Abstract: Systems and processes described herein can use drive line actuators (DLAs) which can be implemented for one or more individual wheels of an electric vehicle (EV) permitting connection and disconnection of at least a portion of the axle and wheel from the electric motor suppling torque. A disconnected wheel and axle can experience less friction, and have less rotational mass then a wheel and axle that is connected to an electric motor, therefore the disconnecting wheels in which torque is not desired can result in increased efficiency and range in an EV.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel supply to an engine at a wellbore can be monitored using a monitoring system. The monitoring system can include a sensor apparatus having sensors configured to monitor the fuel supply of the engine. The fuel supply can be transported within a fuel supply line of a wellsite. The monitoring system can divert a portion of the fuel supply of the engine from the fuel supply line to a fuel sampling line. The monitoring system can analyze the portion of the fuel supply using the sensor apparatus to determine a fuel property measurement of the fuel supply. Additionally, the monitoring system can determine that the fuel property measurement is outside of a predefined range associated with a target performance level of the engine. In response, the monitoring system can perform a mitigation operation to cause the fuel supply to enable the target performance level of the engine.

Abstract: A method for a combustion engine has a working cycle of three revolutions of the crankshaft. The method includes: feeding a fuel mixture into a combustion chamber of a cylinder while moving a piston from a second top dead-center to a first bottom dead-center; compressing an air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber while moving the piston from the first bottom dead-center to a first top dead-center; burning the air-fuel mixture while moving the piston from the first top dead-center to a second bottom dead-center; compressing a gas mixture in the combustion chamber while moving the piston from the second bottom dead-center to the first top dead-center; burning the gas mixture while moving the piston from the first top dead-center to the first bottom dead-center; and expelling the gas mixture from the combustion chamber while moving the piston from the first bottom dead-center to the second top dead-center.

Abstract: A method for operating an injection valve by determining an opening or closing time of the injection valve based on a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an evaluation point time series by sampling a sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; using a non-linear data-based first sub-model to obtain a first output vector based on the evaluation point time series, wherein each element of the first output vector is associated with a specific time; using a linear, data-based second sub-model to obtain a second output vector based on the evaluation point time series, wherein each element of the second output vector is associated with a specific time; limiting the time determined by the first output vector depending on the second output vector in order to obtain the opening or closing time.

Abstract: A power system for a work vehicle is provided and includes an intake arrangement configured to intake charge air; a fuel arrangement including a first fuel tank configured to store a first fuel and a second fuel tank configured to store a second fuel; a compression ignition engine including a plurality of piston-cylinder sets configured to receive, ignite, and combust the first fuel, the second fuel, or a combination of the first and second fuels from the fuel arrangement with the charge air from the intake arrangement to generate mechanical power and exhaust gas; and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) arrangement configured to direct a portion of the exhaust gas back into the compression ignition engine. The fuel arrangement is arranged to selectively inject the second fuel into the EGR arrangement.

Abstract: A method for operating an injection valve by ascertaining an opening time and/or closing time of the injection valve on the basis of a sensor signal. The method includes: providing an analysis point time series by sampling a sensor signal of a sensor of the injection valve; using a nonlinear, data-based first submodel in order to obtain a first model output on the basis of the analysis point time series; using a linear, data-based second submodel in order to obtain a second model output on the basis of the analysis point time series; ascertaining the opening time and/or closing time as a function of the first and second model outputs.

Abstract: A data transmission device includes a shared memory and an access control unit. The shared memory has M bank memories arranged therein and is accessible by N processors. The access control unit controls access to the M bank memories by the N processors based on identification information for specifying the M bank memories.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method. Includes obtaining pointwise data indicating, for a plurality of time steps, a pointwise measurement of a state of an object detected by an object detection system. Includes obtaining, from a runtime model, runtime data indicating, for the plurality of time steps, a runtime estimate of the state of the object. Includes processing, by a benchmark model, the pointwise data to determine, for the plurality of time steps, a benchmark estimate of the state of the object. Includes evaluating a metric measuring, for the plurality of time steps, a deviation between the runtime estimate and the benchmark estimate of the state of the object. Includes updating, based on the on the evaluation of the metric, the runtime model.

Abstract: An apparatus for alarming of oil dilution may include: a control device for predicting oil dilution based on a cold start state of a vehicle, a rapid acceleration state of a vehicle, and a high-speed maintenance time of a vehicle; and an alarming device that guides the driver to check or replace engine oil based on the oil dilution predicted by the control device.

Abstract: Methods and systems for calculating a plurality of aging factors in a system operating an engine. The calculated aging factors may include one or more of fuel injector drift, exhaust gas recirculation valve obstruction, and mass air flow sensor bias. Mass flow throughout the system, and pressures and temperatures within the system, are observed in an approach that relies on mass preservation concepts to estimate fuel injector drift, exhaust gas recirculation valve obstruction, and mass air flow sensor bias.

Abstract: An engine control device is configured to perform an air-fuel ratio main feedback process based on an output of a front air-fuel ratio sensor, an air-fuel ratio sub feedback process of alternately switching a target air-fuel ratio between a rich side target air-fuel ratio and a lean side target air-fuel ratio based on an output of a rear air-fuel ratio sensor, and a catalyst air-fuel ratio correction process of, when an opening degree of a wastegate valve is large, correcting the target air-fuel ratio to be the air-fuel ratio on the rich side with respect to the air-fuel ratio when the opening degree is small.

Abstract: An engine control system for an engine includes: a pump control module configured to control a coolant pump; a block control module configured to control opening of a block valve; a fuel control module configured to control fueling of the engine; a coolant control module configured to control a position of a coolant valve; and an adjustment module configured to, when the coolant pump is pumping, the block valve is open, and the coolant valve is positioned such that an input is connected to an output, adjust the fueling of the engine such that fueling of the engine is fuel rich.

Abstract: A vehicle control method for controlling a vehicle in which a sailing control for traveling under inertia is executed when a vehicle is traveling. Each time the sailing control is executed, a history of sailing control is stored as history information classified according to situations in which sailing control was canceled. Also, a current travel situation is specified, history information corresponding to a current travel situation is specified from the stored history information, and whether to allow or disallow sailing control is determined based on the specified history information.

Abstract: Methods and systems for calculating a plurality of aging factors in a system operating an engine. The calculated aging factors may include one or more of fuel injector drift, exhaust gas recirculation valve obstruction, and mass air flow sensor bias. Mass flow throughout the system, and pressures and temperatures within the system, are observed in an approach that relies on mass preservation concepts to estimate drift, obstruction and bias estimates.

Abstract: A route navigation apparatus comprises: an output device configured to output music information, in an audible form, to a user; a memory; and at least one processor or circuit which functions as: a selection unit configured to select predetermined music information in accordance with an operation that has been made by the user with respect to the output music information; and a provision unit configured to provide a route corresponding to the selected predetermined music information to the user.

Abstract: Secondary loop air conditioning and heat pump systems include a reservoir with a capsule holding a phase change material.

Abstract: A method for operating an internal combustion engine having a common-rail injection system as a function of a quantity of fuel injected. The method includes determining an information item about a relative-pressure characteristic from a characteristic of an absolute rail pressure in a high-pressure reservoir of the common-rail injection system; determining the quantity of fuel injected as a function of the information item about the relative-pressure characteristic, and with the aid of a trained functional model, in particular, a nonparametric functional model or a neural network; operating the internal combustion engine as a function of the quantity of fuel injected.

Abstract: A skip fire engine controller is disclosed that commands an early direct-injection of fuel during a skipped working cycle in which a cylinder is not exhausted. With early direct injection, the fuel has more time to vaporize and mix with air for combustion in an immediately following working cycle in which the cylinder is fired. By increasing the degree of vaporization and mixing, the combustion is both cleaner and more efficient.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine control apparatus is configured to control an internal combustion engine including a piston reciprocating in a cylinder and a fuel injector arranged to inject a fuel into a combustion chamber facing the piston in the cylinder. The internal combustion engine control apparatus includes an electronic control unit having a microprocessor and a memory. The microprocessor is configured to perform controlling the fuel injector so as to inject the fuel in an injectable area from a first crank angle at which an intake stroke is started to a second crank angle at which a compression stroke is ended, and setting an injection frequency of the fuel injected by the fuel injector in the injectable area. The microprocessor is configured to perform the setting including setting the injection frequency between once and four times.

Abstract: A control device includes a drive unit configured to supply electric power to a fuel injection valve to perform valve open drive to supply fuel to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine; and a correction unit configured to correct a fuel injection amount of the fuel injection valve. The correction unit is configured to learn the fuel injection amount of the fuel injection valve when NOx purge is performed to reduce and purify the NOx occlusion catalyst.

Abstract: A method operates a fuel-supply system for an internal combustion engine. The fuel-supply system contains a high-pressure fuel pump, a high-pressure fluid accumulator having a fuel-injection valve, and a high-pressure sensor. A measurement signal of the sensor is representative of a pressure within the high-pressure fluid accumulator. The high-pressure fuel pump is fluidically connected on the outlet side to the high-pressure fluid accumulator. A respective maximum injection quantity of the fuel-injection valve is determined depending on the measurement signal of the high-pressure sensor. The injection quantity is determined depending on an efficiency characteristic representing the efficiency of the high-pressure fuel pump, the efficiency characteristic depending on the measurement signal of the high-pressure sensor.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for monitoring a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine. In one embodiment, a method includes: receiving a set of feature data, the feature data sensed from a fuel injector during a fuel injection event; processing, by a processor, the set of feature data with a decision tree model to generate a prediction of a fault status; and selectively generating, by the processor, a notification signal based on the prediction.

Abstract: Systems and methods for improving accuracy of an amount of fuel injected to an engine are disclosed. In one example, timing of a fuel injector off command is adjusted according to attributes of fuel injector holding current so that a fuel injector may provide a requested fuel amount. The fuel injector off command may be adjusted according to an amount of holding current that is expected to be flowing through the fuel injector at a time when the fuel injector is commanded off.

Abstract: A method for calculating a neuron layer of a multi-layer perceptron model that includes a permanently hardwired processor core configured in hardware for calculating a permanently predefined processing algorithm in coupled functional blocks, a neuron of a neuron layer of the perceptron model being calculated with the aid of an activation function, the activation function corresponding to a simplified sigmoid function and to a simplified tan h function, the activation function being formed by zero-point mirroring of the negative definition range of the exponential function.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for conducting diagnostics to indicate whether a fuel system and/or an evaporative emissions system of a vehicle has a source of undesired evaporative emissions, or not. A method comprises conducting such a diagnostic via evacuating the fuel system to a target vacuum, then sealing the fuel system from atmosphere and monitoring a pressure bleed-up in the fuel system, and dynamically adjusting a pressure bleed-up threshold responsive to one or more conditions that impact the pressure bleed-up during the diagnostic, and indicating undesired evaporative emissions responsive to the pressure bleed-up reaching the adjusted pressure bleed-up threshold. In this way, interpretation of the results of such a diagnostic may be more robust, completion rates may improve, and engine operation may be improved.

Abstract: A system for controlling a compression ignition engine includes: a speed obtaining section which detects or estimates an engine speed achieved by combustion in an n-th cycle; and an injection amount setting section which sets, in a start period after the start of cranking, a fuel injection amount to be injected by injectors in an (n+1)-th cycle. If the engine speed achieved by the combustion in the n-th cycle falls in the resonance range, the injection amount setting section sets the fuel injection amount for an (n+1)-th cycle to be larger than the fuel injection amount injected when the engine speed is higher than or equal to an upper limit of the resonance range.

Abstract: A storage device stores mapping data and association data. The mapping data defines a mapping that outputs an estimated value of the temperature of a catalyst using a warm-up operation amount variable and the previous value of the estimated value as an input. The association data associates the integrated value of an intake air amount of an internal combustion engine from the startup of the engine and the temperature of the catalyst. The execution device repeatedly calculates the estimated value based on the output of the mapping. When the correspondence relationship between the integrated value and the estimated value is different from the correspondence relationship between the integrated value and the temperature of the catalyst in the association data, the warm-up process is determined to have an anomaly.

Abstract: A sensor module includes an X-axis angular velocity sensor device that outputs digital X-axis angular velocity data, a Y-axis angular velocity sensor device that outputs digital Y-axis angular velocity data, a Z-axis angular velocity sensor device that outputs digital Z-axis angular velocity data, an acceleration sensor device that outputs digital X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis acceleration data, a microcontroller, a first digital interface bus that electrically connects the X-axis angular velocity sensor device, the Y-axis angular velocity sensor device, and the Z-axis angular velocity sensor device to a first digital interface, and a second digital interface bus that electrically connects the acceleration sensor device to a second digital interface.

Abstract: Provided is a fuel injection device and a control unit therefor which enable reliable ignition even in a case where fuel pressure is low immediately after starting an engine. In the control unit for controlling an injector injecting fuel into an internal combustion engine, a plurality of injectors is provided in the internal combustion engine, a static flow rate of a first injector is configured to be smaller than a static flow rate of a second injector. In a case where a fuel pressure of fuel supplied by a pressurizing unit is lower than a set value set lower than a fuel pressure in warming up, an injection ratio of the first injector is controlled to increase according to a difference between a fuel pressure of fuel from the pressurizing unit and a fuel pressure in warming up.

Abstract: A spark ignition internal combustion engine includes: intake and exhaust valves disposed at a ceiling part of a combustion chamber; and a fuel injection valve including a tip end portion including injection holes, and being structured to inject fuel through the injection holes toward a crown of a piston, wherein the tip end portion of the fuel injection valve is arranged in a region of the ceiling part surrounded by the intake and exhaust valves. A fuel injection control includes: determining a tip end portion fuel temperature directly or indirectly, which is a temperature of fuel at the tip end portion of the fuel injection valve; and setting a fuel injection timing advanced, in response to a condition that the tip end portion fuel temperature is higher than a temperature threshold value, wherein the temperature threshold value relates to flash boiling of fuel at the injection holes.

Abstract: When an incremental amount of a steering angle exceeds a reference incremental amount, an ECU 60 executes vehicle attitude control of reducing an output torque of an engine, and, in a given operating range, drives a spark plug 16 in a manner allowing an air-fuel mixture to be self-ignited at a given timing, thereby executing SPCCI combustion. When there is a request for an additional deceleration from the vehicle attitude control (#12: YES), and the SPCCI combustion is performed (#13: YES), the ECU 60 executes fuel amount reduction control of reducing the amount of fuel to be supplied into a cylinder 2 (#14), so as to attain torque reduction for the vehicle attitude control. On the other hand, when the SPCCI combustion is not performed (#13: NO), the ECU 60 executes ignition retardation control of retarding an ignition timing of the spark plug 16 (#15).

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a system to facilitate transaction processing associated with an industrial asset supply chain having a first entity and a second entity. A first entity computer processor may retrieve, from a first entity database, information associated with pre-delivery data about the industrial asset. The first entity computer processor may then record pre-delivery data about the industrial asset via a secure, distributed transaction ledger. A second entity computer processor may retrieve, from a second entity database, information associated with a post-delivery event involving the industrial asset. The second entity computer processor may then record post-delivery event data about the industrial asset via a secure, distributed transaction ledger. The post-delivery event data might indicate, for example, that the industrial asset has been delivered, has been installed, is working properly, has been used, etc.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for controlling fuel injection to cylinders of an engine in a vehicle. In one example, a method comprises monitoring an electrical energy profile associated with a fuel injector that has been commanded to inject a predetermined amount of a fuel into an engine cylinder, inferring a fuel injection pressure based on the electrical energy profile, and controlling a subsequent fuel injection based on the inferred fuel injection pressure. In this way, fuel injection may be controlled without relying on a pressure sensor in a fuel rail that supplies fuel to the fuel injector, under conditions where the fuel rail does not include the pressure sensor or where the pressure sensor is degraded.

Abstract: The invention provides an internal combustion engine combustion state detecting device such that ascertaining a combustion state using ionic current detection is carried out accurately over a wide operating range of an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine combustion state detecting device includes a spark plug that has a central electrode and a grounding electrode opposing across a gap, and a discharge stopping-induced current detecting device that estimates an induced current caused by a stopping of a spark discharge generated in the gap between the central electrode and the grounding electrode, wherein an ionic current detection threshold is set to a threshold value that is not affected by the induced current using the induced current estimated by the discharge stopping-induced current detecting device.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for an engine capable of receiving liquid and gaseous fuel. In one example, cylinder misfire may be identified based on a misfire monitor. The misfire monitor may detect misfire based on signals from a crankshaft sensor.

Abstract: A controller for an internal combustion engine includes a processing circuit that performs a dither control process on condition that a temperature increase request of a catalyst is made. The processing circuit operates fuel injection valves so that during the dither control process, one or more cylinders are lean combustion cylinders in a first period and another one or more cylinders are rich combustion cylinders and so that the average value of an exhaust gas-fuel ratio is a target air-fuel ratio in a second period including the first period. The dither control process is restricted in a manner that, on condition that the rich process is performed, the degree of richening of the richest exhaust gas-fuel ratio of exhaust gas-fuel ratios in the cylinders is reduced.

Abstract: A method of operating an engine assembly is provided. The engine assembly comprises an engine and a turbocharger assembly, wherein a control parameter of the turbocharger assembly is controllable in order to control a level of boost provided by the turbocharger assembly. The method comprises determining a desirable pressure limit of exhaust gases upstream of a turbine of the turbocharger assembly, predicting a desirable limit value of the control parameter to be applied to the turbocharger assembly in order to achieve the desirable pressure limit, determining an error in the desirable limit value of the control parameter, adjusting the desirable limit value of the control parameter based on the error, and controlling the operation of the turbocharger assembly such that the adjusted limit value is not exceeded.

Abstract: A vehicle allocation system includes for allocating, through autonomous driving, an allocation vehicle selected from a plurality of selection target vehicles is provided. Each of the plurality of selection target vehicles includes an electronic controller configured to perform hydraulic pressure control learning and autonomous driving control of a power transmission device in which a plurality of shift stages are established by combination of a plurality of hydraulic engaging devices. The at least one processing circuitry is configured to select a vehicle in which a progress degree of the hydraulic pressure control learning is low as the allocation vehicle from the selection target vehicles, based on progress degrees of the hydraulic pressure control learning before the vehicle allocation.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing an engine in a vehicle, the method comprising: initiating a diagnostic test of the engine, disabling a cylinder of the engine, measuring a parameter indicative of performance of the engine, re-enabling the cylinder, comparing the parameter to reference data, assessing a status of the cylinder based on the comparison, and generating a diagnostic result based on the status of the disabled cylinder.

Abstract: A vibration damping control apparatus which has a control unit that calculate a pitch damping driving torque based on a pitch angular velocity of a vehicle body, and control an engine based on at least the pitch damping driving torque. The control unit stores a vehicle speed corresponding to a phase difference of ?180° in a relationship between a phase difference and a vehicle speed as an upper limit reference vehicle speed, the relationship being derived by obtaining phase characteristic of a wheelbase filter function for various vehicle speeds and obtaining a relationship between the phase difference of vertical displacements of the vehicle body at positions of front and rear wheels and a vehicle speed with respect to a pitch resonance frequency of the vehicle, and reduces the pitch damping driving torque when a vehicle speed is not higher than the upper limit reference vehicle speed.

Abstract: A system for commissioning a machine such as an internal combustion engine includes commissioning probes, and a user interface having a computer receiving test data from the commissioning probes. The computer is structured to store a commissioning profile for the machine on a memory, and to populate the commissioning profile based on a compensation factor that depends on a difference between a performance response of ancillary equipment connected with the machine and an expected response. The computer outputs a commissioning suitability signal based on comparing the commissioning profile to a target profile.

Abstract: A controller for an internal combustion engine includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to execute an estimation process that estimates a density parameter of fuel in an upper layer portion of a delivery pipe and a density parameter of fuel in a lower layer portion of the delivery pipe and an operation process that includes acquiring a density parameter of the fuel injected from a fuel injection valve and operating an operation unit of the internal combustion engine based on the acquired density parameter. The estimation process includes a process that assumes that when the density of the fuel flowing into the delivery pipe is high, a greater proportion of the fuel flowing into the delivery pipe flows into the lower layer portion than when the density of the fuel flowing into the delivery pipe is low.

Abstract: A method of determining whether a block heater has been used prior to starting an internal combustion engine includes monitoring the temperature with time of the intake air subsequent to the start of the engine. The method also includes determining whether there is a subsequent drop in the temperature after starting. If a temperature drop is determined, a parameter of the temperature drop with time is determined. If the parameter becomes larger than a predetermined threshold, block heater use is indicated.

Abstract: Various embodiments may include a method for operating an internal combustion engine comprising: measuring pressure oscillations assignable to a cylinder in the inlet tract at a defined operating point during normal operation; generating a corresponding pressure signal; determining a corresponding crankshaft phase angle; calculating an injection signal component caused by fuel injection by subtracting a reference base pressure oscillation signal; determining a signal phase position and a signal amplitude of the injection signal component; determining an injection start time; determining an injection quantity on the basis of the signal amplitude and reference amplitudes; and adapting operation of the internal combustion engine based on the determined injection quantity.

Abstract: An injector driving device includes a control circuit of a booster circuit that charges a capacitor by repeatedly switching a booster switch ON/OFF during a voltage boost control to cause a reverse voltage in a coil, and stops the voltage boost control upon determining that a capacitor voltage has reached a corrected target value. The control circuit detects a peak value of the capacitor voltage during an OFF period of the boost switch. The control circuit also detects a capacitor voltage as an ON value during the subsequent ON period of the booster switch. A difference between the peak voltage and the ON value of the capacitor is calculated, and a post-correction target value is set by adding the difference to a reference value of a target value.

Abstract: An internal-combustion engine control apparatus is obtained which can accurately perform the control toward an output target value by calculating an exhaust gas temperature more accurately, and eliminating discrepancies of a turbine flow-rate and a waste-gate-valve opening-degree. In the apparatus, a thermal efficiency calculation unit calculates thermal efficiency based on a combination in any of ignition timing, charging efficiency, an air-fuel ratio and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio being change factors in thermal efficiency of the internal-combustion engine; an exhaust-gas loss calculation unit calculates exhaust gas loss based on thermal efficiency calculated by the thermal efficiency calculation unit, and on a combination in any of the change factors of the exhaust gas loss; and an exhaust port temperature calculation unit calculates an exhaust gas temperature at an exhaust port portion based on exhaust gas loss calculated by the exhaust-gas loss calculation unit.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprises a fuel injector, a spark plug, an evaporated fuel purge device purging evaporated fuel in the fuel tank into an intake passage, and a control device. The control device can perform spark assist control for sequentially injecting premix-forming fuel and injecting ignition assist fuel from the fuel injector, while controlling the fuel injector and spark plug so as to make an air-fuel mixture formed by the injection of ignition assist fuel burn by the spark plug by flame propagation and to make the remaining fuel burn using the heat released by the flame propagation combustion by premixed compression self-ignition, and the control device makes the injection amount of premix-forming fuel decrease without changing the injection amount of ignition assist fuel when purging evaporated fuel into the intake passage by the evaporated fuel purge device compared to when not purging it.

Abstract: A fuel injection controller for an internal combustion engine selects as the injection mode either single injection or split injection, counts, based on a drive current detection signal, which indicates that a drive current is generated to be fed to the direct injector, the number of occurrences of the drive current in one combustion cycle as a number-of-injections count value, and determines, based on the number-of-injections count value, whether the combustion state in the cylinder is satisfactory. The fuel injection controller determines that the combustion state in the cylinder is unsatisfactory if the number-of-injections count value in one combustion cycle is one when catalyst warm-up control is being performed with the temperature of the engine being lower than or equal to a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: There is provided a method of updating a setting value of a variable parameter, the method including: obtaining a time-series data of control input and a time-series data of control output observed in control with a controller; calculating a value of the variable parameter which minimizes an output value of an evaluation function based on the obtained time-series data of the control input and the control output; and updating the setting value of the variable parameter to the calculated value of the variable parameter. The evaluation function includes a first function part in which a first norm or a second norm changes depending on the value of the variable parameter, and a second function part of which specific frequency band has an amount, by which the output value of the evaluation function is increased, larger than that of any other frequency band.

Abstract: The invention realizes fuel microinjection volume correction with high degrees of accuracy, stability, and reliability regardless of a configuration of a transmission.