Abstract: A fluid filling station which has a supply tank, filter, transfer pump, a high pressure valve, an optional flow meter, a pressure relief valve, at least one muffler, a filling head, a control module, a purge head, cylinder dispensing mechanism, and its method of use are provided for. This fluid filling station is capable of refilling many types of fluids, but is preferably for the use with carbon dioxide. Additionally, this station is capable of housing and dispensing prefilled refillable fluid containers.

Abstract: Methods of recirculating clean air in an atmosphere of an enclosure comprise directing an input air stream from the atmosphere of the enclosure through a coiled duct at a rate sufficient to stratify the input air stream within the coiled duct according to a molecular weight of components of the input air stream and to form a heavy fraction stream and a light fraction stream, wherein the heavy fraction stream is relatively enriched in carbon dioxide as compared to the light fraction stream; withdrawing the heavy fraction stream from the coiled duct; and returning the light fraction stream from the coiled duct to the atmosphere of the enclosure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a refrigeration circuit that includes a controller communicatively coupled to a compressor, an expansion valve, and a sensor of the refrigeration circuit. The controller may activate the compressor and actuate the expansion valve such that the compressor is active while the expansion valve is closed. The controller may also measure a pressure of a refrigerant in the refrigeration circuit using the sensor while the compressor is active and the expansion valve is closed. Additionally, the controller may determine whether a refrigerant leak exists based on a maximum measurement time being reached or a time difference between a first time associated with the compressor being active while the expansion valve is closed and a second time associated with the measured pressure falling below a threshold value.

Abstract: A supplemental refrigeration heat sink includes a plurality of sealed tubes filled with a compound and arranged so as to extend across the top inside a refrigerated box. The compound is preferably a phase change compound with a melting point proximate to and higher than the average return air temperature. During the cooling phase of the box, the supplemental heat sink tubes are cooled, with the phase change material freezing or nearly freezing. During the heating phase, cooling fans can be secured and the phase change material readily absorbs heat from the box, slowing the temperature rise in the box.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for removing CO2 gas emissions from a coal combustion power plant, comprising a means for physically removing the CO2 gas from the coal, and then using a turbo compressor and turbo expander device to produce super chilled air, which can then be mixed with the CO2 gas to form frozen CO2 crystals which can agglomerate together to form dry ice blocks, wherein the ice blocks can be easily transported and stored, and/or used for commercial purposes (such as for the beverage industry). The heating (compression) and cooling (expansion) processes preferably generate additional energy which can then be used to offset the substantial costs associated with separating the CO2 gas from the coal.

Abstract: A device for providing a cryotherapy ablation treatment includes a piping assembly and a snow horn adapted to create a spray of snow from a pressurized source of a low-temperature liquid, a tubular applicator for collecting a mass of snow at a prescribed density that is sufficient to allow the mass to serve as the needed, low temperature, thermal reservoir for the device after the applicator's distal end has been disconnected from the snow horn end so that it can to be used during the treatment process, and an applicator tip adapted to allow it to connect to the applicator's distal end and be used to treat those specific locations which are to receive this treatment.

Abstract: A device for minimizing the blowback of carbon dioxide snow. Device includes a relatively planar body that includes an aperture for receiving a discharge horn. The discharge horn capable of being connected to a source of carbon dioxide and has an open bottom end for discharging solid carbon dioxide snow through the planar body into a container. The planar body further covering and opening to the container that is to receive the solid carbon dioxide snow with the planar body preventing blowback of solid carbon dioxide snow received into the container from exiting the container. In other words, the planar body acts as a shield against blowback of carbon dioxide snow as device is depositing same in the container.

Abstract: Design criteria are presented for an adiabatic expansion nozzle that overcomes previous deficiencies. The original patent demonstrated that dry ice could be produced, but the device clogged, was prone to fracture, and not optimized for any specific application Calculations are presented for a single application, the hand-held, 5-pound, carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Design considerations for other fire sizes and firefighting applications are also presented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of capturing carbon dioxide in a fluid comprising at least one compound more volatile than carbon dioxide CO2, for example methane CH4, oxygen O2, argon Ar, nitrogen N2, carbon monoxide CO, helium He and/or hydrogen H2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of capturing carbon dioxide in a fluid comprising at least one compound more volatile than carbon dioxide CO2, for example oxygen O2, argon Ar, nitrogen N2, carbon monoxide CO, helium He and/or hydrogen H2.

Abstract: A heat exchanger associated with a duct for a first fluid including: a central duct portion in fluid communication with the duct having an interior space and an exterior surface; a valve having opened and closed positions engageable within the interior space of the central duct portion; at least one coiled conduit for a second fluid positioned about at least a portion of the exterior surface of the central duct portion; upper and lower duct portions in fluid communication with the central duct portion including stationary upper and lower duct portions and movable upper and lower duct portions having opened and closed positions; and an at least partially movable and/or removable shell engaged with the stationary upper duct portion and the stationary lower duct portion and enclosing the coiled conduit; and, a refrigeration apparatus and process including the same.

Abstract: A system and a process are described for the production of frozen carbon dioxide pellets in the solid form, in which a heat exchanger device is provided for the formation of pellets made from a container which houses a bundle of tubes, each having an inlet opening, in which carbon dioxide enters in the liquid state and each having an output opening from which the carbon dioxide comes out in the solid state in the form of pellets. The container includes at least one inlet connection and at least one outlet connection for the circulation of a cooling fluid in the device and is divided into at least three sections separated and connected in series forming at least three zones with different temperatures.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and device for packaging dry ice in a plastic film, the said device comprising: —means for dispensing and shaping a plastic film comprising a shaping sleeve over the exterior wall of which the plastic film is paid out, —a dry ice generator connected to a source of liquid carbon dioxide, the dry ice generator being positioned inside the shaping sleeve so as to leave a gap between the generator and the shaping sleeve and allow the plastic film shaped to become filled with dry ice, —and means for sealing the shaped plastic film, characterized in that the shaping sleeve is equipped with thermal insulating means and/or with heating means.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing evaporative snow having a snow generation unit including a fluid reservoir, a fluid delivery line and a snow generation tip; and a compressed gas unit including at least one container of compressed gas, a source of electric power, and a gas regulator valve.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing evaporative snow having a snow generation unit including a fluid reservoir, a fluid delivery line and a snow generation tip; and a compressed gas unit including at least one container of compressed gas, a source of electric power, and a gas regulator valve.

Abstract: In an apparatus for cooling food products in a container a device for supplying liquid carbon dioxide into the container and withdrawing from the container is movable between an inoperative position in which it is located outside said opening of the container and outside of the container and an operative position in which it is located inserted in the opening of the container.

Abstract: A device useful for delivering carbon dioxide snow comprises a supply conduit for providing a flow of pressurized carbon dioxide, a plurality of tubes disposed side by side, each tube having a constant cross-sectional configuration and area throughout its length, each tube having a first end the peripheral edges of which are sealed to the outside of the conduit wall and a second end which is open to the ambient atmosphere, and a plurality of apertures for carbon dioxide to flow through the conduit wall and expand to solids and vapor, there being at least one aperture communicating with the interior of each of said plurality of tubes.

Abstract: A device useful for delivering carbon dioxide snow comprises a supply conduit for providing a flow of pressurized carbon dioxide, a plurality of tubes disposed side by side, each tube having a constant cross-sectional configuration and area throughout its length, each tube having a first end the peripheral edges of which are sealed to the outside of the conduit wall and a second end which is open to the ambient atmosphere, and a plurality of apertures for carbon dioxide to flow through the conduit wall and expand to solids and vapor, there being at least one aperture communicating with the interior of each of said plurality of tubes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for packaging carbon dioxide snow in a plastic film bag, in which method the following steps are employed: a—a fluid which has a temperature below the dew point of the air is injected into and in contact with the plastic film bag, then b—the carbon dioxide snow is introduced into the plastic film bag, then c—the plastic film bag is closed. The invention also relates to apparatus for implementing this method.

Abstract: Apparatus for the introduction of CO2 snow into containers for cooling the container contents or the container, comprises a CO2 snow generating device for generating the CO2 snow, a CO2 snow injection device connected to the CO2 snow generating means and having a snow tube for injecting the generated CO2 snow into the container, a the CO2 gas separating arrangement for separating CO2 gas and CO2 snow in the region of the snow tube, and the CO2 gas extraction arrangement for extracting separated the CO2 gas, the CO2 gas separating arrangement comprises an outer tube surrounding the snow tube and arranged coaxially with the outer tube projecting beyond the snow tubed in longitudinal direction thereof at the CO2 snow delivery side of the snow tube and being connected to the CO2 gas extraction arrangement in the region of the opposite side.

Abstract: Liquid CO2 is expanded in specially designed primary and secondary nozzles to produce frozen solid CO2. The impurities initially contained in the liquid CO2 are trapped inside of the frozen CO2, which is collected in a clean container. The container is emptied on top of a high purity surface. The impurities are concentrated on the surface, since these impurities are non-volatile and do not escape with the CO2 gas formed as the frozen CO2 is heated by the ambient temperature to its sublimation point. After all of the frozen CO2 has sublimed, the surface can be analysed by standard analysis methods to determine quantity and composition of the impurities. The determination and quantification of non-volatile impurities, such as organic oils and greases, in the CO2 supply that feeds, for example, cleaning systems utilizing CO2, is thus made possible.

Abstract: When the start button is pushed after the door of the supply chamber is closed, carbon dioxide gas is ejected from the nozzle placed at the upper part of the horn. The carbon dioxide gas is converted to powdered dry ice by adiabatic expansion in the horn, and the dry ice falls on fresh food or other items to be cooled in a box or plastic bag placed under the horn. In order to obtain a desired amount of dry ice constantly, the ambient temperature, the pressure of the carbon dioxide gas, the interval time since the last ejection are counted in determining the carbon dioxide ejecting time length.

Abstract: Liquid CO2 is expanded in specially designed primary and secondary nozzles to produce frozen solid CO2. The impurities initially contained in the liquid CO2 are trapped inside of the frozen CO2, which is collected in a clean container. The container is emptied on top of a high purity surface. The impurities are concentrated on the surface, since these impurities are non-volatile and do not escape with the CO2 gas formed as the frozen CO2 is heated by the ambient temperature to its sublimation point. After all of the frozen CO2 has sublimed, the surface can be analysed by standard analysis methods to determine quantity and composition of the impurities. The determination and quantification of non-volatile impurities, such as organic oils and greases, in the CO2 supply that feeds, for example, cleaning systems utilizing CO2, is thus made possible.

Abstract: The device forms snow from pressurized carbon dioxide fluids. A supply conduit delivers a flow of pressurized fluid. An expansion member attached to the supply conduit contains a plurality of channels for reducing pressure on the fluid and converting the fluid with reduced pressure into a mixed-phase stream of gas and fine snow particles. The channels have an average diameter and an average length of at least twice its average diameter. An agglomeration chamber attached to the plurality of channels agglomerates the fine snow particles by contacting the fine snow particles together.

Abstract: A nozzle for producing a continuous gas/solid or gas/aerosol stream from a liquid having a high room temperature vapor pressure. The nozzle comprises a series of expansion stages, with the flow reversing direction after each expansion except the first and going over the conduit which comprised the previous expansion stage. In addition, the flow from the last expansion stage comes in contact with the inlet conduit, thereby exposing the inlet flow to the cold temperature produced in the nozzle. Since the flow in the nozzle is essentially adiabatic, the expansion in each stage takes heat from the flow in the previous stage, ultimately resulting in very low temperature flow. It is particularly useful as a fire extinguisher since it can produce solid CO.sub.2 snow and an aerosol of HFC-23 that are "thrown" by the remaining gaseous CO.sub.2 and HFC-23 at low exit velocities. This means that these agents can be used on Class A fires. A test nozzle using 1 liter (2.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided herein to produce solid CO.sub.2 from liquid CO.sub.2 wherein the solid CO.sub.2 may be adjusted for level of agglomeration and can be continuously delivered through a snow horn in a horizontal or substantially horizontal orientation. The invention finds particular use in confined spaces such as between a freezer infeed conveyor and the freezer conveyor.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for delivering solid carbon dioxide flakes to a substrate in which a housing is provided with at least one passageway having operatively connected thereto a solid carbon dioxide generator. The tubes are heated to an extent sufficient to substantially prevent the solid carbon dioxide flakes from adhering to the walls of the tubes so as to maintain continuous operation and to provide a uniform flow of solid carbon dioxide flakes to the substrate.

Abstract: In the method, cadaver (50) is kept at low temperature and sterilized in casket (1, 2) or disaster pouch (51), which prevents cadaver (50) from putrefying and bacteria from propagating therein. In the apparatus, casket (1, 2) constructed of casket body (1) and lid (2). Disposed in casket (1, 2) is cooling means constructed of: cooling casing (3, 8); nozzle (20) for supplying a liquefied cooling gas to cooling casing (3, 8). One or a plurality of ventilation boards (4, 9) are incorporated in casing (3, 8) wherein cooling chamnber (6, 11) is formed between board (4, 9) and casing (3, 8) to permit the cooling gas to enter board (4, 9) and flow in a direction opposite to that of the gas flowing inside the cooling chamber (6, 11).

Abstract: A system for producing a flow of fine snow particles includes a conduit for providing a pressurized flow of a cryogenic liquid and a nozzle coupled to the conduit, the nozzle having an outlet and an inlet pathway in communication with the conduit. An expansion member is positioned within a the nozzle and covers the inlet pathway. The expansion member provides multiple fine channels for passage of the cryogenic fluid into a region of lower pressure, thereby enabling expansion of the cryogenic fluid during passage through the expansion member. In a preferred embodiment, the cryogenic fluid is carbon dioxide and the system parameters are set to enable the cryogenic fluid to enter a solid phase at or near the outlet surface of the expansion member and to exit therefrom as a fine snow particulate.

Abstract: An apparatus capable of producing carbon dioxide snowflakes for the purpose of cleaning optics and other delicate surfaces. Carbon dioxide tanks (10) send liquid carbon dioxide to nozzles (110) where the liquid is throttled into a mixture of carbon dioxide snowflakes and gas. The snowflakes grow as they move through drift tubes (120) and develop a soft, fluffy, structure capable of wiping a delicate optical surface clean without causing scratching. The flow of snowflakes and gas are scattered by a turbine head (152) which turns by means of a jet of nitrogen gas emerging from a tube (240). Both the nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide flows can be controlled by a nitrogen flow pneumatic valve (212) and a carbon dioxide flow pneumatic valve (42) respectively. Both of these pneumatic valves can ultimately be controlled by a computer (530).

Abstract: A method and system acts to cool matter through the use of a carbon dioxide snow/vapor flow. The matter is supported in juxtaposition to an outlet for the carbon dioxide snow/vapor and a conductor which exhibits a reference potential state. To perform the method, a flow of liquid carbon dioxide is subjected to a pressure expansion to create a flow of carbon dioxide snow and vapor. The carbon dioxide snow and vapor then come into contact with a conductive surface and achieves a charge as a result of frictional engagement with the conductive surface. Thereafter, the carbon dioxide snow/vapor is directed towards the matter to be cooled and the conductor which exhibits a reference potential. The reference potential state attracts the carbon dioxide snow and aids in contact thereof on the matter being cooled.

Abstract: For cooling food products in a container, a distributor pipe for supplying liquid carbon dioxide extends into an interior of the container and a plurality of nozzles are arranged on the distributor pipe so that liquid carbon dioxide is discharged from the nozzles in jets extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the distributor pipe and against one another to collide at the midpoint between two neighboring nozzles.

Abstract: For cooling food products liquid carbon dioxide is supplied to a container for storing the food products and discharged in the interior of the container to form snow which covers the food products, while carbon dioxide vapors generated during the discharge are moved in the vicinity of the supplied liquid carbon dioxide so that the cold of carbon dioxide vapors is transferred to liquid carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A modular jet spray device for use in cleaning submicron sized particles and molecular films using CO.sub.2 spray. The modular jet spray device comprises a valve body having first and second ends and an gas input for receiving a CO.sub.2 cleaning agent. A jet spray nozzle is removably secured to the first end of the valve body and comprises an input orifice and an output orifice. A sleeve assembly is removably secured to the second end of the valve body, and a needle assembly is removably secured to the sleeve assembly. The needle assembly has a needle that inserts into the input orifice of the nozzle. A micrometer is removably secured-to the sleeve assembly distal from the valve body and is coupled to the needle assembly for adjusting the position of the needle relative to the inlet orifice of the jet spray nozzle. A CO.sub.2 gas source is coupled to the gas input of the valve body. Optionally, a filter may be coupled between the CO.sub.2 gas source and the gas input of the valve body.

Abstract: An insulated chamber (1) for preservation and transportation comprises a container (2) of carbon dioxide snow provided with a lateral opening (5) permitting the injection, within the container, of liquid CO.sub.2 under pressure by a distribution device (10) connected to a source of liquid CO.sub.2 (6). The distribution device is provided with an electrovalve (18) controlled by a control block (19) comprising a timer permitting selecting the duration of injection of liquid CO.sub.2 into the container (2) to form there a controlled volume of carbon dioxide snow. The installation is useful for the preservation and transportation of fresh food products as well as frozen food products.

Abstract: Dry ice snow is used to embrittle thermoset or thermoplastic materials for further treatment. The dry ice snow is formed from carbon dioxide gas directly obtained from naturally occurring carbon dioxide gas wells.