cooling the liquid in the tank to a temperature which results in precipitation of at least part of the contaminants; withdrawing the precipitated contaminants from the feed tank lower internal space; withdrawing aqueous liquid from the feed tank upper internal space and delivering it to a freezer; cooling the aqueous liquid in the freezer to convert at least part of the liquid to ice to produce an aqueous ice slurry; feeding aqueous ice slurry from the freezer to an aqueous ice slurry receiver; withdrawing aqueous ice slurry from the aqueous ice slurry receiver and recycling some of it to the freezer and some of it to the lower internal space of the feed tank; withdrawing aqueous ice slurry from the aqueous ice slurry receiver and delivering it to a central space of a separator-precipitate vessel; withdrawing aqueous ice slurry from the central space of

Abstract: A continuous, counter current freeze concentration system and method for concentrating aqueous solutions such as fruit juices, coffee and cold water soluble tea extracts, milk, beer, wine, vinegar, and the like in which the aqueous liquid is passed through one or more concentrating stages, each of which include a crystallizer associated with a gradient column, to crystallize ice in each of the stages and increase the concentration of the liquid, and the ice formed in each stage is passed in reverse direction through the stages. Ice crystals are separated and removed from the system in a wash column associated with the first stage, and concentrated liquid is removed as product from the last stage.

Abstract: Energy and mass are transferred in a system utilizing a gaseous refrigerant which is mixed and sorbed (absorbed/adsorbed) with a liquid carrier selected from the group consisting of long chain alcohols, ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, sebecates, phthalates, aldehydes and ketones, and sorbate/liquid mixture then combined with a particulate solid capable of forming a solid/gas compound with the gaseous refrigerant. The process is carried out in a mass and heat exchange apparatus capable of collecting and transferring the energy created by the formation or dissociation of the solid/gas compound.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying crystals comprises a crystal purifying tower having a transverse cross-section of two partially overlapping circles, stirrers each comprising a rotational shaft passing through the center of each of the circles and having blade members disposed spirally on its surface, a solid-liquid separation plate disposed at the bottom portion of the tower, a liquid take out means disposed below the separation plate, a starting crude crystal feed means disposed above the separation plate, a purified crystal take out means disposed at the upper portion of the tower, heating means disposed in the tower in a multistage manner along the longitudinal direction of the tower, and purified crystal circulation means for cooling a portion of purified crystals taken out from the tower and feeding back the cooled crystals to the tower at at least one portion of the tower.

Abstract: An externally cooled cylindrical vessel has a draft tube centered in the lower half thereof. A continuous circulation seeded with tartars crystals includes a fast downward flow through the draft tube and a slow upward flow outside the draft tube. The circulation induces crystal growth and the removal of tartars from the liquid. A coning zone is defined in the vessel above the draft tube. The slow upward flow moves toward the calming zone, facilitating classification of the crystalline matter which is reintroduced into the fact downward flow. The liquid product from which the tartars has been removed and which is collected in the upper section of the vessel is tapped off by an overflow port located near the top of the vessel.

Abstract: A process of the type employing freezing and thawing of metal hydroxide sludge to effect phase separation by gravity settling of solids to permit removal of the purified water, and a preferred system for carrying out the process. Commercially available refrigeration equipment, suitably modified and adjusted to operate in the freezing of sludge in sheets and breaking the sheets into relatively small pieces, is utilized in order to minimize the costs of hardware end controls. The frozen sludge particles are deposited in a melt tank containing a quantity of sludge which has previously been frozen and thawed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for concentrating multicomponent liquid product containing volatile and nonvolatile constituents are provided, comprising mixing liquid product with liquid refrigerant gas in a freezing chamber, removing ice crystals containing entrained multicomponent liquid product from the chamber, removing the volatile constituents of the liquid product and vaporized liquid refrigerant gas from the chamber, separating the volatile constituents and vaporized refrigerant gas, recirculating the volatile constituents into the freezing chamber so as to mix with the remaining liquid product in the chamber, and removing concentrate of the liquid product from the chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for concentrating solutions by partly freezing-out solvent, consisting of a vessel surrounded laterally by an insulated cooling jacket, the vessel comprising a stirring means and a draining aperture at the bottom. The cooling jacket does not extend down to the lowermost portion of the vessel. The lowermost portion of the vessel in which the stirring means and the draining aperture are accommodated, externally comprises, preferably is surrounded by, a heating medium.

Abstract: A crystallization/separation apparatus is disclosed for material mixtures having vertical crystallization column, cooling and heating devices, feeding-in and withdrawal connections, pumps, valves, connecting conduit tubings and drive motor, a cylindrical tube contains perpendicular aisles, rotatable at a central axis. The tube is distributed into segment-shaped chambers by said aisles, each substantially the same size. Also disclosed is a method for the separation of material mixtures.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the mass separation of a liquid mixture through fractional crystallization, wherein the crystal layer is crystallized on the indirectly cooled wall of the crystallization zone. The mass transfer occurs in thin boundary layers which are produced by rising gas bubbles which glide as closely as possible along the heat-dissipating surfaces. The method is well suited for products which form only a soft crystal layer with a rough surface. It is carried out in a vertical pipe heat exchanger into the pipes of which (6) there extend into the lower part thereof gas-inlet pipes (7) which are mounted in the middle and are secured with centering pins (8). The maximum inside diameter of the pipes is dependent upon the optimum thickness of the crystal layer and of the concentration of the crystallizable component in the feedstock.

Abstract: The invention is a method for making ice in a container the side walls of which are cooled to cool a solution of less than eutectic concentration to form ice crystals wherein the sides of the container are continuously mechanically scoured at a rate that prevents the formation of ice crystals on the wall of the container when the heat exchange relation of the solution with the side of the chamber is at least 4000 BTU's per square foot of container side.

Abstract: A method for separating a desired component from a solid mixture by repeated recrystallization in a single vertical crystallizer having a plurality of chambers partitioned by solid-liquid separation means, which comprises intermittently feeding a solid mixture to the top chamber and a solvent to the bottom chamber, dissolving the solid in each chamber in the solvent by heating after feeding of the solid mixture to the top chamber, transferring the resulting solution in each chamber to the adjacent lower chamber while taking out from the bottom chamber the solution from which the desired component is recovered as an end product, cooling the solution in each chamber to precipitate crystals, and transferring the resulting mother liquor in each chamber upwardly through the separation means not capable of passing the resulting crystals by the feeding of the solvent to the bottom chamber, while allowing excess mother liquor to overflow from the top of the crystallizer, the above procedures being repeated continuous

Abstract: An apparatus for separating the ice crystals contained in a slurry of an eous solution and ice crystals from the aqueous solution and washing the ice crystals with an aqueous wash liquid, whereby a packed bed of ice crystals is created which is subjected to a continuous translatory movement, while a washfront is being created within the packed bed of ice crystals between the aqueous solution and the aqueous wash liquid, the aqueous solution and aqueous wash liquid adjacent to the washfront being substantially stagnant, a stable washfront being created lying in a plane perpendicular to the translatory movement of the packed bed of ice crystals.

Abstract: A system for extracting heat from low temperature water includes a source of water at a temperature between approximately 0.degree. C. and 10.degree. C. and a heat pump removing heat from the water and transporting it for transfer to an external heating circuit. The heat pump has a closed circuit containing a heat transport fluid, a condenser, and an evaporator. The water, acting as a heat source, is fed into a vacuum vessel and subjected to triple-point conditions thereby concomitantly forming water vapor and a water/ice crystal suspension. The evaporator is disposed in the vacuum vessel out of direct contact with the water/ice crystal suspension for absorbing heat from the evaporated water vapor.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a freeze crystallization subassembly having means for continuously removing crystals formed on a heat transfer surface from the surface. A scraper shuttle is moved across the heat transfer surface by a fluid being refrigerated to remove crystals from the surface. The crystals are carried to a mixer where they are mixed with incoming feed until a circulating slurry is produced. Means is provided to remove slurry from the mixer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus useful in freeze concentration processes such as in the concentration of fruit juices. The apparatus performs both the recrystallization and ice-liquid separation steps of conventional freeze concentration systems. The apparatus comprises an inclined trough divided into zones by dams including, in sequence, a recrystallizer, an ice breakup, an ice drainage and an ice discharge zone. The apparatus is provided with a variable speed, rotating paddle auger with variably pitched paddles which advances, lifts, and breaks up the ice along the trough. The liquid concentrate is discharged through one or more discharge ports spaced along the bottom of the trough. The ice is discharged at the high end of the trough through a discharge chute.

Abstract: A system and method for concentrating aqueous beverages such as fruit juices, beer, wine, vinegar, tea, coffee, and the like in which a slurry of feed liquid and seed crystals is formed in a scraped surface heat exchanger of a first stage and supplied to a recrystallizer where larger crystals grow, the liquid in the recrystallizer being withdrawn with part recirculated to the heat exchanger of a succeeding stage. The slurry of larger crystals in the recrystallizer of the first stage is also withdrawn and the crystals separated in a wash column. The larger crystals grown in the second stage recrystallizer are supplied to the recrystallizer of the first stage where the seed crystals melt and reform on the larger crystals and the larger crystals from the third stage are similarly supplied to the recrystallizer of the second stage.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for purifying and separating a crystalline compound from its impurities in a slurry containing same, said process comprising introducing said slurry under pressure into a cylindrical pressurized filter-washer having a substantially constant inside diameter which is substantially free of protrusions, said filter-washer having a filter means with a screen contiguous with an internal surface of the cylinder, said screen having a smooth surface sufficient to provide minimum friction so as to allow a moving bed of crystals to move past it and withdraw a filtrate without blinding, filtering the crystals, withdrawing the filtrate, and moving the crystal bed past the filter screen, applying a controlled restraining force on the crystal bed so as to prevent relaxation and channeling and over-compacting of said bed by means of a compression and harvest means substantially contiguous with said inside diameter and located between said filter means and an exit means, said compression and harvest m

Abstract: A method of crystallizing or freezing out a component of a mixture composed of a liquid and a dissolved or suspended solid material, or both, by passing the mixture upwardly through a column containing a mass of insoluble solid particles having a specific gravity greater than that of the mixture; by heat exchange to a cold fluid, indirectly cooling the mixture to a temperature at which the component crystallizes or freezes out of solution, as it flows upwardly in the column; said component being the liquid or dissolved solid material; and said flow of the mixture through the column being at a sufficient velocity to fluidize the insoluble solid particles into turbulent action to scour the column inside surface and thereby prevent build up thereon of the crystallized or frozen out component.Apparatus for practicing the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: Freezing and melting techniques are described for separating 1,3-butadiene from a mixture of four-carbon compounds by fractional freezing of the liquid mixture and by fractional melting thereof. It has been discovered that when a frozen four-carbon mixture (BB) containing about 36% 1,3-butadiene (BD) is initially frozen, the first frozen fraction of up to about 30% of the mixture is enriched about 80% over the feed sample while the filtrate is decreased in BD about 36%. A second fractional crystallization of the melt and of the filtrate shows continued enrichment and impoverishment as to BD content, respectively. It has also been discovered that when a solidly frozen BB mixture is slowly thawed and the melt is progressively removed, the melt becomes markedly enriched in BD. A continuous fractional crystallization process that uses these discoveries for producing BD at purities greater than 99% is described.

Abstract: A feed stock comprising sugar, milk solids, a significant amount of moisture, and in some instances chocolate, is raised to a temperature of about 125.degree. C. and at the same time is condensed to have a moisture content of between about 4% and 6%. This is done by moving the material upwardly in an annular column and heating the walls defining that annular column. The condensed material is maintained at its final temperature and transferred to a crystallizer. In the crystallizer it is moved downwardly and kneaded. The kneading is performed by two sets of interdigitating rods, one set being stationary and the other set moving transversely to the downward path of movement of the material. As it is being kneaded it is cooled, both by contact with refrigerated surfaces and also by a countercurrent flow of cool air. The kneading is continued until the product is crystallized and particulate. Thereafter, it is optionally dried to a moisture content of about 1%.

Abstract: A single or multi-step fractional crystallization process and apparatus for separating fluid material having two or more components, the material flowing down a cooled wall surface and a component crystallizing thereon. Each step comprises a single crystallization and all steps of a complete cycle are conducted within a single crystallizer.