Abstract: In one embodiment, a method comprises receiving, at a server comprising at least one processor, a transportation request from a computing device of a passenger, the transportation request specifying a pickup location; and determining, by the server, a surge pricing multiplier and a surge pricing cap for the transportation request based on the pickup location, the surge pricing cap representing a maximum amount of a fare for the transportation request that is subject to a surge pricing surcharge.

Abstract: A merging support information (MSI) distribution apparatus includes a MSI reception unit configured to receive MSI including a speed recommended for a vehicle traveling on a branch line to merge with a main line from a merging prediction apparatus, a distribution destination information reception unit configured to receive distribution destination registration information including terminal movement information indicating a movement state of a mobile terminal mounted on the vehicle traveling on the branch line and terminal identification information identifying the mobile terminal from the mobile terminal via a mobile communication network, and an information distribution unit configured to specify the mobile terminal to be a distribution destination to which the MSI is distributed based on the branch line traveling information and the terminal movement information, and distribute the MSI to the specified mobile terminal via the mobile communication network based on the terminal identification information of

Abstract: A system for use with an autonomous vehicle includes one or more processors configured to receive one or more inputs from a driver and to control the autonomous vehicle based on the one or more inputs. Each input is indicative of an anticipated driver response to a driving incident.

Abstract: A method and apparatus that address motion sickness are provided. The method includes receiving rider profile information, trip information, environmental information and vehicle dynamics information, determining a probability that a rider will suffer from motion sickness during a ride based on the rider profile information, the trip information, the environmental information and the vehicle dynamics information, in response to the probability being greater than a predetermined threshold probability corresponding to a rider, performing motion sickness mitigation functions, and in response to the probability being less than the predetermined threshold probability corresponding to the rider, monitoring the rider to detect rider response information indicating whether the rider will suffer from motion sickness during the ride.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a mapping application that provides a variety of UI elements for allowing a user to specify a location (e.g., for viewing or serving as route destinations). In some embodiments, these location-input UI elements appear in succession on a sequence of pages, according to a hierarchy that has the UI elements that require less user interaction appear on earlier pages in the sequence than the UI elements that require more user interaction. In some embodiments, the location-input UI elements that successively appear in the mapping application include (1) selectable predicted-destination notifications, (2) a list of selectable predicted destinations, (3) a selectable voice-based search affordance, and (4) a keyboard.

Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatus, and computer program products are provided. In an example embodiment, a method is provided comprising receiving input identifying load information corresponding to a load to be inserted into a transportation plan. The transportation plan comprises a plurality of transportation schedules, each schedule comprising a plurality of transportation movements. The method further comprises identifying an available movement network comprising portions of transportation schedules having open capacity, each portion of a transportation schedule having open capacity being a potential leg of a path from the origin location to the destination location; determining potential solutions for transporting the load from the origin location to the destination location by combining one or more legs to determine a path of open capacity movements from the origin location to at least part way to the destination location; and providing one or more potential solutions for display via a user interface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for creating a navigation data source for use with a navigation system configured for route determination based on associated costs. The navigation data source comprises a cost data set associated with a navigation data set that represents a map of a geographic region and defines at least a plurality of gateways. Each of the gateways of the plurality of gateways may be associated with a position located within the geographic region and associated with a gateway of a further navigation data set representing a map of another geographic region. The cost data set comprises cost data that defines, for at least some of the possible gateway pairs of the plurality of gateways, at least a cost value with each cost value indicating a cost for a route between gateways of a respective gateway pair.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for predicting a destination of a user and sharing the presumed destination with the other users via a geographically-based graphical user interface. Consistent with some embodiments, an electronic communication containing location information is received from a location sensor coupled to a first client device. A current trajectory of the first user is determined based on the location information. A presumed destination of the first user is determined, by correlating the current trajectory of the first user with historical location information of the first user. A map depicting an icon associated with the presumed destination of the first user is displayed, on a display screen of a second client device of a second user.

Abstract: A sensor unit includes a sensor interface and a host interface. The sensor interface can be coupled to a number of sensors mounted on various locations of the ADV. The host interface can be coupled to a host system that is configured to perceive a driving environment surrounding the ADV based on sensor data obtained from the sensors and to plan a path to autonomously drive the ADV. The sensor unit further includes a sensor processing module and a sensor control module coupled to the sensor interface, and a time module coupled to the sensor processing module and the sensor control module. The sensor processing module is configured to process sensor data received from the sensors via the sensor interface. The sensor control module is configured to control operations of the sensors. The time module is configured to generate time to synchronize timing of the operations of the sensors.

Abstract: A system for reconstructing vehicle itinerary include a processor and a memory storing instructions, implemented by the processor, to cluster historical trip records into a plurality of clusters, each of the plurality of clusters including a set of historical trip records that describe events occurring within a predetermined time range at one location; identify a sequence of clusters that includes a cluster at each location; and estimate an itinerary for a vehicle based on the sequence of clusters and constraint data describing physical constraints, the itinerary for the vehicle describing a sequence of arrival and departure times at a sequence of locations for the vehicle.

Abstract: Recommended route change verification via a navigation system. The navigation system receives a destination from a user and then determines an initial route to the destination. While navigating along the initial route, the navigation system can determine a route change to the destination. Also, a convergence point is determined along where the initial route and the first route change converge. In order to verify that the route change is faster than continuing along the initial route, a first group of users utilizing the navigation system are routed along the initial route to the convergence point and a second group of other users are routed along the first route change to the convergence point. If more of the first group of users pass the convergence point before the second group of users, then the route change is recommended to the user rather than continuing along the initial route.

Abstract: A method of fulfilling custom food orders includes obtaining feedback from a user through an ordering application. The feedback relates to a first food item of a first food order following fulfillment of the first food order. The first food item includes a first ingredient. The method includes determining a preferred variation associated with the first ingredient based on the feedback and a first recipe used to make the first food item. The method includes updating a taste profile associated with the user based on the preferred variation. The method includes receiving, from the user, a second food order including a second food item. The method includes retrieving a second recipe associated with the second food item. The method includes selectively modifying the second recipe based on the taste profile. The method includes controlling a food assembly apparatus to prepare the second food item according to the second recipe.

Abstract: A method for generating a lane departure warning (LDW) alarm by referring to information on a driving situation is provided to be used for ADAS, V2X or driver safety which are required to satisfy level 4 and level 5 of autonomous vehicles. The method includes steps of: a computing device instructing a LDW system (i) to collect information on the driving situation including information on whether a specific spot corresponding to a side mirror on a side of a lane, into which the driver desires to change, belongs to a virtual viewing frustum of the driver and (ii) to generate risk information on lane change by referring to the information on the driving situation; and instructing the LDW system to generate the LDW alarm by referring to the risk information. Thus, the LDW alarm can be provided to neighboring autonomous vehicles of level 4 and level 5.

Abstract: System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to correcting the longitudinal position of a vehicle using mapped landmarks. One embodiment identifies, in stored map data, a mapped landmark that is within a predetermined distance from the vehicle; identifies one or more detected stationary objects that are within a predetermined distance from the mapped landmark; tracks the one or more detected stationary objects for at least a first predetermined time period; matches, with the mapped landmark, a particular object among the one or more tracked detected stationary objects; tracks the particular object for at least a second predetermined time period; calculates a longitudinal distance between the particular object and the mapped landmark; and corrects the longitudinal position of the vehicle based on the longitudinal distance.

Abstract: Provided are an information processing apparatus, an information processing method, an information processing program, and a recording medium having stored therein the information processing program, which can reduce time and effort necessary for a user to find his desired review information. The information processing apparatus searches transaction targets, based on a search condition used for searching transaction targets designated by a user, and acquires review information regarding each of the searched transaction targets. The information processing apparatus determines a display priority order of the review information regarding the transaction targets with respect to each of the searched transaction targets, based on the search condition, and displays at least one piece of the review information regarding each of the transaction targets on a display screen, based on the display priority order.

Abstract: An information processing method includes the following executed by a computer: obtaining first attribute information that indicates an attribute of a first user concerning an internal space of a moving body, and vacancy information of at least one moving body; generating presentation information for a second user using the first attribute information and the vacancy information, the presentation information indicating, in accordance with the attribute of the first user, at least one of a vacant moving body and vacant seats among the at least one moving body; and causing a presentation apparatus to present the presentation information.

Abstract: An airline travel reminder assembly for displaying flight information for a traveler includes a wrist band that is issued to a traveler at a check in point of an airport. A display unit is issued to the traveler at the check in point of the airport. The display unit is programmed to contain flight information for the traveler and the display unit is removably coupled to the wrist band when the display unit is programmed. The display unit displays indicia comprising the pertinent flight information for the traveler. Moreover, the display unit is in wireless communication with a communication network in the airport to receive updates to the pertinent flight information.

Abstract: An apparatus including a processor and memory having computer program code, the memory and computer program code configured to, with the processor, enable the apparatus at least to: use a classification model to identify one or more anomalies between a monitored trajectory of a vehicle through a road network and predefined map data for the road network which are likely caused by errors in the predefined map data; and provide details of the one or more identified anomalies for use in obtaining additional data for the specific locations on the road network corresponding to the one or more identified anomalies in order to correct the errors in the predefined map data.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method for establishing the likelihood of a user traversing each of a plurality of paths through a network of roads. Methods may include: determining a location and direction of travel within a road network; determining a first road segment corresponding to the determined location and direction; determining a first set of available road segments at an end of the first road segment corresponding to the determined location in the direction of the determined direction of travel, where each available road segment of the first set has a first end proximate the end of the first road segment and a second end, between which the respective road segment extends; and calculating a probability for each available road segment of the first set of available road segments at the end of the first road segment.

Abstract: An on-board virtual reality system is provided for use on-board a vehicle during a trip. The system includes a user input unit, a trip information input unit, a display unit, and a processing unit. The user input unit is configured to receive user input associated with a particular user. The trip information input unit is configured to acquire trip information corresponding to the trip. The display unit is configured to provide a virtual reality display to the user. The processing unit is configured to acquire the user input from the user input unit, acquire the trip information from the trip information input unit, generate a virtual reality display using the user input and the trip information, with the virtual reality display tailored for the particular user, and provide the virtual reality display to the particular user.

Abstract: An object is to obtain a ground device capable of reducing a communication time of train information from an onboard device to the ground device. A ground device, which is capable of communicating with an onboard device and acquiring unreceived data from the onboard device by difference downloading or batch downloading, includes a difference-communication determiner to determine whether to acquire the unreceived data from the onboard device by difference downloading or to acquire all data to be acquired from the onboard device including the unreceived data by batch downloading. The difference-communication determiner includes a communication-time evaluator to evaluate a total communication time when data in a specified period is acquired by the batch downloading and that by the difference downloading, and a communication switch to output a download instruction based on a result of evaluation by the communication-time evaluator.

Abstract: A driving control method of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) includes: determining whether an exhaust gas restricted area is present one a driving route; determining whether the HEV is possible to drive through the entire exhaust gas restricted area under a first-mode of driving in which only an electric motor of the HEV drives the HEV when the exhaust gas restricted area is present; calculating a charging route when the HEV is not possible to travel through the entire gas restricted area under the first-mode of driving; determining a possibility of traveling through the entire gas restricted area under the first-mode of driving before entering the calculated charging route; and calculating a bypass route based on determination that traveling the entire exhaust gas restricted area under the first-mode of driving is not possible.

Abstract: A method involves utilizing a geo-locator service and zone servers to reduce server resource requirements for determining high quality solutions to routing problems. The use of a geo-locator service and zone servers enables the use of servers having less memory which can handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area even if they are incapable of handling determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a larger geographic area, and enables efficient assignment of requests to an appropriate server without unduly burdening high value servers having sufficient memory to handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a very large geographic area with determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area.

Abstract: A method involves utilizing a geo-locator service and zone servers to reduce server resource requirements for determining high quality solutions to routing problems. The use of a geo-locator service and zone servers enables the use of servers having less memory which can handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area even if they are incapable of handling determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a larger geographic area, and enables efficient assignment of requests to an appropriate server without unduly burdening high value servers having sufficient memory to handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a very large geographic area with determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area.

Abstract: Implementations described and claimed herein provide systems and methods for interaction between a user and a machine. In one implementation, machine status information for the machine is received at a dedicated machine component. The machine status information is published onto a distributed node system network of the machine. The machine status information is ingested at a primary interface controller, and an interactive user interface is generated using the primary interface controller. The interactive user interface is generated based on the machine status information. In some implementations, input is received from the user at the primary interface controller through the interactive user interface, and a corresponding action is delegated to one or more subsystems of the machine using the distributed node system network.

Abstract: A method involves utilizing a geo-locator service and zone servers to reduce server resource requirements for determining high quality solutions to routing problems. The use of a geo-locator service and zone servers enables the use of servers having less memory which can handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area even if they are incapable of handling determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a larger geographic area, and enables efficient assignment of requests to an appropriate server without unduly burdening high value servers having sufficient memory to handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a very large geographic area with determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area.

Abstract: A method involves utilizing a geo-locator service and zone servers to reduce server resource requirements for determining high quality solutions to routing problems. The use of a geo-locator service and zone servers enables the use of servers having less memory which can handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area even if they are incapable of handling determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a larger geographic area, and enables efficient assignment of requests to an appropriate server without unduly burdening high value servers having sufficient memory to handle determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a very large geographic area with determination of high quality solutions to routing problems involving locations spanning a smaller geographic area.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for allowing a user in a vehicle to view at least one AR image of a portion of the vehicle's surroundings. At least one real world camera may be used to obtain at least one real world image of the portion of the vehicle's surroundings and at least one display may be used to display the at least one AR image to the user. Location, orientation and field of view data for the at least one real world camera is obtained and a virtual world camera having similar characteristics is generated to obtain at least one virtual world image of a portion of the virtual world data that corresponds to the real world data. The at least one AR image is generated by combining the at least one virtual and real world images.

Abstract: The disclosed computer-implemented method may include displaying vehicle environment awareness. In some embodiments, a visualization system may display an abstract representation of a vehicle's physical environment via a mobile device and/or a device embedded in the vehicle. For example, the visualization may use a voxel grid to represent the environment and may alter characteristics of shapes in the grid to increase their visual prominence when the sensors of the vehicle detect that an object is occupying the space represented by the shapes. In some embodiments, the visualization may gradually increase and reduce the visual prominence of shapes in the grid to create a soothing wave effect. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides systems and methods for providing geolocation services in a mobile-based crowdsourcing platform. More specifically, the system of the present invention includes a plurality of remote mobile devices and a visible light communication (VLC) enabled lighting system configured to communicate and exchange data with a cloud-based service, such as a crowdsourcing platform. The crowdsourcing platform generally provides a geolocation service based on the crowdsourcing, or polling, of users of the mobile devices, in addition to VLC data captured by the VLC-enabled lighting system, so as to determine location and movement of the users within a specific environment. The system is further configured to automatically render a floor plan or layout of a location based on the user data and VLC data.

Abstract: A tangible, non-transitory machine-readable medium includes machine-readable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to receive a plurality of data inputs from one or more databases, determine a plurality of geofences based at least in part on the plurality of data inputs, and determine a plurality of scores based at least in part on the plurality of data inputs. Each score of the plurality of scores is associated with a geofence of the plurality of geofences. The machine readable instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, also cause the one or more processors to generate a model comprising the plurality of geofences and the plurality of scores, and to output a driving route based at least in part on the plurality of geofences and the plurality of scores.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method and apparatus for displaying navigation routes. The method includes: receiving, from a navigation server, at least two navigation routes from a navigation starting point to a navigation destination; determining a current navigation route from the navigation routes according to selection by a user, and assigning remaining routes as backup navigation routes; and displaying, in a navigation map, the current navigation route in a first mode and displaying the backup navigation routes in a second mode different from the first mode. In the embodiments of the present disclosure, by using the technical solution, the user may clearly and conveniently distinguish the current navigation route from the backup navigation routes, thereby improving the user experience.

Abstract: A texting or messaging application may automatically insert relevant address or location information into the message as the user is typing the message, or shortly thereafter. A menu of selectable addresses or place names may also be presented to the user for insertion into the message as the user is typing the message. Such insertion may be based on a place name typed by the user or a type or category of place typed by the user in the message. Such relevant location information may instead be inserted automatically by the system on the recipient's device when the recipient receives the message. The system may also automatically generate and send a selectable calendar item including the address, date and time and attendees, based on information extracted from the message and previous relevant messages, as the message is being typed or upon sending the message.

Abstract: In embodiments, an apparatus for providing wireless connectivity based routing for a vehicle may include a user interface to receive one or more wireless connectivity preferences and a navigation request from a user and to display a recommended route to a destination for the user, the recommended route to meet the one or more wireless connectivity preferences while the vehicle follows the recommended route to the destination. The apparatus may further include a local database to store geotagged wireless connectivity data for various geolocations, collected by one or more geotagged wireless connectivity scanners of the vehicle, and a route determination engine coupled to the user interface and to the local database to determine the recommended route, wherein the user interface, the local database and the route determination engine are disposed in the vehicle.

Abstract: A method and server for determining the current location of a person of interest (POI) is provided. The server receives a first indication that a first searcher has identified a POI and requests first route information from the first searcher. Upon receiving the first route information from the first searcher, the server determines if second route information relating to the person of interest has been received from a second searcher. If so, the server determines a search area for the person of interest based at least in part upon the first route information and the second route information.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods that enable human supervision of a highly capable automated driving system. In particular, the systems and methods of the present disclosure enable a human (e.g., a passenger, driver/operator, or remote supervisor of an autonomous vehicle) to easily and quickly transition control of the autonomous vehicle from a primary motion plan that controls the vehicle towards a primary destination to a secondary motion plan that controls the vehicle to a safe state. As such, the systems and methods of the present disclosure enable advanced human supervision of autonomous vehicle behavior in which a human can cause an autonomous vehicle to operate in a risk-reduced manner or otherwise maneuver to a safe state, without requiring the human to actually assume manual control of the vehicle.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for capturing a traffic lane. A traffic lane data set is evaluated to capture an abrupt change of the traffic lane. The traffic lane data set is divided into a new traffic lane data set that represents a new traffic lane boundary and an old traffic lane data set that represents an old traffic lane boundary. A difference data set is determined between the old traffic lane data set and the new traffic lane data set. The difference data set is added to the new traffic lane data set to form a resulting data set, wherein the difference data set is weighted with a plurality of weighting factors.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product are provided to incentivize travel along specific road segments. Methods may include: receiving map data for a network of roads, where the map data includes data representing road segments within the network of roads; identifying road segments within the network of roads for which updated map data is needed; receiving an indication of generation of a route from an origin to a destination, where an alternative route is available that traverses at least one road segment for which updated map data is needed; generating an incentive for a user associated with the route that traverses at least one road segment for which updated map data is needed; providing an indication of the incentive to the user; and receiving probe data from a vehicle associated with the user having traversed the at least one road segment for which updated map data is needed.

Abstract: A method of detecting a change in a scene between images that capture a scene at different times, the images comprising reference images and a query image, the method includes reconstructing the query image using a reconstruction model, the reconstruction model being based on the reference images and detecting a change in the scene by comparing the query image with the reconstructed query image.

Abstract: In one embodiment, one or more first data items associated with a planned trip of a user riding in an autonomous driving vehicle (ADV) are displayed on a display device within the ADV. Each of the first data items is associated with a user selectable option to indicate whether the user wishes or allows the ADV to store each of the first data items in a persistent storage device. User inputs are received via a user interface such as touch screen of the display device, including a first selection indicating that the user wishes to store a first subset of the first data items. In response to the first selection, the first subset of the data items is stored in the persistent storage device of the ADV.

Abstract: A trailer maneuvering guidance system for a vehicle includes vehicle-based cameras disposed at a vehicle and a trailer camera disposed at a rear portion of a trailer hitched to the vehicle. A control includes a processor that processes image data captured by the cameras. A display screen is disposed in the vehicle and viewable by a driver of the vehicle. The display screen displays images derived from captured image data, with the displayed images including bird's-eye view images of a region at least partially surrounding the vehicle and trailer including an area rearward of the trailer. Responsive to a user input selecting a target path in the displayed images, the control, via processing of captured image data, generates instructions for the driver of the vehicle to follow to maneuver the vehicle and trailer along the selected target path and toward a target location.

Abstract: A method of controlling a mobile platform includes measuring a distance between the mobile platform and an object at each of a plurality of positions of the mobile platform, and determining a position of the object based on results of measuring the distance.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, for providing map data that causes a user device to display a map of an area that includes a physical entity location and a access locations for the physical entity, wherein the physical entity location is indicated by an icon of a first type and each access location is indicated by an icon of a second type that is different from the icon of the first type.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for searching for a route. The systems may perform the methods to obtain route information of a first route; encode the route information of the first route into a first code based on a target model; access a target database in at least one storage medium, wherein the target database includes a plurality of candidate codes encoded through the target model from a plurality of candidate routes; identify, from the plurality of candidate codes, a second code based on the first code, the second code being associated with at least one second route; and send information associated with the at least one second route to a receiving device.

Abstract: A service assistance device includes an acquirer configured to acquire position information associated with each of a plurality of users and movement direction information associated with each of the plurality of users; a group former configured to group some or all of the plurality of users on the basis of the position information and the movement direction information; and a service specifier configured to specify a service for the users on the basis of attributes of the users included in the group.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for recommending a route for a request. The system may perform the methods to receive a request from a terminal, wherein the request may include a departure location and a destination; determine a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model; determine at least one recommended route that travels from the departure location to the destination based on the GAN model; and transmit the at least one recommended route to be displayed on the terminal in response to the request.

Abstract: Systems and methods for assigning personalities to autonomous vehicles are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method is disclosed comprising receiving data from an autonomous vehicle; generating a vector representing the autonomous vehicle based on the data; classifying the vector into one or more personalities; receiving a search query from a user; identifying one or more autonomous vehicles responsive to the search query based on personalities assigned to the one or more autonomous vehicles, the one or more autonomous vehicles including the autonomous vehicle; and transmitting the one or more autonomous vehicles to the user.

Abstract: An autonomous vehicle may access portions of a map to maneuver a roadway. The map may be split into one or more levels that represent different regions in space. For example, an overpass may be represented by one level while the road below the overpass may be on a separate level. A vehicle traveling on a particular level may use map data that is associated with that level. Furthermore, if the vehicle travels through a warp zone, it may transition from the current level to a destination level and thus begin to use map data associated with the destination level.

Abstract: If it is determined that, at a target exit of a roundabout that exists in a target route, a travel restricting event that restricts passing of a vehicle through the target exit has occurred on the basis of a peripheral travel environment detected by a peripheral environment detection unit, a route calculation device of the vehicle adds one circulation or a part of the circulation in the roundabout to the target route.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system of historical reaction based driver advanced assistance. In this method, a combination of external environment to a vehicle on which the advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) is mounted fetched by forward looking cameras is combined with rear looking camera for internal environment or driver state, is generated. The generated combination is utilized to analyze is there is any critical situation that is upcoming. For providing feedback for such situation, processor within the ADAS transmits the current combination situation to a remote server that stores historical feedback and driver reactions for various combination of situations. For the current combination situation, a historical combination situation is fetched and corresponding feedbacks analyzed and an ideal feedback, that has comparatively least number of negative driver reactions, is determined.