Abstract: Systems and methods for operating a motorized system. The methods comprise by a circuit: receiving a first position signal generated by a gimbal resolver coupled to a load, a second position signal generated by a first motor encoder coupled to a shaft of a first motor, and a third position signal generated by a second motor encoder coupled to a shaft of a second motor; converting the second and third position signals into a velocity signal specifying a scaled velocity of the load; converting the velocity signal into a fourth position signal specifying a position of the load; combining the first position signal and the fourth position signal to generate a fifth position signal representing a stable position of the load; and using the fifth position signal to control operations of the first and second motors.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a multiaxial motor control system for controlling motors for a plurality of shafts included in a multiaxial machine, and including a plurality of motor control devices and a controller. The controller is connected with the motor control devices, and transmits a command signal to the motor control devices. Each motor control device includes a communication controller, a rotation controller, and a drive unit, and drives a motor of a corresponding shaft. The communication controller transmits and receives signals including the command signal, and determine whether the command signal is received normally. The rotation controller generates a torque command to operate the corresponding motor. The drive unit generates a drive voltage for electrification to drive the corresponding motor in accordance with the torque command. When a motor control device detects failure in reception, the motor control device outputs a torque command for braking torque to stop the corresponding motor.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a motor includes, a position detection unit which detects the position of a driven body, a positional error acquiring unit which acquires for each sampling cycle a positional error representing a deviation between the position command given to the motor and the position of the driven body detected by the position detection unit, a dead-zone processing unit which outputs the positional error by replacing the positional error with zero if the positional error acquired by the positional error acquiring unit lies within a predetermined dead-zone range, and a repetitive control unit which calculates an amount of correction such that the positional error output from the dead-zone processing unit is reduced to zero, and wherein: the motor is controlled based on the positional error acquired by the positional error acquiring unit and the amount of correction calculated by the repetitive control unit.

Abstract: A control apparatus capable of improving the control accuracy and stability when controlling a controlled object with a predetermined restraint condition between a plurality of model parameters, or a controlled object having a lag characteristic, using a control target model of a discrete-time system. The control apparatus has an ECU which arranges a control target model including two model parameters such that terms not multiplied by the model parameters and terms multiplied by the same are on different sides of the model, respectively. Assuming the different sides represent a combined signal value and an estimated combined signal value, respectively, the ECU calculates onboard identified values of the model parameters such that an identification error between the signal values is minimized, and calculates an air-fuel ratio correction coefficient using the identified values and a control algorithm derived from the control target model.

Abstract: A notch filter includes first, second, and third difference modules, a delay module, and a gain module. The first difference module calculates a first difference between a control signal in a pulse width modulation (PWM) system and a feedback value. The second difference module calculates a second difference between the first difference and a delayed second difference. The delay module generates the delayed second difference by introducing a one period delay to the second difference, wherein the period is based on a Nyquist frequency of the control signal. The gain module generates the feedback value by applying a gain to the delayed second difference. The third difference module generates a filtered control signal by calculating a difference between the signal and the feedback value, wherein the filtered control signal is used to control an operating parameter of the PWM system.

Abstract: A method of actuating a system comprising a movable component and an actuator configured to move the movable component comprises providing a control signal representative of a desired motion of the movable component. The control signal is supplied to one or more resonators. Each of the one or more resonators has a mode of oscillation representative of at least one elastic mode of oscillation of the system. The control signal is modified by subtracting from the control signal a signal representative of a response of the one or more resonators to the control signal. The actuator is operated in accordance with the modified control signal. Thus, undesirable elastic oscillations of the system which might occur if the system were operated with the original control system can be reduced.

Abstract: The described system and method provide improved transmission performance and response with closed loop torque feedback by implementing situational gain scheduling and nonlinear control techniques for continuously variable transmissions. The system uses contextual information regarding the operation of the machine to determine a gain to be applied in associated PID control logic. In an embodiment, the determined gain is applied in the integral portion of the closed loop controller.

Abstract: An industrial process device for monitoring or controlling an industrial process includes a first input configured to receive a first plurality of samples related to a first process variable and a second input configured to receive a second plurality of samples related to a second process variable. Compensation circuitry is configured to compensate for a time difference between the first plurality of samples and the second plurality of samples and provide a compensated output related to at least one of the first and second process variables. The compensated output can comprise, or can be used to calculate a third process variable. The third process variable can be used to monitor or control the industrial process.

Abstract: The invention comprises apparatuses and methods for providing the capability to stabilize and control a non-minimum phase, nonlinear plant with unmodeled dynamics and/or parametric uncertainty through the use of adaptive output feedback. A disclosed apparatus can comprise a reference model unit for generating a reference model output signal ym The apparatus can comprise a combining unit that combines and differences a plant output signal y of a non-minimum phase plant for which not all of the states can be sensed, and a plant output signal y, to generate an output error signal {tilde over (y)}. The apparatus can further comprise an adaptive control unit for generating an adaptive control signal uad used to control the plant.

Abstract: A grinding method wherein the correlation between the amount of inertial grinding occurring in performing spark-out by a grinding unit and the maximum load current in a motor of the grinding unit is grasped, and a correction value for the amount of inertial grinding corresponding to the maximum load current is preliminarily obtained. When the wafer thickness measured by a thickness measuring gauge has reached the sum of a desired value and the correction value (=the amount of inertial grinding) corresponding to the maximum load current, the spark-out is started. Accordingly, the wafer thickness becomes the desired value after the inertial grinding in performing the spark-out.

Abstract: A robust method of creating process models for use in controller generation, such as in MPC controller generation, adds noise to the process data collected and used in the model generation process. In particular, a robust method of creating a parametric process model first collects process outputs based on known test input signals or sequences, adds random noise to the collected process data and then uses a standard or known technique to determine a process model from the collected process data. Unlike existing techniques for noise removal that focus on clean up of non-random noise prior to generating a process model, the addition of random, zero-mean noise to the process data enables, in many cases, the generation of an acceptable parametric process model in situations where no process model parameter convergence was otherwise obtained.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a control system, method and computer program product to control a process having a large dead time. An exemplary process controllable by embodiments according to the invention is the glass manufacturing process, where fuzzy logic is used to control a level of molten and melting raw materials in a furnace during a glass-manufacturing process by controlling the rate at which raw materials enter the furnace.

Abstract: In a feedback control apparatus comprising a controller, a control object to be controlled by the controller, and an observer for inputting a control output from the control object and an output of the controller and setting an output of a control object model to be a feedback signal, the observer includes an observer compensator for inputting a difference between the control output and an output of an element model and inputs, to the control object model, a sum of an output of the observer compensator and the output of the controller. Consequently, a control system having an excellent response performance can be constituted and a stable observer can easily be constituted.

Abstract: A method for controlling acceleration and deceleration before interpolating is provided. The method comprises steps of previewing and analyzing a processing program to estimate a limitation of a processing velocity, which comprises providing the processing program including a pathway formed by plural blocks; unitizing the motion vector of each block into the unit vector ( N ^ i = N _ i ? N _ i ? ) ; calculating a length (DVi=?{right arrow over (DV)}i?) of a vector difference in the unit vectors between each block and its next block ({right arrow over (DV)}i={circumflex over (N)}i?{circumflex over (N)}i+1); calculating a sum of the length of the vector difference in a distance from a starting block (S=? DVn); and calculating the limitation of the processing velocity for an end of each block (Vlim) according to an inverse ratio of the sum (1/S); and distributing a processing velocity according to the limitation.

Abstract: Various methods and systems for the parametric control of a process include representing the process with a process model used to generate future predictions of a process variable. In one embodiment, the process exhibits integrating behavior that is represented by a non-integrating process model. In another embodiment, an inverse of the model is filtered using a filter that includes a lead time constant that is selected to minimize a steady state error of the predicted process variable. In yet another embodiment, an array of output model values is revised or reindexed in response to a change in a time-varying parameter related to the process.

Abstract: A method for providing independent static and dynamic models in a prediction, control and optimization environment utilizes an independent static model (20) and an independent dynamic model (22). The static model (20) is a rigorous predictive model that is trained over a wide range of data, whereas the dynamic model (22) is trained over a narrow range of data. The gain K of the static model (20) is utilized to scale the gain k of the dynamic model (22). The forced dynamic portion of the model (22) referred to as the bi variables are scaled by the ratio of the gains K and k. The bi have a direct effect on the gain of a dynamic model (22). This is facilitated by a coefficient modification block (40). Thereafter, the difference between the new value input to the static model (20) and the prior steady-state value is utilized as an input to the dynamic model (22). The predicted dynamic output is then summed with the previous steady-state value to provide a predicted value Y.

Abstract: The present invention has a communication connection means (21) which mutually connects communicatably control units (Ca, Cb) for individually controlling operations of robots (Ra, Rb) to constitute a network, input means (37a, 37b) which are respectively installed in the control units and input operation instructions of the robots, and timing signal generation means (69a, 69b). The control units are selectively set to any one of an independent function execution mode, a master function execution mode, and a slave function execution mode, and among the control units, the control unit (Ca) to perform a master operation is set to the master function execution mode, and the residual control unit (Cb) is set to the slave function execution mode, and by correcting a minimum interruption period (Ts(b)) of the slave side control unit (Cb), a control time (ta11, ta12, ta13) to the master robot (Ra) of the master side control unit (Ca) is delayed by a predetermined time (T) to perform the cooperative operation.

Abstract: A method of controlling an input device is disclosed. A deadband is generated about a first position when the input device is at the first position. The input device is moved from the first position to one or more additional positions. The deadband width is varied based on the position of the input device.

Abstract: In a method for synchronizing drive units, a target value of the speed of each drive unit of a plurality of drive units speed is computed by determining the product of a maximum speed of the drive unit, a unit-dependent normalized ratio value of the drive unit, and a synchronization factor which is identical for all drive units. The ratio value defines the relative speeds of the individual drive units. Changing the synchronization factor causes synchronous speed changes of the drive units. As a result, a lasting synchronization can be realized across the entire speed spectrum.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a control system of the reciprocating object comprising a microprocessor (01), a reciprocating mode control circuit (02), a reciprocating travel control circuit (03), a power supply circuit (04) and a motor driving circuit (05), with the microprocessor (01) provided with matrix type on-off signal input-outputs. The reciprocating mode control circuit (02) consists of matrix column branches and matrix row branches, allowing the limited number of the on-off signal ports of the microprocessor (01) to be connected to a plurality of on-off controlling elements thereby realizing a multiple of control modes and diversifying the control modes. The circuit construction according to the present invention is relatively simple, which is helpful to a tidy wiring and layout of the elements and therefore the circuit is easy for manufacturing, assembling, trouble shooting and maintenance.

Abstract: A system and method for generating master and slave reference signals is disclosed, wherein at least one axis of the plurality of axes is a master section and at least one axis of the plurality of axes is a slave section, said slave section being a slave of said master section. The system and method generates a first reference signal and a second reference signal, wherein the second reference signal lags the first reference signal by a first delay period, and the processor provides the first reference signal to the slave section and the second reference signal to the master section. As a result, the slave section can lead the master section.

Abstract: A distributed multi-axis motion control system comprises a multicast communications network having several node components. Each of the node components includes a clock and an actuator. The actuators are part of a motor system and a pattern profile table of the motor system is generated. The pattern profile table is translated into a separate single-direction-of-motion pattern table to separately direct the motion of each of the actuators of the node components. A grandmaster clock generates synchronization signals which are transmitted through the network at a sync interval and which synchronize the clocks. Time-bombs are generated at an interval which is a whole number multiple of the sync interval. The time-bombs cause concurrent execution of the first and subsequent steps from the single-direction-of-motion pattern tables to produce synchronized multi-axis motion of the motor system.

Abstract: A motion control system and method that includes a central controller configured to generate first and second demand control signals to be used to define actuation motion of respective first and second actuators. The central controller is in communication with first and second nodes by way of a data network, each node including at least a respective actuator configured to implement at an actuator time a motion or force-related effort based upon the respective demand control signal. Each node also includes a memory configured to store at least one respective propagation delay parameter related to a signal propagation delay between the central controller and the node. A timing mechanism establishes timing at each node based on the respective propagation delay parameter so that the actuator time at the nodes occurs simultaneously. Strictly cyclic and/or full-duplex high-speed communication can be supported. The network can be wired in a ring or as a tree and with twisted pair cabling or fiber.

Abstract: A method of operating a control device having a setpoint value, an error signal, and a control output is disclosed. The error signal is representative of a difference between a controlled variable and the setpoint value, the control output operable to affect the controlled variable. The method includes generating the control output based at least in part on the error signal and holding the control output at a held value independent of the error signal when the error signal is within a dead zone. The method also includes causing an integrating portion within the control device to track the error signal and the held value when the error signal is within the dead zone.

Abstract: A control system having a floating deadband control includes an input device moveable from a first position to a second position. In addition, the control system includes a controller configured to automatically generate a first electronically defined deadband about the first position when the input device is at the first position and configured to automatically generate a second electronically defined deadband about the second position when the input device is at the second position.

Abstract: A technique is provided for integrating human machine interfaces with control and monitoring systems. Control and monitoring systems may be integrated into a human machine interface to enable access to various systems including networked and programmable electrical components, such as components of motor control centers, and databases that including component, system designation data, configuration information, settings, and so forth. The database and components are accessed by execution of a program embedded in the human machine interface to provide desired information in response to selection of a particular physical component of the system. The information serves as the basis for an operator display through the human machine interface.

Abstract: A method for providing independent static and dynamic models in a prediction, control and optimization environment utilizes an independent static model (20) and an independent dynamic model (22). The static model (20) is a rigorous predictive model that is trained over a wide range of data, whereas the dynamic model (22) is trained over a narrow range of data. The gain K of the static model (20) is utilized to scale the gain k of the dynamic model (22). The forced dynamic portion of the model (22) referred to as the bi variables are scaled by the ratio of the gains K and k. The bi have a direct effect on the gain of a dynamic model (22). This is facilitated by a coefficient modification block (40). Thereafter, the difference between the new value input to the static model (20) and the prior steady-state value is utilized as an input to the dynamic model (22). The predicted dynamic output is then summed with the previous steady-state value to provide a predicted value Y.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing a zero dead time for flow analyzers, flow cytometers, and other measurement devices. A circular buffer is used to store data from a flow analyzer in a plurality of data storage areas, until it is convenient to implement more time-consuming data processing procedures. User specified parameters, including sampling rate and/or sampling period, size and number of data storage areas, size of the circular or other buffer, signal-to-noise threshold, order of processing when a plurality of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) is used, and fixed trailing distance, are used to provide flexible and convenient operation by a user. The probability of missing a rare event occurring within the laser beam or other light beam of a flow analyzer or other measurement device is reduced to zero.

Abstract: A method of operating a control device having a setpoint value, an error signal, and a control output is disclosed. The error signal is representative of a difference between a controlled variable and the setpoint value, the control output operable to affect the controlled variable. The method includes generating the control output based at least in part on the error signal and holding the control output at a held value independent of the error signal when the error signal is within a dead zone. The method also includes causing an integrating portion within the control device to track the error signal and the held value when the error signal is within the dead zone.

Abstract: A device for calculating the steady state behavior of a controller includes an amount generating unit for generating the amount of deviation of the regulator, a first threshold value calculation unit that detects whether the amount of deviation of the regulator has fallen below a first threshold value and then starts a lag time delay unit, and a second threshold value calculation unit that detects whether the amount of deviation of the regulator has fallen below a second threshold value. A signal transmission unit transmits a ready message signal when the lag time delay unit has reached a predetermined lag time and the second threshold value calculation unit has detected that the amount of deviation of the regulator has fallen below the second threshold value.

Abstract: A motion control system and method that includes a central controller configured to generate first and second demand control signals to be used to define actuation motion of respective first and second actuators. The central controller is in communication with first and second nodes by way of a data network, each node including at least a respective actuator configured to implement at an actuator time a motion or force-related effort based upon the respective demand control signal. Each node also includes a memory configured to store at least one respective propagation delay parameter related to a signal propagation delay between the central controller and the node. A timing mechanism establishes timing at each node based on the respective propagation delay parameter so that the actuator time at the nodes occurs simultaneously. Strictly cyclic and/or full-duplex high-speed communication can be supported. The network can be wired in a ring or as a tree and with twisted pair cabling or fiber.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling a controlled parameter that affects a target parameter of a target zone is disclosed. The method comprises providing a feedback control loop having a switching controller, a controlled device, and an averaging device. The controlled device comprises a time constant and a specified operational characteristic. The controlled device comprises a first operational state and a second operational state. The method further comprises calculating a time constant for the averaging device based at least on the time constant for the controlled device, and the specified operational characteristic. The specified operational characteristic may comprises a minimum amount of time that the controlled device operates before it can be switched between the first operational state and the second operational state.

Abstract: A Model-Free Adaptive Quality Variable control system is disclosed for effectively controlling quality variables on-line in closed-loop fashion. It is able to automatically control quality variables under the conditions where there are significant varying time delays and disturbances in the process. Because of its unique capability, the control system is useful for building flexible and adaptive production systems, achieving Six Sigma quality control goals, and fulfilling the on demand manufacturing needs in the new e-commerce environment.

Abstract: An electronic control system, such as a field oriented control system, is provided, including a device to be controlled; an application control arrangement including a plurality of functional blocks configured to perform a cascaded computation, the application control arrangement configured to generate control signals to control the device in accordance with the cascaded computation; and a master control arrangement communicatively coupled to the application control arrangement and configured to communicate parameter inputs and an initial start pulse to the application control arrangement, the initial start pulse being operable to initiate the cascaded computation; wherein each of the functional blocks is configured to generate output data and a done pulse in accordance with a predetermined partial computation, the output data being valid and stable at least for a duration of the done pulse, the predetermined partial computation of each of the functional blocks being performed as a function of input data and

Abstract: An adaptive process controller drives a process variable to be substantially equivalent to a set point and adapts the controller gain, the controller reset, and/or the controller rate, based on model free adaptation. The adaptive controller combines a controller gain computed from an oscillation index with a controller gain computed from a steady state estimate and that adapts the controller reset/rate by forcing the ratio of two of the controller proportional, integral or derivative terms to be equal to a predetermined value.

Abstract: An advanced control block that implements multiple-input/multiple-output control, such as model predictive control, within a process control system uses a compensation block or algorithm and a single control model based on a single process model to provide advanced control in a process having widely variable process delay. The compensation block changes the execution period of the advanced control block to account for changes in the one or more process variables responsible for the variable process delay, which eliminates the need to provide different advanced control models or control definitions for different operating regions for a process in the cases in which the delay in a process output is correlated to a measurable process or control variable.

Abstract: In a control method, the first controlled variable is made to coincide with a predetermined controlled variable set point. A relation variable representing the relationship between second controlled variables which are designated in advance from measured second controlled variables different from the first controlled variable so as to maintain a predetermined relationship is calculated. A control actuator is so controlled as to make the calculated relation variable coincide with a predetermined relation variable set point. The difference between the calculated relation variable and a relation variable set point corresponding to the calculated relation variable is calculated. The calculated difference is added to the measured first controlled variable. A manipulated variable is calculated by performing feedback control calculation so as to make the sum coincide with the controlled variable set point. The calculated manipulated variable is output to a corresponding control actuator.

Abstract: According to a feedback control method, the response process of set point tracking control is divided into three, tracking, convergence, and stabilization phases. The phase is switched to the tracking phase at set point change start time as the tracking phase start time. The manipulated variable which causes the controlled variable to tracking the set point is continuously output in the tracking phase. The phase is switched to the convergence phase at, as the convergence phase start time, specific set point tracking control elapsed time at which the controlled variable does not exceed the set point in the tracking phase. A manipulated variable which converges the controlled variable to the vicinity of the set point is continuously output in the convergence phase. The phase is switched to the stabilization phase at, as the stabilization phase start time, time at which the controlled variable reaches a preset situation in the convergence phase.

Abstract: A valve positioner system that includes one or more unique control methods and devices, including several routines to facilitate the continuous maintenance, calibration and adjustment requirements of the valve. The positioner system may utilize pressure and position feedback signals to monitor the valve. The positioner system may utilize an external controller for various diagnostic and other routines. The positioner system can provide automatic positioning and can operate in a manual operating mode or an automatic operating mode. The positioner system can diagnose the valve while the valve process is running or during a maintenance operation. The positioner system can provide nonlinear control of the valve position. The positioner system can self-tune and self-characterize the valve to assure uniform position control. The positioner system can provide valve control through pressure feedback when a position feedback fails or other diagnosed problems.

Abstract: A method for providing independent static and dynamic models in a prediction, control and optimization environment utilizes an independent static model (20) and an independent dynamic model (22). The static model (20) is a rigorous predictive model that is trained over a wide range of data, whereas the dynamic model (22) is trained over a narrow range of data. The gain K of the static model (20) is utilized to scale the gain k of the dynamic model (22). The forced dynamic portion of the model (22) referred to as the bi variables are scaled by the ratio of the gains K and k. The bi have a direct effect on the gain of a dynamic model (22). This is facilitated by a coefficient modification block (40). Thereafter, the difference between the new value input to the static model (20) and the prior steady-state value is utilized as an input to the dynamic model (22). The predicted dynamic output is then summed with the previous steady-state value to provide a predicted value Y.

Abstract: A Model-Free Adaptive Quality Variable control system is disclosed for effectively controlling quality variables on-line in closed-loop fashion. It is able to automatically control quality variables under the conditions where there are significant varying time delays and disturbances in the process. Because of its unique capability, the control system is useful for building flexible and adaptive production systems, achieving Six Sigma quality control goals, and fulfilling the on demand manufacturing needs in the new e-commerce environment.

Abstract: A Robust Model-Free Adaptive controller is disclosed for effectively controlling simple to complex systems including industrial processes, equipment, facilities, devices, engines, robots, vehicles, and appliances. Without the need of re-designing a controller or re-tuning the controller parameters, the inventive controller is able to provide a wide robust range and keep the system under automatic control during normal and extreme operating conditions when there are significant disturbances or changes in system dynamics. Because of its simplicity and capability, the control system is useful for building flexible and adaptive production systems to fulfill the on demand manufacturing needs of the new e-commerce environment.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing a zero dead time for flow analyzers, flow cytometers, and other measurement devices. A circular buffer is used to store data from a flow analyzer in a plurality of data storage areas, until it is convenient to implement more time consuming data processing procedures. User specified parameters, including sampling rate and/or sampling period, size and number of data storage areas, size of the circular or other buffer, signal-to-noise threshold, order of processing when a plurality of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) is used, and fixed trailing distance, are used to provide flexible and convenient operation by a user. The probability of missing a rare event occurring within the laser beam or other light beam of a flow analyzer or other measurement device is reduced to zero.

Abstract: In a method for prescribing an essentially linear ramp with a prescribable slope by a quantity, and which is clock-pulse-controlled and which describes the ramp by an increment per clock interval, the ramp is described by a number of regular increments and by at least one first and one second irregular increment. The regular increments exhibit a value corresponding to the prescribable slope. The irregular increments exhibit a value deviating from the prescribable slope. The first irregular increment is a first increment describing the ramp and the second irregular increment is a last increment describing the ramp.

Abstract: An engine with transport delay represented by a delay period is controlled with a controller in the feed-forward path and a compensator in a negative inner feedback loop around the controller. The controller generates a control signal so as to control the engine as if the engine was without the delay. A compensation signal is generated as the sum of the control signal only over the delay period. The control signal is based on an error signal generated as the difference between a desired input and the sum of a controlled engine output and the compensation signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for process-variable-dependent identification signal emission for a closed-loop and/or open-loop control program with cyclic sampling of process variables from a technical process. A threshold value crossing time (ts1, ts3) is determined from at least two previous samples (AT1, AT2, AT5-AT7) of a process variable (P). At this time, an identification signal can be triggered, which can call up a single-stage or multi-stage command sequence. The threshold value crossing time (ts1-ts3) can likewise be determined with the aid of a mathematical approximation function and the samples (AT1, AT2, AT5-AT7). A timing mechanism can be started in the predicted sampling cycle (A12 to A89) preceding the threshold value crossing (SD1-SD3) using a time difference (ZD1-ZD3) remaining until the threshold value crossing (SD1-SD3).

Abstract: A device for generating synchronous numeric signals, including a reference generating device supplying a reference signal and a first timing signal, both having a reference frequency; and a timed generating device supplying a synchronized signal having the reference frequency. The device further includes a synchronization stage generating a second timing signal having a first controlled frequency correlated to the reference frequency, and phase synchronization pulses having the first frequency and a preset delay programmable with respect to the first timing signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing a zero dead time for flow analyzers, flow cytometers, and other measurement devices. A circular buffer is used to store data from a flow analyzer in a plurality of data storage areas, until it is convenient to implement more time consuming data processing procedures. User specified parameters, including sampling rate and/or sampling period, size and number of data storage areas, size of the circular or other buffer, signal-to-noise threshold, order of processing when a plurality of Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) is used, and fixed trailing distance, are used to provide flexible and convenient operation by a user. The probability of missing a rare event occurring within the laser beam or other light beam of a flow analyzer or other measurement device is reduced to zero.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for overload-free driving of an actuator, in which an activation counter is incremented or decremented each time an activation request signal occurs, in which, depending on each occurrence of an activation request signal, a drive signal for the actuator is generated if the counter reading of the activation counter is less than or greater than a predetermined maximum or minimum counter reading, in which the counter reading is in each case decremented or incremented if the time since the last generation of a drive signal or since the deactivation of the drive signal is greater than or equal to a predetermined or predeterminable interval time or if the time since the last decrementing of the activation counter is greater than or equal to the interval time.

Abstract: An actuator control system and a magnetic disk device having a hybrid control system. The actuator control system includes an LPF that can be processed by the hardware architecture of a HDD that does not include a state estimator. The actuator control system includes an actuator 10, a VCM driver circuit 11 for driving the actuator 10, an ADC 12 for converting the position signal from the actuator 10 into a digital position signal, an MPU 13 for generating the control signal to the actuator 10 in response to the digital position signal, a DAC 14 for converting the control signal into an analog control signal, and an LPF 15 coupled between DAC 14 and VCM driver circuit 11. The MPU 13 compensates the phase delay resulting from the LPF 15 by digital control. Additionally, the digital control reconstructs the state model of a plant including the LPF 15 to a state model requiring no state estimator.