Abstract: A method includes receiving a representation of an initial design domain. The method also includes iteratively generating intermediate part designs by redistributing material within the initial design domain. The intermediate part designs each include a 3D part and a support volume. The method also includes calculating a measure of inaccessibility of the support volume of each intermediate part design by at least one subtractive tool assembly. At least one of the intermediate part designs is generated based at least partially upon the measure of inaccessibility of a previous one of the intermediate part designs.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for designing and manufacturing a component in a computer-aided design and manufacturing environment is disclosed. A method includes obtaining a geometric model of a component from a geometric model database, and determining at least one orientation parameter value associated with the geometric model of the component. The at least one orientation parameter value is associated with an orientation parameter that defines orientation of the component during additive manufacturing of the component. The method includes performing volumetric analysis of the component based on the at least one orientation parameter value associated with the component using the geometric model of the component.

Abstract: Systems and methods for modeling anatomical changes in a patient after installation of a patient-specific implant are disclosed. The system can model changes to a thoracic spine based on changes to the lumbar spine in a patient. The system can calculate and display reciprocal changes to nearby anatomy due to correction of index anatomy. For example, the system models the anatomical changes to the thoracic and cervical spines based on corrections to the lumbar spine.

Abstract: There is provided a control device, a control method, and a program that can prevent failure of an operation of a robot. The control device according to an aspect of the present technology includes a state transition determination section that controls an operation of a robot to perform a predetermined process before a task results in failure in a case where a state transition of the robot in performing the task follows a failure state transition that is preset as a state transition that results in the failure of the task. The present technology can be applied to a robot capable of autonomous operation.

Abstract: A connecting structure (10) for load transfer, in particular in a gas turbine (1), including a strut (20) and at least one wall element (30) is provided. The strut (20) at one end is integrally joined to the wall element (30), and the strut (20) and the wall element (30) are enclosed by a fillet (40), at least in areas, and integrally joined to same. An elastic deformation of the involved elements of the structure during the load transfer and/or load absorption is improved in that a root section (50) that is formed by a ridge (56) and that extends from the strut (20) to the wall element (30) is situated on the fillet (40).

Abstract: A control device controls at least one of: power of a heat source; or a scanning speed of the heat source and a material feed speed of feedstock. The control device includes a processing condition output unit, a heat source power addition unit, a molten pool state error calculation unit, and a speed adjustment unit. The output unit outputs values of the power of the heat source, the scanning speed, and the feed speed. The addition unit outputs a post-addition value of the power of the heat source to the processing condition output unit when a molten pool state error is less than a predetermined threshold and the value of the power of the heat source is less than maximum power of the heat source. The calculation unit calculates the error. The adjustment unit adjusts the scanning speed and the feed speed based on the error.

Abstract: A method for a model-based determination of model parameters (MP) of a production model (PM) of a film extrusion line, comprising: detecting of at least two model parameters (MP) in the form of input parameters (EP) of the production model (PM) for detecting a production situation of the film extrusion line and/or in the form of output parameters (AP) of the production model (PM) for detecting a film product situation of the film extrusion line, forming a parameter relationship between the acquired model parameters (MP) by means of the production model (PM), determining at least one further model parameter (MP) in the form of a non-detected input parameter (EP) and/or a non-detected output parameter (AP) of the production model (PM).

Abstract: Systems and methods for planning a treatment for a patient's teeth are provided. In some embodiments, a method includes receiving input data representing an initial tooth arrangement of a patient's teeth. The method can include determining a target tooth arrangement for the patient's teeth, the target tooth arrangement including a change in mass of at least one tooth. The method can also include generating a plurality of intermediate tooth arrangements configured to adjust the patient's teeth from the initial tooth arrangement toward the target tooth arrangement. The method can further include generating instructions to output a visualization showing a difference in tooth mass between at least one intermediate tooth arrangement of the plurality of intermediate tooth arrangements and the target tooth arrangement.

Abstract: A system for generating an instant design for manufacturability of a part includes a computing device configured to receive a representative part model, wherein the representative part model comprises a plurality of sides, to generate, at a graphics processing unit, a depth buffer model of the representative part model, to determine, at an assignment module operating on the graphics processing unit, each orientation of the plurality of orientations of the representative part model as a function of each depth buffer of the plurality of depth buffers, and to generate, at a simulation module operating on the graphics processing unit, a prospective part, wherein generating a prospective part further comprises generating a simulated casing of the representative part model. The system is further designed and configured to display the prospective part to a user device.

Abstract: An on-demand manufacturing of apparel system includes online customization and ordering of garments, previewing of the garments, manufacturing including laser finishing of garments, and delivery to the customer. Laser finishing of apparel products reduces finishing cost, lowers carrying costs, increases productivity, shortens time to market, be more reactive to trends, reduces product constraints, reduces lost sales and dilution, and more. Fabric templates can be used to produce a multitude of laser finishes. Operational efficiency is improved.

Abstract: A method, system, and non-transitory computer readable medium for determining optical article feasibility are provided. The method includes acquiring a first input indicative of optical criteria associated with a lens via a user interface, acquiring a second input indicative of a lens selection via the user interface, identifying one or more frames, and determining whether each frame of the one or more frames and the lens selection are physically compatible by fit simulation performed based on three dimensional cutout data determined based on at least the optical criteria. A feasibility indication is provided to a user via the user interface for each of the one or more frames based on the determination.

Abstract: Provided are a method and a system for solving a tolerance problem which may occur in a slicing quantization (staircase effect) process of 3D printing which slices a 3D model and laminates layers one by one. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a 3D model slicing method includes the steps of: receiving, by a 3D model slicing system, an input of data of a 3D model to 3D print; examining, by the 3D model slicing system, a dimension of a layer thickness of the inputted 3D model; correcting, by the 3D model slicing system, a size of a layer for slicing, based on a result of the examining; and slicing, by the 3D model slicing system, the corrected 3D model. Accordingly, by preserving a dimension within a layer thickness, a problem that a concavo-convex portion is lost in a slicing quantization process of 3D printing according to a slicing position within a layer thickness, and a tolerance occurs is solved.

Abstract: Respirator masks may include a respirator mask body and a respirator mask gasket. The respirator mask body may include a plurality of openings for the exchange of gas and an air filtration media configured to filter particles from air passing into and out of the respirator mask body. The respirator mask gasket may be coupled to the respirator mask body and may be sized and shaped responsively to a three-dimensional scan of a portion of user's face including the user's nose and mouth and being configured to closely abut the user's face when worn. A combination of respirator mask body and respirator mask gasket may be positioned within a donning mechanism that facilitates positioning of the combined respirator mask body and respirator mask gasket over the user's face and retention thereon.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems for performing robotic surgery in an extended-reality (XR) surgical simulation environment are disclosed. The disclosed systems provide a surgical metaverse in which a surgical robot network receives medical images of a patient. A digital twin is generated from the medical images that enables generation of a virtual surgical simulation environment for performing a surgical procedure. Necessary workflow objects for the procedure are selected and surgical actions are performed on the digital twin. Data of the workflow objects and actions in relation to the digital twin are stored. The surgical robot network generates a surgical workflow based on the workflow objects and actions and compares the surgical workflow to historical workflows to allow adjustment of the workflow in the surgical simulation virtual environment. The workflow, workflow objects, and actions in relation to the digital twin are sent to the surgical robot.

Abstract: Example implementations relate to process capability procedures for additive manufacturing machines. One example implementation receives and prints two objects with corresponding process values for a set of process parameters within two build regions of the build volume. Measurements are made of each object comprising print parameters and a dataset comprising data representing the process values associated with the print parameters and data representing the second process values associated with the second print parameters is generated.

Abstract: A system configured to design a customized implant includes a cutting tool, a tracker, and design software. The cutting tool is configured to resect bone from an anatomical bone along a cutting path, thereby creating a contoured bone surface. The tracker is configured to track at least a portion of the cutting path and store the at least a portion of the cutting path in a memory. The design software is configured to design an implant having a contoured implant surface that matches the contoured bone surface based at least in part on the stored cutting path.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor and a memory on which are stored machine-readable instructions that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to access a 3D model of a 3D object to be fabricated and apply a deformation model to the 3D model. In some examples, the processor may generate a modified 3D model that compensates for a determined deformation of the 3D object during a sintering process for the 3D object. In some examples, the deformation model may include a densification component associated with a density of the 3D object and a deformation component associated with mechanical loads on the 3D object. The densification component may have initial state values associated with the density of the 3D object during the sintering process.

Abstract: A method and system for facilitating transaction via a metal object, the metal object being made from a reconstructable metal, is disclosed. The method includes: receiving, at a transceiver, a transaction request that includes an amount of the transaction; receiving, at a metal object deposit portal, the metal object for the transaction; identifying, by processor, a current price rate of the reconstructable metal; determining, by the processor, a current price of the metal object based on weight of the metal object and the current price rate of the reconstructable metal; determining, by the processor, an amount of the reconstructable metal to be deducted from the metal object; and providing, by a dispenser, another metal object reconstructed from the metal object based at least on the amount of reconstructable metal to be deducted, to facilitate completion of the transaction.

Abstract: In an example, a method includes receiving, by at least one processor, object model data describing a geometry of at least part of at least one object to be generated using additive manufacturing. The object model data defines a first geometrical transformation to be applied to the object model data. It may be determined if a second geometrical transformation is to be applied to the object model data. If a second geometrical transformation is to be applied, the first and second geometrical transformations may be applied to the object model data to determine modified object model data. Otherwise, the first geometrical transformation may be applied to the object geometry to determine modified object model data.

Abstract: A method for exporting a three-dimensional dental design model based on a three-dimensional dental library model (4) from an augmented reality application (6) which is adapted to visualize an image of the dental library model (4) rendered by a virtual camera with a preliminary pose and scale in a photo (2) of a face of a patient taken by a camera under a viewing axis to the face of the patient, the photo (2) including a mouth opening showing at least part of the present situation of the patient's dentition.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a dental component, in particular a dental prosthesis or a partial dental prosthesis, by means of a dental furnace, comprising the following steps: (i) additively manufacturing, in particular by means of 3D printing, a model of the dental component from a model material on the basis of a virtual 3D model of the dental component; (ii) embedding the model in an investment material; (iii) removing the model from the investment material, in particular by heating or burning out, to obtain a negative mold of the model; (iv) inserting a raw material required for manufacturing the dental component into the negative mold; (v) producing the dental component in the negative mold; and (vi) removing the negative mold.

Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods including selecting one or more sequences of machining types for a feature of one or more features, where the selection of the one or more sequences of machining types is based on the feature and a database of prior selections of machining types; selecting one or more tools for the selected one or more sequences of machining types, where the selection of the one or more tools is based on the feature, the selected one or more sequences of machining types, and a database of prior selections of one or more tools; and selecting one or more machining parameters for the selected one or more tools, where the selected machining parameters are based on the feature, the selected one or more sequences of machining types, the selected one or more tools, and a database of prior selections of one or more machining parameters.

Abstract: A machine learning apparatus capable of reducing an error between a machined workpiece and a target shape when the workpiece is machined based on a workpiece model modeling the target shape of the workpiece. A machine learning apparatus includes a state observation section configured to observe machining state data of a machine tool configured to machine the workpiece, and measurement data of an error between a shape of the workpiece machined by the machine tool based on the workpiece model and the target shape, as a state variable representing a current state of environment in which the workpiece is machined, and a learning section configured to learn the correction amount in association with the error by using the state variable.

Abstract: Method for producing a 3D item (1) by means of fused deposition modelling, the method comprising a 3D printing stage comprising layer-wise depositing an extrudate (321) comprising 3D printable material (201), to provide the 3D item (1) comprising 3D printed material (202), wherein the 3D item (1) comprises a plurality of layers (322) of 3D printed material (202), wherein the 3D printing stage comprises: •—a vertical support providing stage comprising providing a first layer (1100) of 3D printed material (202), wherein the first layer (1100) has a first layer top part (1110) with a first layer top height (HI 1) relative to the substrate (1550) and a first layer bottom part (1120) with a first layer bottom height (H12) relative to the substrate (1550), wherein the first layer (1100) has a first layer height (HI) defined by the difference between the first layer top height (HI 1) and the first layer bottom height (H12), wherein the value of the first layer bottom height (H12) is at least equal to the value of th

Abstract: A method of pre-operatively developing a reverse shoulder arthroplasty plan can include receiving an image of a patient shoulder comprising a humerus and a glenoid. The image can be segmented to develop a 3D shoulder model. Virtual surgery can be performed on the 3D shoulder model to generate a modified shoulder model. The virtual surgery can include resecting and reaming a virtual humerus of the 3D shoulder model, and reaming a virtual glenoid of the 3D shoulder model. Selection of a humeral implant and selection of a glenoid implant can be received. A virtual representation of the humeral implant can be implanted on the virtual humerus and a virtual representation of the glenoid implant on the virtual glenoid to virtually update the modified shoulder model. A range of motion of the patient shoulder can be determined and a reverse shoulder arthroplasty can be finalized based on the range of motion.

Abstract: A system allows a user to create new designs for apparel and preview these designs before manufacture. Software and lasers are used in finishing apparel to produce a desired wear pattern or other design. As the user designs the garment, the system provides the user insight in their design process.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of generating a dental model based on an objective function output, including creating an objective function including at least one quality estimation function which trains at least one machine learning method that generates quality estimation output, and an objective function output is the output of the objective function providing a model as an input data to the objective function and generating model-related objective function output; and modifying the model based on the model-related objective function output to transform the model to a generated model, wherein the generated model is the dental model.

Abstract: Methods and systems for customizing wearable equipment such as athletic equipment, including ice skates. For example, an ice skate may comprise a skate boot and blade holder. The skate boot may be customized, e.g., may be manufactured using a custom last. A method of operating a computing device to customize the skate boot last may comprise: carrying out a 3D modeling application; obtaining a scan of a foot from an image acquisition device; creating a model of the foot; obtaining a model of a customized last based on the model of the foot; creating metadata and associating the metadata with the 3D model data; and generating a production specification for the customized last based on the model of the customized last and the metadata.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for recoating parameter control are disclosed. An example apparatus disclosed herein includes a blade holder, a blade, and a control element disposed within the blade holder, the control element to move the blade between a first position and a second position, the apparatus having a first stiffness when the blade is in the first position, the apparatus having a second stiffness when the blade is in the second position, the first stiffness greater than the second stiffness.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a 3D printer for construction for printing and forming various structures, in which agitating blades 45 capable of auto-rotation are mounted inside a nozzle 10 discharging a printing material such as concrete or mortar, to thereby enable agitation of a fluid printing material inside the nozzle 10. According to the present disclosure, agitation of the fluid printing material inside the nozzle 10 of the 3D printer for construction may be facilitated to prevent material segregation and maintain a homogeneously mixed state of materials constituting the fluid printing material.

Abstract: Provided are a detecting device, a detecting method, a generating method, and a computer-readable storage medium that allow the user to readily obtain information on an object related to a human-powered vehicle. The detecting device includes a control unit that detects an object related to a human-powered vehicle as a target object from a first image including at least a part of the human-powered vehicle, and outputs related information related to the target object.

Abstract: A method for preparing a tooth crown may include generating a 3D model of an external surface of a patient's tooth and generating a 3D model of an external surface of a first crown based on the 3D model of the external surface of the patient's tooth. The method may also include preparing the patient's tooth to receive the first crown while generating the 3D model of the external surface. A 3D model of the prepared tooth my be generated. A 3D model of an internal surface of the first crown may also be generated. The 3D model of the external surface and the 3D model of the internal surface may form a 3D model of the first crown.

Abstract: A system for generating slice data for additive manufacturing, comprises a graphics processing unit (GPU) that receives a digital model of an object in a three-dimensional build space defined over a plurality of slices, computes a three-dimensional signed distance field over voxels in the build space, assigns a building material to each voxel based on a respective distance field value, and generates slice data output pertaining to the building material assignments for each slice. The slice data output can be used for printing the object in layers corresponding to the slices. The distance field comprises one or more vector having a vertical component with respect to the slices.

Abstract: Adaptable manufacturing systems, methods, and apparatuses are disclosed. An apparatus for manufacturing a product in accordance with the present disclosure may include a design apparatus, an assembly apparatus, and a control apparatus, coupled to the design apparatus and the assembly apparatus. The control apparatus receives input information from the design apparatus and the assembly apparatus. The control apparatus provides output information for altering at least one parameter used by at least one of the design apparatus and the assembly apparatus in the manufacture of the product.

Abstract: Described is an apparatus and method for the additive manufacturing of 3D objects. The apparatus includes a 3D object material deposition module configured to deposit a portion of material forming at least a layer of a 3D object, a 3D object material solidifying module configured to solidify at least the portion of material forming at least a layer of the 3D object and a control computer. The control computer includes a module configured to analyze the slope or curvature change ratio and operate material deposition module to deposit the 3D object material across the cross-section of the 3D object with at least one of a plurality of layers forming the 3D object that has different from other layers characteristics.

Abstract: Systems and methods of computer aided manufacturing are disclosed. A computer aided manufacturing device includes a tool operable to perform a manufacturing operation within a working area. A scanner obtains scan data corresponding to a portion of the working area. A processor is configured to obtain scan data of a workpiece positioned within the working area, generate a digital model of the workpiece, generate a tool path for the tool based on the digital model, operate the computer aided manufacturing system to perform the at least one manufacturing operation according to the at least one tool path to generate a modified workpiece, obtain scan data of the modified workpiece, and verify the at least one manufacturing operation based on the scan data of the modified workpiece.

Abstract: A system and method of detecting display fit measurements and/or ophthalmic measurements for a head mounted wearable computing device including a display device is provided. The system and method may include capturing image data including a face of a user to be fitted for the head mounted wearable computing device. A three-dimensional head pose and gaze measurements may be extracted and a three-dimensional model may be developed from the captured image data. The system may detect display fit measurements and/or ophthalmic fit measurements from the three-dimensional model, and may provide one or more head mounted wearable computing devices that meet the display fit and/or ophthalmic fit requirements.

Abstract: A product containing an intelligent control provides increased safety and reliability, wherein the product contains an active component, wherein the active component is adapted to monitor or control the use of the component, wherein the active component is adapted to send data to and/or receive data from a distributed database. A method of manufacturing, a machine containing the product, and a computer program product are provided.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for autonomous reconstruction of vessels on computed tomography images, includes: providing a reconstruction convolutional neural network (CNN); receiving an input 3D model of a vessel to be reconstructed; defining a region of interest (ROI) and a movement step, wherein the ROI is a 3D volume that covers an area to be processed; defining a starting position and positioning the ROI at the starting position; reconstructing a shape of the input 3D model within the ROI by inputting the fragment of the input 3D model within the ROI to the reconstruction convolutional neural network (CNN) and receiving the reconstructed 3D model fragment; moving the ROI by the movement step along a scanning path; repeating the reconstruction and moving steps to reconstruct a desired portion of the input 3D model at consecutive ROI positions; and combining the reconstructed 3D model fragments.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for performing operations comprising: receiving, by one or more processors, an image that includes a depiction of a face of a user; computing a real-world scale of the face of the user based on a selected subset of landmarks of the face of the user; obtaining an augmented reality graphical element comprising augmented reality eyewear; scaling the augmented reality graphical element based on the computed real-world scale of the face; and positioning the scaled augmented reality graphical element within the image on the face of the user.

Abstract: Orthodontic devices such as aligners, palatal expanders, retainers, and dental implants can be used to adjust the position of teeth and to treat various dental irregularities. To help the clinician or doctor (i.e., orthodontist) design and plan the subject's treatment plan, a 3D digital model of the subject's teeth, dentition, and gingiva can be constructed from a 3D scan of the subject's mouth, teeth, dentition, and gingiva. The 3D model of the subject's teeth and dentition can be displayed graphically to the doctor on a display using a computing system with memory and software.

Abstract: Systems devices, and methods including: an additive manufacturing component having tools for manufacturing parts and a support structure associated with a part being manufactured; a computing device configured to: identify a region to support on the part being manufactured; determine a set of one or more slices via an iterative process; determine a set of support lines based on the determined set of one or more slices; determine a density associated with the determined set of support lines; and transmit instructions to the additive manufacturing component to add a slice on to the support structure based on the determined set of support lines and associated density; and where the additive manufacturing component is configured to execute a series of instructions to connect the support structure to the region to support via the determined set of support lines.

Abstract: Systems and methods for fabricating indirect bonding trays are disclosed. Digital models of a patient's teeth can be created with digital brackets positioned on the digital model of a patient's teeth. Digital models of indirect bonding trays can be created to retain and transfer the brackets. The indirect bonding trays can be 3-D printed with wells that the functional brackets can be placed into and thereafter transferred to the patient. The 3-D printed indirect bonding tray can comprise two resins, with one resin forming the tray and another resin forming a functional feature.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for processing an intraoral image. The data processing apparatus includes a memory including one or more instructions, and a processor configured to execute the one or more instructions stored in the memory, wherein the processor, by executing the one or more instructions, displays an eggshell generated based on surface data of a tooth selected from the intraoral image, provides a user interface that allows to adjust a boundary of the eggshell, and displays an eggshell transformed by adjusting the boundary of the eggshell according to a user input through the user interface.

Abstract: A data generating apparatus includes: an input unit that receives foot shape data; a processor that computes shoe last data from the foot shape data received by the input unit; and an output unit that outputs the shoe last data computed by the processor. The processor further computes processing data for processing a member that forms an upper of a shoe, based on the computed shoe last data. The output unit further outputs the processing data computed by the processor.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems and methods capable of controlling an additive manufacturing print process on an additive manufacturing printer. The disclosed embodiments may include: a plurality of sensors capable of monitoring at least one of an input of print filament to a print head of the printer, and a temperature of a nozzle of the printer, as indicative of a state of the additive manufacturing print process; at least one processor associated with at least one controller and capable of receiving sensor data regarding the monitoring from the plurality of sensors, and comprising non-transitory computing code for applying to the sensor data at least one correct one of the state of the additive manufacturing print process; a comparator embedded in the non-transitory computing code for assessing a lack of compliance of the print process to the correct one of the state; and at least one modifying output of the at least one controller to revise the compliance of the print process to the correct one of the state.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and techniques for determining a grip layout for a gun. The techniques include obtaining an image depicting a hand, obtaining calibration data associated with the image, calculating a real distance between a first landmark of the hand and a second landmark of the hand, and determining a grip layout for the gun based on the real distance between the first landmark and the second landmark. Calibration data may include a scale for the image or data that may be used to derive the scale, such as an object of known dimensions, an angular field of view, or a distance between the device used to capture the image and the hand. The grip layout may include a backstrap size, a sensor size, a sensor location on the gun, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems and methods capable of controlling an additive manufacturing print process on an additive manufacturing printer. The disclosed embodiments may include: a plurality of sensors capable of monitoring at least one of an input of print filament to a print head of the printer, and a temperature of a nozzle of the printer, as indicative of a state of the additive manufacturing print process; at least one processor associated with at least one controller and capable of receiving sensor data regarding the monitoring from the plurality of sensors, and comprising non-transitory computing code for applying to the sensor data at least one correct one of the state of the additive manufacturing print process; a comparator embedded in the non-transitory computing code for assessing a lack of compliance of the print process to the correct one of the state; and at least one modifying output of the at least one controller to revise the compliance of the print process to the correct one of the state.

Abstract: Colored three-dimensional digital model generation techniques and systems are described. In one example, scanning techniques are employed by a scanning system that scans a physical object while disposed within packaging to form a three-dimension digital model. A model coloring system is employed to color the three-dimensional digital model. A two-dimensional digital image is employed that captures the same or similar physical object. In one example, features of the model are matched to the image. This is then used to align a viewing perspective with respect to the model with a viewing perspective of the object within the digital image, e.g., to find which “view” of the model corresponds with the image. The color is then applied from the digital image to the model, e.g., from pixels of the image to corresponding points in the model.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes generating a front panel of a garment based on one or more images including the garment, generating a back panel of the garment, aligning the front panel and the back panel in a three-dimensional space so that the front panel is in front of a three-dimensional body and the back panel is behind the three-dimensional body, identifying one or more pairs of boundary segments of the front panel and the back panel, wherein each pair of boundary segments of the front panel and the back panel are to be attached together, and generating a digital garment by attaching each of the identified one or more pairs of boundary segments of the front panel and the back panel through a plurality of iterative simulations using a physics simulation model.