Abstract: A process and apparatus for liquefying natural gas includes a heavies recovery system. In another aspect, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility may employ an ethylene independent heavies recovery system. The recovery system may thus operate relying only on fluid input from upstream of an ethylene refrigeration cycle. A heavies-depleted stream recovered from a liquid withdrawn from a heavies removal column in the heavies recovery system may combine at a location downstream of the heavies removal column with an overhead withdrawn from the heavies removal column for further cooling of such combined stream into liquefied natural gas product.

Abstract: A magnetocaloric cascade containing at least three different magnetocaloric materials with different Curie temperatures, which are arranged in succession by descending Curie temperature, wherein none of the different magnetocaloric materials with different Curie temperatures has a higher layer performance Lp than the magnetocaloric material with the highest Curie temperature and wherein at least one of the different magnetocaloric materials with different Curie temperatures has as lower layer performance Lp than the magnetocaloric material with the highest Curie temperature wherein Lp of a particular magnetocaloric material being calculated according to formula (I): Lp=m*dTad,max with dTad,max: maximum adiabatic temperature change which the particular magnetocaloric material undergoes when it is magnetized from a low magnetic field to high magnetic field during magnetocaloric cycling, m: mass of the particular magnetocaloric material contained in the magnetocaloric cascade.

Abstract: This invention is about a natural gas isobaric liquefaction apparatus, which is based on the Rankine cycle system of similar thermal energy power circulation apparatus at cryogenic side, a cryogenic liquid pump is used to input power and the refrigerating media makes up cold to the natural gas liquefying apparatus, so as to realize the isobaric liquefaction of natural gas. The natural gas liquefying apparatus of this invention can save energy by over 30% as compared with the traditional advanced apparatus with the identical refrigerating capacity, therefore it constitutes a breakthrough to the traditional natural gas liquefaction technology, with substantial economic, social and environmental protection benefits.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling and liquefying a hydrocarbon stream using a liquefaction process wherein a hydrocarbon stream is cooled and at least partially liquefied to obtain a liquefied hydrocarbon stream. In the method, one or more compressors are driven with one or more electric drivers, that are powered with one or more dual-fuel diesel-electric generators. These dual-fuel diesel-electric generations are operated by passing one or more hydrocarbon fuel streams to the one or more dual-fuel diesel-electric generators, wherein at least one of the one or more hydrocarbon fuel streams comprises a stream that is generated in the liquefaction process. The apparatus may be provided on a floating structure, a caisson, or off-shore platform.

Abstract: A heat exchanger is provided with stacked coil sections. Each of the stacked coil sections is configured to circulate a fluid independent from the other coil section. An air moving device is used to circulate air through both of the stacked coil sections. The stacked coil sections are positioned to have the air exiting the one coil section entering the other coil section.

Abstract: A process of liquefying a natural gas stream in a liquefied natural gas facility is provided. The process includes cooling the natural gas stream in a first refrigeration cycle to produce a cooled natural gas stream. The process also includes cooling the cooled natural gas stream in a first chiller of a second refrigeration cycle, the cooled natural gas stream exiting the first chiller at a first pressure. The process further includes cooling the cooled natural gas stream in a first core of a second chiller of the second refrigeration cycle. The process yet further includes cooling a refrigerant of a refrigerant recycle stream separate from the cooled natural gas stream in a second core of the second chiller of the second refrigeration cycle, wherein the refrigerant recycle stream enters the second chiller at a second pressure that is lower than the first pressure of the cooled natural gas stream.

Abstract: A natural gas liquefaction process suited for offshore liquefaction of natural gas produced in association with oil production is described.

Abstract: A semi-closed loop system for producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) that combines certain advantages of closed-loop systems with certain advantages of open-loop systems to provide a more efficient and effective hybrid system. In the semi-closed loop system, the final methane refrigeration cycle provides significant cooling of the natural gas stream via indirect heat transfer, as opposed to expansion-type cooling. A minor portion of the LNG product from the methane refrigeration cycle is used as make-up refrigerant in the methane refrigeration cycle. A pressurized portion of the refrigerant from the methane refrigeration cycle is employed as fuel gas. Excess refrigerant from the methane refrigeration cycle can be recombined with the processed natural gas stream, rather than flared.

Abstract: Use of a gaseous mixture, selected from the group consisting of—propylene in a concentration from 90% to 99% by weight and a gas selected from the group consisting of butene, ethylene and ethane or mixtures thereof in a concentration from 1% to 10% by weight; as replacement or alternative refrigerant gas for R404A, R507A and/or R407C, and/or other replacement or alternative refrigerants for R404A, R507A and R407C containing HFC (hydrofluorocarbons), HFO (hydrofluoro olefins) and HFE (hydrofluoro ethers).

Abstract: Processes and systems for producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) with a single mixed refrigerant, closed-loop refrigeration cycle are provided. Liquefied natural gas facilities configured according to embodiments of the present invention include refrigeration cycles optimized to provide increased efficiency and enhanced operability, with minimal additional equipment or expense.

Abstract: An LNG facility employing an enhanced nitrogen removal system that concentrates the amount of nitrogen in the feed stream to a nitrogen removal unit (NRU) to thereby increase the separation efficiency of the NRU. In one embodiment, the nitrogen removal system comprises a multistage separation vessel operable to separate nitrogen from a cooled natural gas stream. At least a portion of the resulting nitrogen-containing stream exiting the multistage separation vessel can be used as a refrigerant, processed to a nitrogen removal unit, and/or utilized as fuel gas for the LNG facility.

Abstract: The invention provides a process and system for processing natural gas and separating natural gas liquids into natural gasoline and a Y-grade liquid that meets specifications for low methane and ethane content. The process and system includes a side stripper and reboiler to separate methane and ethane from heavier hydrocarbons and a reboiler system to stabilize the natural gasoline.

Abstract: A process for chilling ethylene to required storage temperatures is disclosed, the process including: cooling an ethylene product from at least one of an ethylene production process and an ethylene recovery process via indirect heat exchange with a coolant at a temperature less than about ?100° C. to decrease the temperature of the ethylene product; mixing a portion of the cooled ethylene product with methane to form the coolant; expanding at least one of the coolant, the methane, and the portion of the cooled ethylene to reduce a temperature of the coolant to less than ?100° C. prior to the cooling; and feeding the heat exchanged coolant to at least one of the ethylene production process, the ethylene recovery process, and an open-loop refrigeration system.

Abstract: A process for the production of a subcooled liquefied natural gas stream from a natural gas feed stream. Passing a first natural gas feed stream through a first heat exchanger for precooling by heat exchange with a first stream of gaseous refrigerant produced in a first refrigeration cycle comprising a first dynamic expansion turbine. Passing the precooled feed stream through a second heat exchanger for liquefying by heat exchange with a second stream of gaseous refrigerant produced in a second refrigeration cycle comprising a second dynamic expansion turbine. Passing the liquefied natural gas stream through a third heat exchanger for subcooling the liquefied gas by heat exchange with a third refrigerant stream produced in a third refrigeration cycle comprising a third dynamic expansion turbine separate from the first turbine and the second turbine.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for liquefying a hydrocarbon stream such as natural gas from a feed stream. A feed stream is provided and passed through at least two cooling stages. Each cooling stage involves one or more heat exchangers. One of the heat exchangers involves a first refrigerant circuit having a first refrigerant stream, and a second of the heat exchangers involves a second refrigerant circuit having a second refrigerant stream. The liquefied hydrocarbon stream is expanded and a flash vapor is separated to provide a liquefied hydrocarbon product stream and a gaseous stream. The gaseous stream, at least a part of the first refrigerant stream, and at least a part of the second refrigerant stream are passed through a heat exchanger, for the gaseous stream to provide cooling to the first and second refrigerant streams.

Abstract: A regenerative refrigerator includes an expander which includes a regenerator including a regenerative material and an expansion space for expanding a refrigerant gas flowing in the regenerator, the regenerator being configured such that a temperature profile at a predetermined temperature range in the regenerator is selectively higher than a case when lead is used as the regenerative material.

Abstract: Plate evaporator (14), in particular for a refrigerant circuit, having a pre-evaporator (18), a low temperature evaporator (28), and a post-evaporator (24) for refrigerant, all of which are integrated into a singular component, and furthermore having an inlet and an outlet for a heat transfer medium.

Abstract: A part replacement method for replacement of a part of a refrigeration cycle apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit in which a flammable refrigerant is circulated and a container connecting device for controlling the refrigerant such that the refrigerant is allowed to flow out of the refrigerant circuit. The method includes a refrigerant recovery step of allowing the refrigerant to flow out of the refrigerant circuit through the container connecting device, a pressure reduction step of connecting a pressure reducing device to the container connecting device to reduce a pressure in the refrigerant circuit until the pressure in the refrigerant circuit reaches a set pressure or a setting time is reached, and a part replacement step of removing the part from the refrigerant circuit by heating to replace the part.

Abstract: A process for chilling ethylene to required storage temperatures is disclosed, the process including: cooling an ethylene product from at least one of an ethylene production process and an ethylene recovery process via indirect heat exchange with a coolant at a temperature less than about ?100° C. to decrease the temperature of the ethylene product; mixing a portion of the cooled ethylene product with methane to form the coolant; expanding at least one of the coolant, the methane, and the portion of the cooled ethylene to reduce a temperature of the coolant to less than ?100° C. prior to the cooling; and feeding the heat exchanged coolant to at least one of the ethylene production process, the ethylene recovery process, and an open-loop refrigeration system.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reducing the pressure of a hydrocarbon-containing stream so as to provide a cooled, reduced-pressure hydrocarbon-containing stream are provided. Facilities as described herein utilize a single closed-loop mixed refrigeration system in order to facilitate transportation, loading, and/or storage of a liquefied hydrocarbon-containing material at or near atmospheric pressure. In some aspects, the facilities can include at least one separation device for removing lighter components from the feed stream, which may separately be recovered as a vapor product for subsequent processing and/or use.

Abstract: A process is described for removing heavies and lights from a hydrocarbon-rich feed fraction. A heavies-rich liquid is rectificatorily removed (1st removal stage) from a partially condensed feed fraction. Heavies-depleted gas is partially condensed and rectificatorily separated into a methane-rich liquid fraction and a lights-rich gas fraction (2nd removal stage). The 1st removal stage is operated at a pressure of at least 25 bar. The heavies-depleted gas fraction does not undergo pressure elevation before being fed into the 2nd removal stage. Reflux for the 2nd removal stage is produced via an open loop refrigeration cycle. Refrigerant circulating in the open loop refrigeration cycle is vaporized to two different temperature levels against the reflux streams in a head condenser and a side condenser of the 2nd removal stage. The pressure of refrigerant vaporized in the side condenser is at least three times the pressure of refrigerant vaporized in the head condenser.

Abstract: Systems and a method for the formation of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) are disclosed herein. The system includes a refrigeration system configured to chill a natural gas using a refrigerant mixture including a noble gas. The system also includes an autorefrigeration system configured to use the natural g self-refrigerant to form the LNG from the natural gas.

Abstract: A wet hydrocarbon stream having at least methane and water, provided at a temperature equal to a first temperature, is cooled thereby lowering the temperature to a second temperature. In a water removal device a wet disposal stream having water is withdrawn from the wet hydrocarbon stream, at the second temperature. An effluent stream having the wet hydrocarbon stream from which the wet disposal stream has been removed, is discharged from the water removal device and passed to a further heat exchanger. A refrigerant stream is also passed to the further heat exchanger, and both the effluent stream and the refrigerant stream are cooled in the further heat exchanger by indirect heat exchanging against an evaporating refrigerant fraction. The effluent stream is heated by indirectly heat exchanging against the wet hydrocarbon stream. The cooling of the wet hydrocarbon stream includes this indirectly heat exchanging.

Abstract: A method of natural gas liquefaction may include cooling a gaseous NG process stream to form a liquid NG process stream. The method may further include directing the first tail gas stream out of a plant at a first pressure and directing a second tail gas stream out of the plant at a second pressure. An additional method of natural gas liquefaction may include separating CO2 from a liquid NG process stream and processing the CO2 to provide a CO2 product stream. Another method of natural gas liquefaction may include combining a marginal gaseous NG process stream with a secondary substantially pure NG stream to provide an improved gaseous NG process stream. Additionally, a NG liquefaction plant may include a first tail gas outlet, and at least a second tail gas outlet, the at least a second tail gas outlet separate from the first tail gas outlet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process plant and method for cooling and optionally liquefaction of a product gas, particularly for liquefaction of natural gas, based on a closed loop of multi-component refrigerant in heat exchange with the gas to be cooled and optionally condensed.

Abstract: A natural gas liquefaction train includes a nitrogen cooling loop. A controller is provided for controlling one or more controlled variables by adjusting one or more manipulated variables. The one or more manipulated variables may include a nitrogen flow associated with the nitrogen cooling loop in the natural gas liquefaction train. The controller could adjust the nitrogen flow by adjusting operation of a compressor associated with the nitrogen cooling loop. The one or more controlled variables may include a rundown temperature of liquefied natural gas exiting the nitrogen loop and/or a calorific or heating value of the liquefied natural gas exiting the nitrogen loop. A second controller could control other aspects of the natural gas liquefaction train, such as by controlling a mass flow rate of a feed gas in the natural gas liquefaction train.

Abstract: Methods and systems for liquefying natural gas using nonflammable refrigerants are provided. Methods of liquefaction include cooling a natural gas stream via indirect heat exchange with a first nonflammable refrigerant selected from the group consisting of: difluoromethane, pentafluoromethane, trifluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, pentafluorethane, trifluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, any derivative thereof, and any combination thereof during a first refrigeration cycle; and cooling the natural gas stream via indirect heat exchange with a second refrigerant during a second refrigeration cycle.

Abstract: A novel method and system for liquefying and distilling natural gas into high purity liquid methane (LNG) and NGL product streams. Heat exchangers and distillation towers are configured to produce high purity liquefied natural gas (LNG) and NGL product streams, while also rejecting excess nitrogen contained in the inlet gas stream, utilizing liquid nitrogen as the process refrigerant.

Abstract: A cascade CO2 refrigeration system includes a medium temperature loop for circulating a medium refrigerant and a low temperature loop for circulating a CO2 refrigerant. The medium temperature loop includes a heat exchanger having a first side and a second side. The first side evaporates the medium temperature refrigerant. The low temperature loop includes a discharge header for circulating the CO2 refrigerant through the second side of the heat exchanger to condense the CO2 refrigerant, a liquid-vapor separator collects liquid CO2 refrigerant and directs vapor CO2 refrigerant to the second side of the heat exchanger. A liquid CO2 supply header receives liquid CO2 refrigerant from the liquid-vapor separator. Medium temperature loads receive liquid CO2 refrigerant from the liquid supply header for use as a liquid coolant at a medium temperature. An expansion device expands liquid CO2 refrigerant from the liquid supply header into a low temperature liquid-vapor mixture for use by the low temperature loads.

Abstract: A turbo compressor train is provided. The turbo compressor train includes a turbo compressor unit and a drive assembly for driving the turbo compressor unit. The drive unit has a gas turbine and a generator and a steam turbine. The steam turbine may be coupled together with the generator to the turbo compressor unit and the gas turbine by means of a coupling device. The coupling device has an overrun coupling and a coupling exciter with which the overrun coupling may be taken from a disengaged condition to an active condition by engaging of the overrun coupling at synchronous speed of the gas turbine and the steam turbine and if the overrun coupling is engaged, disengages upon a speed increase to the steam turbine and generator so that the generator may be driven by the steam turbine at a higher speed than the turbocompressor unit by the gas turbine.

Abstract: Liquefaction using a closed loop refrigeration system, including compressing a gaseous refrigerant stream; cooling at least a portion of the compressed gaseous refrigerant stream in a first heat exchanger; expanding a first portion of the cooled, compressed gaseous refrigerant stream from the first heat exchanger to provide a first expanded gaseous refrigerant stream; cooling and substantially liquefying a feed gas stream to form a substantially liquefied feed gas stream in a second heat exchanger through indirect heat exchange against the first portion of the first expanded gaseous refrigerant stream; and further cooling a second portion of the cooled, compressed gaseous refrigerant stream from the first heat exchanger in a third heat exchanger by indirect heat exchange with a second portion of the first expanded gaseous refrigerant stream, wherein the first expanded gaseous refrigerant stream exiting the first expander is substantially vapor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for liquefying a gas stream rich in methane, said process comprising: (a) providing said gas stream; (b) withdrawing a portion of said gas stream for use as a refrigerant; (c) compressing said refrigerant; (d) cooling said compressed refrigerant with an ambient temperature cooling fluid; (e) subjecting the cooled, compressed refrigerant to supplemental cooling; (f) expanding the refrigerant of (e) to further cool said refrigerant, thereby producing an expanded, supplementally cooled refrigerant; (g) passing said expanded, supplementally cooled refrigerant to a heat exchange area; and, (h) passing said gas stream of (a) through said heat exchange area to cool at least part of said gas stream by indirect heat exchange with said expanded, supplementally cooled refrigerant, thereby forming a cooled gas stream. In further embodiments for improved efficiencies, additional supplemental cooling may be provided after one or more other compression steps.

Abstract: In method of providing uniformity of vapor and liquid phases in two or more streams derived from a mixed vapor and liquid stream (10), the mixed vapor and liquid stream (10) passes from a first heat exchanger (101) into a distribution vessel (12) via one or more inlets (14). The distribution vessel (12) has two or more outlets (16) connected to a second heat exchanger (102). The liquid part of the mixed stream (10) is allowed to collect in a first area (20) in the distribution vessel (12), and the vapor part of the mixed stream (10) is allowed to collect in a second area (30) of the distribution vessel (12), preferably above the first area (20). The liquid in the first area (20) passes into the outlets (16) via one or more liquid apertures (18) in each outlet (16) that communicate with the first area (20), and the vapor in the second area (30) passes into the outlets (16) via one or more vapor apertures (28) in each outlet (16) communicating with the second area (30).

Abstract: A method of liquefying a hydrocarbon stream such as natural gas from a feed stream, the method at least comprising the steps of: (a) providing a feed stream (10); (b) dividing the feed stream (10) of step (a) to provide at least a first feed stream (20) comprising at least 90 mass % of the initial feed stream (10), and a second feed stream (30); (c) liquefying the first feed stream (20) of step (b) at a pressure between 20-100 bar to provide a first liquefied natural gas (LNG) stream (40); (d) cooling the second feed stream (30) of step (b) to provide a cooled feed stream (50); (e) combining the first LNG stream (40) of step (c) with the cooled feed stream (50) of step (d) to provide a combined LNG stream (60); (f) reducing the pressure of the combined LNG stream (60) of step (e); and (g) passing the combined LNG stream (60) of step (f) through a flash vessel (12) to provide a product LNG stream (70) and a gaseous stream (80).

Abstract: Motive power supply equipment for a natural gas liquefaction plant includes gas turbine equipment having a compressor for compressing air, a combustor for generating combustion gases by burning a fuel and the compressed air from the compressor, and a turbine rotated by the combustion gases from the combustor. A low-temperature heat source supply system is provided which, during rated load operation of the gas turbine equipment, supplies carbon dioxide as a cooling medium to the gas turbine equipment in order to cool the gas turbine equipment. The carbon dioxide supplied is generated by separation from the natural gas in the natural gas purification equipment.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for providing reflux to a refluxed heavies removal column of a LNG facility. The system withdraws a fraction of a predominately methane refrigerant from a methane refrigeration cycle of the LNG facility. The withdrawn methane refrigerant is then cooled in an auxiliary heat exchange system by indirect heat exchange with a refrigerant that is also used to cool the natural gas feed stream upstream of the heavies removal column. The resulting cooled predominately methane steam is then employed as reflux to the heavies removal column.

Abstract: A natural gas liquefaction system with a turbine expander is provided that can improve the efficiency of the whole refrigeration cycle by using the turbine expander, instead of the throttling process that uses the conventional Joule-Thomson throttling valve that is used as a final throttling means in a conventional natural gas liquefaction system, and a liquefaction method thereof. The natural gas liquefaction cycle provided with the turbine expander of the present invention comprises a compressor 100, at least one vapor-liquid separator 300 or 310, a plurality of heat exchangers 200, 210, 220, 230 and 240, at least one Joule-Thomson throttling valves (below to be called JT valve) 400 and 410, a turbine expander 500, and connecting lines composed of plurality of pipes P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7 to connect these components.

Abstract: An LNG facility employing an enhanced fuel gas control system. The enhanced fuel gas control system is operable to produce fuel gas having a substantially constant Modified Wobbe Index (MWI) during start-up and steady-state operation of the LNG facility by processing one or more intermediate process streams in a fuel gas separator. In one embodiment, the fuel gas separator employs a hydrocarbon-separating membrane, which can remove heavy hydrocarbons and/or concentrate nitrogen from the incoming process streams.

Abstract: The method allows liquefaction of a dry natural gas comprising water and heavy hydrocarbons containing more than five carbon atoms. The following stages are carried out: a) passing the dry natural gas through a water-adsorbent solid so as to obtain a water-depleted natural gas and a water-laden adsorbent solid, b) passing the water-depleted natural gas through a solid adsorbing heavy hydrocarbons comprising at least five carbon atoms so as to obtain a heavy hydrocarbon-depleted natural gas and a heavy hydrocarbon-laden adsorbent solid, c) liquefying the heavy hydrocarbon-depleted natural gas at a pressure above 40 bar abs so as to obtain a liquid natural gas under pressure, d) expanding the liquid natural gas under pressure obtained in stage c) to atmospheric pressure so as to obtain a liquid natural gas and a gas fraction.

Abstract: A process to obtain liquefied natural gas (LNG) which comprises the use of air as refrigerant in an open or closed cycle. The invention also refers to a system to carry out said process and uses thereof.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for cooling a stream in a heat exchanger against a refrigerant fluid being cycled in a refrigerant circuit. The cycling of the refrigerant fluid includes feeding a first refrigerant fluid into an axial compressor and compressing it to obtain a compressed first refrigerant fluid. The compressed first refrigerant fluid is then fed into a centrifugal compressor, with a second refrigerant fluid. The compressed first refrigerant fluid and the second refrigerant fluid are compressed in the centrifugal compressor, thereby obtaining a compressed refrigerant fluid mixture. The compressed refrigerant fluid mixture is cooled in a heat exchanger and subsequently separated into at least two streams. The at least two streams are evaporated at different pressure levels of a heat exchanger in heat exchanging contact with the stream to be cooled, and from the at least two evaporated streams the first and second refrigerant fluids are retrieved.

Abstract: A floating system for liquefying natural gas comprising a vessel provided with a plant for liquefying natural gas having an inlet for natural gas and an outlet for liquefied natural gas, a feed supply system for supplying natural gas to the inlet of the plant, one or more storage tanks for storing liquefied natural gas, and an off-loading system for transporting liquefied natural gas between the storage tank(s) and a tanker, which floating system further comprises a vaporization system having an inlet for liquefied gas and an outlet for vapor.

Abstract: A process is proposed for liquefying a hydrocarbon-rich fraction (A), especially natural gas, by a) liquefying the hydrocarbon-rich fraction (A) against the coolant mixture of a cooling circuit, b) compressing the coolant mixture in at least two stages (C1, C2), c) partially condensing (E1) the compressed coolant mixture (2) at least downstream of the penultimate compressor stage (C1), d) compressing (C2) the lower-boiling gas fraction (2?) obtained to the final pressure, e) while cooling (E) the first higher-boiling liquid fraction (3) obtained, expanding it (a) to perform cooling and vaporizing it (E) against the hydrocarbon-rich fraction (A) to be cooled, f) partially condensing (E2) the coolant mixture fraction (4) compressed to the final pressure and separating the first lower-boiling gas fraction (5) obtained, after partial condensation (E), into a second lower-boiling gas fraction (7) and a second higher-boiling liquid fraction (6), and g) liquefying and subcooling (E) the second lower-boiling gas fra

Abstract: An integrated process and an apparatus for converting natural gas from an offshore field site to liquefied natural gas and to liquid fuel at an onshore site are disclosed. The process includes liquefying the natural gas and producing natural gas liquids using heat exchange at the offshore site. The liquefied natural gas can be transported to a market distribution location, and the natural gas liquids can be transported to the onshore site for further processing to liquid fuels. An air separation unit at the onshore site provides both liquefied nitrogen for use as coolant in the offshore heat exchange process as well as oxygen for use in an autothermal reformer at the onshore site. The natural gas liquids produced offshore can be fed to the autothermal reformer to generate synthesis gas which can be converted to liquid fuels.

Abstract: At least one model is associated with one or more manipulated variables and one or more controlled variables, which are associated with a cascade liquefied natural gas facility. Adjustments to the one or more manipulated variables are made using the at least one model to maintain the one or more controlled variables within defined limits. For example, a controlled variable may identify an overall load placed on multiple refrigeration systems in the facility. The one or more manipulated variables may be adjusted to increase the overall load placed on the refrigeration systems. The overall load can be determined by identifying a maximum of: a projected feed gas rate to operate a propane refrigeration system at maximum load, a projected feed gas rate to operate an ethylene or ethane refrigeration system at maximum load, and a projected feed gas rate to operate a methane refrigeration system at maximum load.

Abstract: A method of natural gas liquefaction may include liquefying natural gas from a first natural gas source with a first core module, and liquefying natural gas from at least a second natural gas source having a gas property different than a gas property of the first natural gas source with at least a second core module substantially identical to the first core module. Additionally, a method of designing a natural gas liquefaction plant may include utilizing a preconfigured core module design for a core module configured to receive source gas at site-independent predetermined input conditions, expel tail gas at site-independent predetermined outlet conditions, and liquefy natural gas. Furthermore, a method of distributing liquid natural gas may include providing a plurality of natural gas liquefaction plants comprising substantially identical core modules to a plurality of gaseous natural gas source locations.

Abstract: A lighting panel system includes a lighting panel including a first string of solid state lighting devices configured to emit light at a first wavelength and a second string of solid state lighting devices configured to emit light at a second wavelength, different from the first wavelength, and a current supply circuit configured to supply a drive current to the first string in response to a control signal. A photosensor is arranged to receive light emitted by the panel, and a control system is configured to sample an output signal of the photosensor and adjust the control signal responsive thereto to thereby adjust an average current supplied to the first string by the current supply circuit. Methods of operating a lighting panel are also provided.

Abstract: A design for equipment and process for reliquefaction of LNG boiloff gas, primarily for shipboard installation, has high thermodynamic efficiency and lower capital cost, smaller size (volume, footprint), lower weight, and less need for maintenance than systems utilizing the prior art. The main refrigerant gas compressor is reduced to a single stage turbocompressor. Optional elements include: compression of boiloff gas at ambient temperature; compression of boiloff gas in one or two stages; turboexpansion of refrigerant gas incorporating one or two turboexpanders; turboexpander energy recovery by mechanical loading, compressor drive, or electric generator; refrigerant sidestream for cooling at the lowest temperatures.

Abstract: A system and method for removal of a contaminant comprising removing a liquefied portion of a refrigerant stream comprising nitrogen from a reverse Brayton cycle refrigerant system, introducing the liquefied refrigerant stream into a contaminant removal column as a reflux stream removing a contaminant stream from the bottom of the contaminant removal column, removing a vapor stream enriched in nitrogen from the top of the contaminant removal column, and introducing the vapor stream enriched in nitrogen back into the reverse Brayton cycle refrigerant system.

Abstract: A process and system for liquefying a hydrocarbon gas is provided. The hydrocarbon feed gas is pre-treated to remove sour species and water therefrom. The pre-treated feed gas is then passed to a refrigeration zone where it is cooled and expanded to produce a hydrocarbon liquid. A closed loop single mixed refrigerant provides most of the refrigeration to the refrigeration zone together with an auxiliary refrigeration system. The auxiliary refrigeration system and closed loop single mixed refrigerant are coupled in such a manner that waste heat generated by a gas turbine drive of the compressor in the closed loop single mixed refrigerant drives the auxiliary refrigeration system and the auxiliary refrigeration system cools the inlet air of the gas turbine. In this way, substantial improvements are made in the production capacity of the system.