Abstract: A method for analyzing the stride of a walking pedestrian. It includes steps of: (a) acquiring, during a recording period, measurements of a motion of a lower limb of the pedestrian, (b) determining each stride made by the pedestrian, (c) dividing the recording period into recording sub-periods, (d) estimating a characteristic quantity of the stride for several detected strides, (e) selecting at least one characteristic stride quantity in a predetermined range of percentiles within a set formed by the estimated characteristic stride quantities, ordered by increasing values and occurring during a recording sub-period, (f) repeating step (e) for several recording sub-periods. The invention also concerns an equipment for analyzing the stride of a walking pedestrian, and a computer program product.

Abstract: A data collection device includes a reference signal reception unit that receives a reference signal indicating a first time that is a time measured by an external device, the reference signal being transmitted at first time intervals from the external device, a time signal generation unit that measures a time at second time intervals and generates a time signal indicating a second time that is the measured time, a parameter generation unit that generates a parameter value on the basis of the first time indicated by the reference signal and the second time based on the time signal generated at a point in time when the reference signal is received, a signal reception unit that receives an analog signal indicating a signal waveform of an observed signal, a sampling unit that samples the received analog signal at the second time intervals to generate sampling data, and a data processing unit that performs interpolation processing on the sampling data on the basis of the parameter value.

Abstract: A method and system for providing location information to a mobile device includes providing an apparatus with a beacon. The apparatus stores identification information associated with the apparatus, and obtains information describing the correspondence between location information and apparatus identification information to determine the location of the apparatus from the stored identification information. The apparatus transmits the location information to the beacon which transmits the information to the mobile device. In addition, information defining movement of a mobile device through a navigation zone includes an array of beacons that are in communication with each other. The mobile device is provided at a first location in the navigation zone and communicates with a first beacon to indicate its proximity to the first beacon. The device moves through the zone to other locations and communicates with another beacon in proximity to the second location to indicate its proximity to the second beacon.

Abstract: A transportation vehicle having: a keyless access system for the electronically controlled locking and unlocking of at least one vehicle door of the transportation vehicle and a UWB system having at least one UWB transceiver to transmit and receive UWB pulses via at least one antenna. In the transportation vehicle, the UWB system is used for a positioning method based on transit time measurements for determining the position of a second UWB system for controlling the keyless access system and for controlling the control unit for payload transmission with a third transceiver.

Abstract: A system includes a transmitter, a receiver and a control module. The transmitter transmits a RF signal from one of a vehicle and a portable access device to the other one of the vehicle and the portable access device. The receiver receives a response signal from one of the vehicle and the portable access device in response to the RF signal. The control module: converts the response signal to in-phase and quadrature-phase signals; based on the RF, in-phase signal and quadrature-phase signals; detects a range extension type relay attack performed by an attacking device to obtain at least one of access to or operational control of the vehicle; where the RF signal is relayed via the attacking device from the vehicle to the portable access device or the response signal is relayed via the attacking device from the portable access device to the vehicle; and performs a countermeasure.

Abstract: A semiconductor process transport apparatus including a drive section with at least one motor, an articulated arm coupled to the drive section for driving articulation motion, a machine controller coupled to the drive section to control the at least one motor moving the articulated arm from one location to a different location, and an adapter pendant having a machine controller interface coupling the adapter pendant for input/output with the machine controller, the adapter pendant having another interface, configured for connecting a fungible smart mobile device having predetermined resident user operable device functionality characteristics, wherein the other interface has a connectivity configuration so mating of the fungible smart mobile device with the other interface automatically enables configuration of at least one of the resident user operable device functionality characteristics to define an input/output to the machine controller effecting input commands and output signals for motion control of the

Abstract: A measuring device includes sensor electrodes provided along a periphery of a base substrate such that a sum A of shortest distances from the sensor electrodes to an inner peripheral surface of a focus ring becomes a constant value, the sum A satisfying ? i = 1 N ? a C i = A the number of the sensor electrodes, Ci: measurement values and “a”: constant). A method of obtaining the amount of deviation of the central position of the measuring device in a region surrounded by the focus ring from the center of the region, includes: calculating the measurement values Ci using the measuring device; calculating the constant “a” using the measurement values Ci; calculating distances from the sensor electrodes to the inner peripheral surface of the focus ring using the constant “a” and the measurement values Ci; and calculating the amount of deviation of the central position of the measuring device based on the calculated distances.

Abstract: The invention relates to an assistance device intended for a person (1) suffering from motor disorders of neurological origin, comprising: an accelerometer suitable for being worn by the person to measure accelerations; and storage means storing a plurality of previously defined alert acceleration threshold values; and means (5) for emitting an auditory stimulation perceptible to the person wearing the accelerometer; and calculation means configured to perform the following steps: a) determine a posture of the person from the measured accelerations; b) compare the accelerations measured by said accelerometer in the first direction in relation to at least one anticipatory acceleration threshold value associated with said posture; c) command the emission of an auditory stimulation as a function of the crossing of said anticipatory acceleration threshold value associated with said posture for a determined time associated with said anticipatory acceleration threshold value.

Abstract: Provided is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute a process, the process including: acquiring transfer times of straight transfer paths for a hand of a vertical articulated robot having at least four controlled axes; calculating a vector of each of the straight transfer paths; comparing a direction of a vector of a target path for which a transfer time is to be estimated with a direction of the vector of each of the straight transfer paths, and identifying, among the straight transfer paths, a transfer path most similar in vector direction to the target path; and estimating a transfer time of the target path, in accordance with a scalar quantity of a vector of an identified transfer path, a scalar quantity of the vector of the target path, and a transfer time of the identified transfer path.

Abstract: Various aspects of a system and method to provide driving assistance to safely overtake a vehicle are disclosed herein. In accordance with an embodiment, an electronic control unit used in a first vehicle is configured to detect a second vehicle in front of the first vehicle. A first position associated with the first vehicle and a second position associated with the detected second vehicle is determined for a first time instance. It may be determined whether a lateral distance between the determined first position and the determined second position is below a pre-defined threshold distance. A first alert is generated when the determined lateral distance is below the pre-defined threshold distance.

Abstract: A system includes one or more sensors to detect activities of a mobile object; and a processor coupled to the sensor and the wireless transceiver to classify sequences of motions into groups of similar postures each represented by a model and to apply the models to identify an activity of the object.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for determining, recommending, and applying a calibration parameter to collected activity data. In one embodiment, calibration parameter is estimated based on physical aspects of the user and automatically applied to collected data. In another embodiment, the calibration parameter is determined based on secondary data which is more precise than the data which is collected. The calibration factor based on the more precise data may comprise a recommended calibration factor, yet the user may be enabled to select any calibration factor he/she prefers via an interactive display. In one specific variant, the activity comprises a walk or run activity of the user, and the calibration parameter comprises the user's specific stride length. In another variant, the user selects a calibration factor by reviewing a list of previous activity against that same activity after calibration given a particular calibration factor is applied.

Abstract: A system includes a shoe and a pod. The pod is disposed at the shoe and includes a positioning component and an altimeter. The positioning component determines a first geodetic location of the shoe at a first time, whereas the altimeter determines a first elevation of the shoe at the first time. The first positioning component additionally determines a second geodetic location of the shoe at a second time and generate shoe distance data based on the first geodetic location and the second geodetic location. The altimeter additionally determines a second elevation of the shoe at the second time. The positioning component additionally determines a total distance traveled based on the shoe distance data, the first elevation and the second elevation.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for echo suppression of an input audio signal. A multimedia system and a remote control unit are configured to adaptively and dynamically preform calibration processes for obtaining sets of echo suppression parameters. The sets of echo suppression parameters are used to generate an audio signal from an input audio. When rendered by a speaker, the generated audio signal produces echo-suppressed sound of the input audio signal at one of more locations.

Abstract: An articulated robot comprises a control unit including: a track information storage unit which stores track information corresponding to a combination of a start point and an end point; a setting unit which sets a current position and a target position of an arm distal end as the start point and the end point; and an operation command generation unit which generates an operation command based on track information corresponding to a combination of the set start point and the set end point (corresponding track information). If the corresponding track information is not stored but related track information corresponding to a combination of a start point and an end point having a predetermined relationship with a combination of the set start point and the set end point is stored in the track information storage unit, the operation command generation unit generates the operation command based on the related track information.

Abstract: A computer-controlled video entertainment system providing user-related input data to said system. The invention provides an rich input sensor device having direct access to an IP-based network, in particular to the Internet, for transmitting sensor signals or data derived thereof as user-related input data via the IP-based network to a remote computing device or server, preferably to a cloud of servers, which then process these input data for controlling the running entertainment program. The sensor device can be made simple, since it is mainly designed to detect user activities and to generate sensor signals which are directly transmitted as input data to the remote computer(s) or server(s). The sensor device can directly communicate with any IP-based computing device (gaming server or the like) being installed remotely and having powerful hardware and software to process the received input data.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing a length of material, comprises at least one processor configured to: receive a signal indicating manual designation of a point along the length of material as a first end point; receive at least one signal from at least one distance measuring device associated with a timber-working head, the signal indicating the distance between the first end point and a second end point on the length of material; and determine the actual length of material to be processed. An associated method is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of controlling a fluid delivery machine configured to deliver fluid on a worksite is disclosed. In the method, operation of a power source of the fluid delivery machine is controlled with a control module. Fluid delivery on the worksite is also controlled by the control module.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling of ski vibration consisting an accelerator/actuator sub-system attached to the ski and a adaptive vibration control application residing in the user smart-phone and communicating with the accelerometer/actuator sub-system over Bluetooth radio interface is disclosed. The adaptive vibration control application extracts vibration frequencies and amplitudes from signal received from an accelerometer, separates such frequencies according to their types—bending or torsional, and after thresholding and scaling by the ski calibration parameters and by the user desired ski response, apply such signal to the control loop and consequently to the actuators to provide vibration dampening force. In one embodiment, such actuators are attached to the ski, while in another embodiment such actuators are embedded into the ski.

Abstract: System for adaptive control and release of ski bindings comprising a smart-phone based application performing calculation of forces applied to the ski-binding system by analyzing acceleration vectors received from accelerometers embedded in the bindings, then instantaneously releasing both bindings if one or more of the predefined safety thresholds was exceeded.

Abstract: A machine tool includes a main axis 30 to which a touch probe 17 is attached, a motor 15 that rotationally drives the main axis 30, a rotation angle position detector 16 that detects a rotation angle position of the motor 15, and a control device 20. The control device, when a measurement mode command for performing measurement of a workpiece by the touch probe 17 is input, multiplies a d-axis current command value Idc by a d-axis current correction coefficient K that is less than 1 to reduce the d-axis current command value Idc to a d-axis current command correction value Idc?, using a d-axis current command correction section 4. Thus, in the machine tool, small rotation vibrations of the main axis, generated when rotating the main axis to which the probe is attached and performing measurements of a workpiece, can be suppressed to thereby increase the measurement accuracy.

Abstract: A method or apparatus for monitoring human activity using an inertial sensor is described. The method includes monitoring accelerations, and identifying a current user activity from a plurality of user activities based on the accelerations. In one embodiment, each of the plurality of user activities is associated with one of a plurality of types of periodic human motions that are detectable by the portable electronic device, and wherein the identification of the current user activity is made based on detecting two or more instances of the periodic human motion associated with the user activity. The method further includes counting periodic human motions appropriate to the current user activity.

Abstract: In a method for controlling at least one door of a vehicle, a movement of a mobile identification signal generator, assigned to the vehicle, relative to the vehicle is sensed as a function of time. A future position of the mobile identification signal generator is estimated at a future time based on the position, the speed of movement and the direction of movement of the mobile identification signal generator at the current time, and furthermore an unlocking condition is detected if the future position of the mobile identification signal generator is within a predetermined range. Finally, the at least one door is unlocked and/or opened based on the unlocking condition. As a result of the estimation of the position of an identification signal generator with respect to a next position measuring point, the reaction time and the susceptibility to faults of an access arrangement can be improved.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sensor that can accurately detect displacement and prevents the phenomenon of a contact section between a shaft member and a sliding element receiver being shifted. The sensor comprising: a case having a through hole; a resistance substrate fixed at an inside of said case; a shaft member having a first end portion which is one end of the shaft member placed within said case and a second end portion which is other end of the shaft member exposed to an outside of said case from said through hole, said shaft member being placed at said through hole in a movable manner in an axial direction; and a sliding element receiver having a bearing end contacting with said second end portion of said shaft member, and attached with a brush sliding together with said resistance substrate, said sliding element receiver being capable of moving relatively against said resistance substrate with said shaft member. A hemispherical end face is formed at said first end portion.

Abstract: A system and method of processing one or more sensor logs includes receiving a sensor log an identifying a set of entries in the sensor log having a predefined sequence of sensor identifiers. The set of entries may define a velocity event. The method can also provide for calculating an in-home gait velocity for the velocity event. In one example, the method also provides for identifying another set of entries in the sensor log having a sensor identifier that corresponds to a dwell sensor mounted in a doorway, wherein the other set of entries define a dwell event. The method may also provide for calculating an in-home dwell time for the dwell event.

Abstract: There is provided a method for estimating a position of a mobile node in a wireless sensor network. The method includes estimating a frequency offset between anchor nodes and estimating a difference between times when ranging frames from a mobile node are received by two anchor node, without use of a separate synchronization unit, such as a network synchronized clock supply unit that supplies a network synchronized clock via a cable, in a wireless sensor network, unlike a conventional method of estimating Time of Flight (TOF) using Two-Way Ranging (TWR) and Symmetric Double Sided-TWR (SDS-TWR) schemes. The estimated receiving time difference is directly applied to a Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) algorithm in order to estimate the position of the mobile node.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes a processor configured to select a type of an object subject to measurement; calculate a first distance to the object, based on output of a first sensor configured to detect passing of the object; calculate a second distance to the object, based on output of a second sensor configured to detect passing of the object; obtain based on the first distance, a first time point at which the object passes the first sensor; obtain based on the second distance, a second time point at which the object passes the second sensor; and calculate based on the first and second time points and a distance between the first and second sensors, a velocity of the object. The processor drives the first and second sensors at measurement time intervals corresponding to the type, and causes the first and the second sensors to detect the passing of the object.

Abstract: The information processing apparatus includes an absolute position acquiring unit that acquires an absolute position of a user, an acquiring unit that acquires first values according to physical movement of the user who walks, a function specifying unit that assumes a function showing a relation between the first values and second values showing a pace or a walking speed of the user, calculates coefficients included in the function based on the first values and the absolute position, and specifies the function, a calculating unit that calculates the second values corresponding to the first values using the function, and a learning unit that learns a correspondence relation between a walking tempo of the user and the second values using the calculated second values.

Abstract: A process for monitoring a machine including moving pieces, a lubrication system and an electromagnetic sensor fitted with a magnet and two electrodes is disclosed. The sensor is capable of collecting particles present in the lubrication system between the electrodes. The monitoring process includes a step for obtaining measurements of resistance between the electrodes of the sensor, taken during an operating period of the machine; a step for determining from said measurements a first autoregressive mathematical model characterizing the resistance; a step for comparison between the first model and a predetermined reference model; and a step for working out an opinion on maintenance of the machine as a function of the comparison result.

Abstract: A sensor system for a host vehicle may detect whether another in-path vehicle is turning. The sensor system may include a transmitter, a receiver and a controller. Signals may be emitted by the transmitter over a detection area. The emitted signals may reflect off an object vehicle in the detection area and be received by the receiver. The receiver may include a number of channels, each corresponding to a different region of the detection area. The sensor system may determine whether the in-path vehicle is turning and in what direction based on the reflected signals received at each channel.

Abstract: A system includes memory that stores pre-determined high voltage circuit breaker contact travel distance information and a processor that estimates a travel curve for at least one of a closed, an open or a combination of closed and open operations for the contacts based on both one or more travel distances of the stored travel distance information and one or more time values corresponding to state transitions of switches between closed and open states, wherein the switches are affixed to the contacts so as to transition between closed and open states as the contacts move between closed and open positions.

Abstract: A present location of a user is periodically determined. The present location of the user is compared to a previous location of the user. A determination is made as to whether the present location is within a specified distance of the previous location. If the present location is within the specified distance of the previous location, a determination is made as to whether the user has been at the present location for a specified time period. If the user has been at the present location for the specified time period, the present location is stored in a location database.

Abstract: This invention allows for remote monitoring of the skier/skiing performance. The system consists of a various MEMS sensors embedded in skier clothing and equipment. These sensors measure instantaneous changes in acceleration in x/y/z axis and changes in earth magnetic field—relative to the skier position, to provide six degree of freedom in calculation of skier position as well as moments applied to the ski edge and forces experiences by the skier body. These sensors communicate with the monitoring application residing in the user wireless terminal (call phone) over the PAN wireless network. The instantaneous measurements are analyzed either locally or remotely and when the system is configured in an active mode, a corrective response to the MEMS actuators embedded in the ski or ski bindings may be send does changing the parameters of the run or provide enhanced safety.

Abstract: Provided are an automatic analyzing method and apparatus for a microfludic system. The apparatus includes means for recognizing a disc or chip in the microfludic system, performs an operation and detection by automatically loading a DB according to a recognized type, and perform quantization of a test.

Abstract: A system and a method for estimating a torque and a rotational speed of a motor are disclosed. The system includes a sound receiving device, a feature extraction device, and an artificial neural network module. In the method, at first, a plurality of training data are provided, wherein the training data includes a plurality of history sound feature values of the motor and history torque values or history rotation values corresponding thereto. Thereafter, an artificial neural network stored in the artificial neural network module is trained by the history data to obtain a motor model of the motor. Then, a motor sound signal made by the motor in a working state is received. Thereafter, sound feature values of the motor sound signal are extracted. Thereafter, the rotational speed value and the torque value are computed by the motor model in accordance with the at least one sound feature value.

Abstract: The present inventions, in one aspect, are directed to an activity monitoring system including a portable activity monitoring device comprising a housing having a physical size and shape that is adapted to couple to the user's body, a motion sensor, disposed in the housing, to generate data which is representative of the user's motion, and an altitude sensor, disposed in the housing, to generate data which is representative of the change in the user's altitude. The system further includes a display to output data which is representative of a badge, wherein the badge is representative of an achievement computed using motion and/or altitude sensor data. The monitoring device may also include a physiological sensor to generate data which is representative of a user's physiological condition. Here, the display outputs data which is representative of a badge wherein the badge is representative of a physiological achievement.

Abstract: In a method for measuring a speed of a vehicle, the method starts a first motion sensor to sense a first position of the vehicle controls a first camera to capture a first image of the vehicle, and records a first time. A license plate number of the vehicle is identified from the first image, and a length of the vehicle is obtained from a database according to the license plate number. The method starts a second motion sensor to sense a second position of the vehicle controls a second camera to capture a second image of the vehicle, and records a second time. The method calculates a moving distance of the vehicle according to the first and the second position and the length of the vehicle, and calculates a speed of the vehicle according to the moving distance, the first time and the second time.

Abstract: Method and system for determining the speed of a walking or running person from a foot motion. The method comprises providing (1) a pressure sensor between the foot and the ground, which sensor may be placed on or in an insole of a shoe. The pressure sensor is configured for transmitting pressure data to a communication unit (9). The method further comprises a step of determining a centre of pressure gait line (3) and calculating the centre of pressure speed (4) from the gait line. In addition, the method comprises the step of detecting whether the person is walking or running (5). Another step (6) is obtaining a correlation between the speed of a person and the centre of pressure speed. As a final step (7) of the method the speed of the person is deduced from the correlation. The system comprises a human interface for control and to inform the user.

Abstract: A method for determining the movement time curve of an electromagnetically driven armature of an actuator that has a coil may include: (a) applying to the coil a control signal dimensioned such that the armature undergoes only a partial deviation from the armature starting position without reaching an end position defined by a stop, and reaches, the armature starting position again after reaching a turnaround position, wherein the deviation of the armature over time is described at least approximately by a section of a parabola at least between the turnaround position and the starting position, (b) determining the time at which the armature reaches the armature starting position again, (c) determining the speed with which the armature reaches the armature starting position again, and (d) ascertaining the movement time curve of the armature using a mathematical equation that describes the parabola based on the detected time and the detected speed.

Abstract: A system is provided that is configured to be transported, carried or worn by a user, such as a portable personal training device or sports watch. The system comprises a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver arranged to obtain the location and/or speed of the user and a pedometer for counting steps made by the user. Data from the GNSS receiver is used to calibrate the pedometer each time the user is determined to travel a distance greater than a predefined distance value during a period of time in which signals obtained by the GNSS receiver meet the one or more accuracy and/or reliability criteria.

Abstract: A method for verifying the speed of a vehicle having at least a front axle and a rear axle, using sensors separated by a distance. The presence of the vehicle is sensed and an image of the vehicle is recorded to enable the vehicle to be identified. The sensors are triggered to emit signals which are received by the system to enable the speed of the vehicle to be determined. The signals are also used to determine a wheel base measurement for the vehicle. The determined wheel base measurement is compared to an actual wheel base measurement of the vehicle being sensed and any discrepancy between them is taken to be indicative of potential errors in the speed of the vehicle determined by the method. In one embodiment, the a database is provided, the database containing data relating to various vehicle types associated with vehicle specifications including a validated wheel base measurement for each vehicle type.

Abstract: A progress displaying system and the method thereof are provided. The system and the method thereof are applicable to mileage calculating devices. By generating progress displaying graphs during mileage calculations according to the moving speeds and completed percentages at different time points, and continuously showing progress displaying graphs until the completed percentage is completely fulfilled, the system and the method thereof can achieve the goal of vividly reflecting user's current status during the progress display.

Abstract: A disk carrier for teaching disk positioning in a substrate changing system. The disk carrier composed of a panel having a disk opening configured to receive a disk and a plurality of beam sensors disposed around the disk opening to project beams parallel to a surface of the disk when secured within the disk opening. The plurality of beam sensors may be composed of at least one beam sensor on each of a front side and rear side of the panel.

Abstract: To include a pulse counting unit, a pulse timing unit, an overflow detection unit that holds a detected matter in an overflow register, a capture unit that holds an output of the pulse counting unit in a pulse counting register and holds an output of the pulse timing unit in a pulse timing register, and a computation unit (frequency calculation unit) that reads the pulse counting register, the pulse timing register, and the overflow register to calculate a frequency computation value, and when the pulse timing unit has overflowed, the computation unit adds a predetermined constant acquired by a period of a capture clock a period of a timing clock to pulse timing data at the previous interrupt to obtain pulse timing data acquired by a period of time from the last pulse edge a period of the timing clock.

Abstract: Device for measuring speed of oblong products moving along feed direction and emitting radiations, in particular rolled metal products in rolling line, including two radiation sensors, disposed reciprocally at close distance respectively defining an optical observation window, at pre-arranged distance from each other. Each window covers the image of an advancing product determinate portion equal to relative window width, irrespective of portion's movements transverse to feed direction. Sensors observe the presented product portion, on each occasion, in correspondence with associated windows consecutively along feed direction, and measure continuously intensity of radiation from the product portion in correspondence with the windows.

Abstract: A system includes a plurality of networked nodes spatially distributed within a monitored area and adapted to interact with a mobile entity entering and moving through the area, the plurality of nodes including at least one area entrance node adapted to detect the mobile entity upon entering the monitored area, and a transaction node for accomplishing a transaction with the mobile entity; a transaction processing center in communication relationship with the nodes for processing data required for the transaction and for providing the data to the transaction node. A node selection unit is adapted to dynamically select the transaction node among the plurality of nodes based on an estimation of the speed of movement of the mobile entity.

Abstract: A dynamic method to accurately determine the mass of a vehicle which deforms on acceleration and is subject to low frequency noise is disclosed. Only the greater than zero hertz frequencies of the signals are processed. Both signals are squelched during periods of high jerk to reduce the error between true mass and apparent mass. For a single body or combination vehicle such as a semi-rig with a propulsive body of known mass a reference for matched or Wiener filtering is constructed from the noisy signals to filter low frequency noise. A towing vehicle with a fifth wheel mounted on a dedicated load sensing apparatus can, therefore, determine the weight of any semi-trailer towed on any terrain of any inclination and any changing inclination with the greatest precision in the shortest possible time.

Abstract: A method for determining a distance between a first piece and a second piece includes measuring, at the first or second piece, a first signal at a first frequency, and measuring, at the first or second piece, a second signal at a second frequency. The second frequency is different from the first frequency. The distance is determined based on the measured first and second signals.

Abstract: A method and a device are described for determining the rotational direction and/or rotational speed of a rotatable body on the basis of a sine signal and cosine signal, which is assignable to the rotational direction and/or rotational speed of the rotatable body and are output by a sensor, having at least one of the following steps: recording a sine signal and cosine signal, which is assignable to the rotational direction and/or rotational speed, at a point in time; determining a phase value from the sine signal and cosine signal; recording sine signals and cosine signals, which is assignable to the rotational direction and/or rotational speed, at points in time; determining phase values from the corresponding sine signals and cosine signals; calculating phase differences from the phase values and the phase value; and determining the rotational direction and/or rotational speed from the phase differences on the basis of a Vernier method.

Abstract: First and second devices having clocks which may have different clock rates. Obtaining a measure of the distance of propagation of a signal passing between the devices involves transmitting a first signal 12 from the first device to the second device. After a turnaround time TAT, a second signal 14 is transmitted from the second device to the first device. Any error in the clocks may lead to an error in the measurement of the turnaround time TAT. One device contains circuitry to calculate the ratio of the clock rates of the first and second devices, either by adjusting frequency divider ratios until there is LO frequency match, or by determining the offset frequency of an envelope of a mixed signal. The ratio of the clock rates is used to compensate the turnaround time TAT, to mitigate error. The accurate distance measurement can be used to determine if a relay attack has taken place in a vehicle security system.