Abstract: An orthopedic simulator is provided with a slide table assembly that is configurable to be selectively operable in a plurality of operational modes. The modes may include a free-floating mode, a positive axis lock mode, and a shear plane loading mode.

Abstract: This invention provides in a safe and effective manner the experience of observing potential collision obstacles or other hazard images to the human operator of an otherwise conventional vehicle, (such as an automobile or aircraft) moving in a normal manner in a natural environment (such as an outdoor test track). The invention incorporates in addition to the mobile vehicle, computer-based image generation devices, and position, velocity, acceleration, measurement instruments to enable the simulated visual hazard images, including operator perception of and response to those hazard images. Making the actual moving vehicle part of the simulated hazard encounter means the vestibular (motion) cues and visual cues of the natural environment are very realistic, while only the computer-generated hazard images imposed on the natural environment view are virtual.

Abstract: A virtual scale model operating environment for controlling operational scale models. The virtual scale model operating environment includes a virtual controller that provides simulated environmental parameters normally associated with real operation. The virtual controller can display a simulated measure of the simulated environmental parameters to a user. Control of the operational scale model by a user is altered by the virtual controller in response to the simulated environmental parameters. The simulated environmental parameters vary due to various factors including the operation of the scale model by a user in order to provide more realistic play. The virtual controller further provides sound effects and phrases from a virtual voice through its own speakers or through headphones. The virtual controller has a microcontroller executing software algorithms to provide the simulated environmental parameters and alter actual control of the operational scale model.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a optimization method based on an evolution strategy according to which a model/structure/shape/design to be optimized is described by parameter sets comprising object parameters. The object parameters are mutated to create offsprings of the parameter set. The quality of the offsprings is evaluated. The parameter set furthermore comprises at least one strategy parameter representing the step-size of the mutation (f.e. the variance of the normal distribution) of associated object parameters. The number of object parameters as well as the number of associated strategy parameters can be adapted during the optimization process. The value of newly inserted strategy parameters can be estimated based on the information of correlated object parameters.

Abstract: According to the invention, a simulation is carried out based on the fundamental motion equation (1) for simulating the system by means of: transformation of the fundamental motion equation into linear differential equations of the first order; further transformation of the linear differential equations into time-discrete state variables; determination of the time response of the system by actualization of the resulting algebraic differential equations in the sampling raster of an associated control processor. Higher simulation accuracy is obtained at an essentially smaller calculating capacity.

Abstract: In a flight simulator program, a flight dynamics editing module enables the user to input parameters for modifying an existing aircraft design or creating an aircraft design. Starting with the type and purpose of aircraft, the user is able to specify parameters defining the configuration, and various other aspects of the aircraft, including the number and type of engines, properties of the flight controls, type of landing gear, etc. Once the user has input the parameters, an aerodynamic coefficients generator module included with the flight simulation program determines aerodynamic coefficients for the aircraft design, using classical formulas and determining the coefficients in an appropriate order. The aerodynamic coefficients and certain parameters input by the user are then output as two flight model data files, in a format usable by the flight simulator program, so that the user can evaluate the aircraft design by flying it within the simulation.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments comprise a computer-assisted method for specifying a customized product, the method comprising: responsive to a request for product information from a user, identifying the product; if a standard product corresponds to the identified product: automatically initiating transmission of at least one document related to the standard product to the user in real-time; and if no standard product corresponds to the identified product: electronically forwarding the request for product information to an engineering entity.

Abstract: A method for simulating three-dimensional spatial distribution of neutron and gamma fluences in a nuclear reactor includes, in an exemplary embodiment, generating a detailed geometric configuration of a nuclear reactor core and surrounding components, generating detailed fuel composition and concentration distribution, and calculating three-dimensional nuclide concentrations for the fuel rods and the water surrounding the fuel rods using the generated geometric configuration and generation fuel composition and concentration distributions. The method also includes calculating neutron and gamma fluxes using a Monte Carlo radiation transport criticality mode methodology, and generating a neutron and gamma fluence map for predetermined areas of the reactor.

Abstract: Methods and systems for testing and diagnosis of weapon control systems are disclosed. In one embodiment, an apparatus for testing a weapon control system includes an interface unit and a simulator unit. The interface unit is adapted to be operatively coupled to the weapon control system, and the simulator unit is operatively coupled to the interface unit. The simulator unit receives and analyzes a control signal, and transmits at least one of a first type of responsive signal indicative of a properly functioning component, and a second type of responsive signal indicative of a malfunctioning component.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of generating haptic interface experiences that is capable of generating haptic companions to existing two-dimensional images. The method exploits the dominance of visual over haptic in humans: human tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic senses do not supply as much fine detail as human vision, and consequently haptic representations do not have to be as detailed as the corresponding visual images to be believable to a human user. An existing two-dimensional image can be used as the visual component of a human-computer interface. A three-dimensional haptic model that is topologically similar to the image can be selected, where topological similarity means that the haptic model provides an acceptable approximation to important characteristics of the haptic experience desired to accompany the two-dimensional image.

Abstract: A method and system of designing the operations and controls of a gas turbine, includes generating an operations model for the gas turbine including at least one objective function and defining operations and control constraints for the operations model of the gas turbine. An online dynamic optimizer/controller dynamically optimizes and controls operation of the gas turbine using model based control based on the operations model and the operations and control constraints. The model based control may include model predictive control.

Abstract: A method of re-engineering a part includes generating a parametric master model for the part from an editable geometry for the part and generating a manufacturing context model from a design master model. The design master model includes the parametric master model, and the manufacturing context model includes a number of tooling features. The method further includes creating a tooling master model from the manufacturing context model. The tooling master model includes a tooling geometry for the part. A system for re-engineering a part includes a part design master model module configured to generate the parametric master model from the editable geometry and a tooling master model module configured to receive the parametric master model, to generate the manufacturing context model from the parametric master model, and to create the tooling master model from the manufacturing context model.

Abstract: Users desire to normalize raw data from meter load profile acquisition systems against some attributes (i.e., properties) of a facility, such as the number of employees. The facility area, and the number of products produced would be additional potential attributes for consideration. Normalization involves dividing a load profile channel such as kiloWatt hours by a determined facility attribute to obtain a new data set, for example, such as “kWh/Employee.” The present modelization allows a user to define a set of attributes and manage their value over time to refine the facility model. Keeping track of the attributes over time provides increased accuracy in the resulting data. The model is managed by a user interface which can be refined over time as the facility evolves. Data comprising sets of attributes over time may persist within the system for later retrieval.

Abstract: A method and system for designing a part with improved fatigue life and resistance to stress corrosion cracking in which residual stresses existing in the part are accounted for. The performance criteria and operating conditions of the part are assessed and a total stress state is determined from the sum of the residual stresses and applied stresses acting on the part. Unified Fatigue Performance Model or Smith-Topper-Neuber parameters are used to determine fatigue life functions which, in turn, are used in conjunction with a fatigue design diagram to determine the appropriate residual stress to introduce in order to optimize the part's resistance to stress induced failure mechanisms. A residual stress distribution is then designed to avoid distortion of the part while still imparting the beneficial effects of compressive residual stress.

Abstract: Visual thermal functional textile clothing designs are created using a programmed computer and advanced computing techniques. The computer is supplied with information from a number of databases relating to human body properties and relating to textile material characteristics. The method is used to generate functional designs that are visually displayed for use by a textile designer or engineer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and a method for developing an engine model. The system broadly comprises a module for generating a state variable model of an engine, which module receives a plurality of inputs to an engine representative of a particular flight condition and generates a set of estimated engine parameters representative of the model. The system further comprises a comparator for comparing the set of estimated engine parameters to a set of measured engine parameters for generating a set of residuals and an artificial neural network module to be trained and to be used in an implementation configuration after training has been completed. The artificial neural network receives the set of residuals and the engine inputs during a training phase and generates a set of estimated residuals representative of the engine condition.

Abstract: A machine readable medium and a method are disclosed that determine whether a pattern of manufactured or simulated features violates a feature relating tolerance and determines acceptability of the pattern. Allowable tolerance may include feature relating tolerances and material conditions. Manufactured centers are drawn relative to a one true position. A circle drawn through or outside the manufactured centers is used to determine if there is feature relating tolerance violation. Material condition may also be used.

Abstract: A design support system is provided, which accurately simulates the behavior of a flexible medium in a convey path even if the flexible medium exhibits different flexural stiffness in different bending directions. In a design support system which supports the user to design a convey path by simulating the behavior of a flexible medium conveyed in the convey path, a flexible medium model creation module (102), when a flexible medium to be conveyed is defined in the convey path defined by using a convey path definition module (101), creates a flexible medium model representing the flexible medium by segmenting the flexible medium into a plurality of stiff body elements each having a mass, and connecting the respective adjacent stiff body elements with two springs, that is, a rotational spring and translational spring whose spring constants change depending on the direction of flexural deformation of the flexible medium.

Abstract: It has been reported in the literature that raceway measurement made during the decreasing gas velocity is relevant to operating blast furnaces. However, no raceway correlation is available either for decreasing or increasing gas velocity which is developed based on a systematic study and none of the available correlation take care of frictional properties of the material. Therefore, a systematic experimental study has been carried out on raceway hysteresis. Based on experimental data and using dimensional analysis, two raceway correlations, one each for increasing and decreasing gas velocity, have been developed. Also, in the present study the effect of stresses has been considered along with pressure and bed weight terms mathematically. These three forces are expressed in mathematical form and solved analytically for one-dimensional case, using a force balance approach. Based on the force balance approach a general equation has been obtained to predict the size of the cavity in each case, i.e.

Abstract: A method for representing the structure of an article of manufacture having a plurality of design variants includes defining a plurality of positions corresponding to different predefined locations on the article of manufacture and assigning at least one variant to each position. Each variant identifies a specific part that may be used in the respective position or a specific type of connection between a pair of parts. In any given position, at most one part or connection variant can be selected. Code rules are defined for each variant which indicate when a particular variant should be used in accordance with specified design options. The position and variant representation can be implemented as part of a bill of materials used for manufacturing resource planning.

Abstract: A prior method for designing transition curves for railroad tracks and other vehicle guideways begin with a choice of a roll function representing a functional form for variation of the track or guideway roll or cant angle as a function of distance and requires the curvature of the transition shape to keep the components of centripetal and gravitational acceleration in the plane of the track or guideway equal at each point along the shape and integrates the equation expressing that equality as part of a procedure for determining the resulting transition curve shape. That method is supplemented by a method of defining basic roll functions in terms of Gegenbauer orthogonal polynomials, including roll functions which generate simple spirals as well as more complex shapes (referred to as bends, jogs, and wiggles).

Abstract: A method for determining the shape of a scroll cage for a forward-curved centrifugal blower wheel in a blower housing having a blower cut-off end including determining the blower wheel dimensions, determining the blower wheel clearance, determining the distance from the center of the blower wheel to the discharge point of the scroll cage at the tangential point of the scroll cage and the blower housing, selecting a diffusing angle, calculating a development angle and plotting the scroll cage profile in polar coordinates. The method can include iteratively adjusting the diffusing angle and re-plotting the scroll cage profile and running simulations to determine the optimum profile.

Abstract: A method is described to let animators control the extent by which kinematically scripted character motions affect dynamically simulated objects' motions. The dynamic objects are connected to the kinematic character, such as clothing or hair, and the motion of the dynamic objects is simulated based on the motion of the kinematic character. Such control is important to produce reasonable behavior of dynamic objects in the presence of physically unrealistic kinematic character motion. An Inertial Field Generator (IFG) is employed to compensate for the unreasonable behavior of dynamic objects when the kinematic character undergoes unrealistic motion.

Abstract: Detailed model data having numerous polygons and rough model data having fewer polygons are prepared for one object. A rectangular parallelepiped including the entire object is defined as a bounding box. A virtual three-dimensional space is perspective-transformed to divide an image-drawing field, which is an image drawing range, into a far image-drawing field and a near image-drawing field according to a distance from a viewpoint of virtual camera. When at least a part of the bounding box is included in the far image-drawing field, polygons of rough model data included in the far image-drawing field are drawn in a frame buffer. When at least a part of the bounding box is included in the near image-drawing field, polygons of detailed model data included in the near image-drawing field are drawn in a frame buffer.

Abstract: A vehicle simulator comprising: (i) a real-world vehicle (1) whose controls and instruments are dual-mode such that they can be switched between normal operation and simulated operation; (ii) a retro-reflecting screen (3) which is deployed around and outside windows of a control area (cockpit) of the vehicle (1), which control area is for a person operating the simulator; (iii) an image projector (9) for being mounted on a head or headwear of the operator; (iv) a head position and orientation sensing system (11) mounted on the head or the headwear of the operator; (v) a simulator host computer that receives information from controls of the vehicle (1) and sends information to the controls and to instruments of the vehicle (1) when the vehicle (1) is in a simulation mode; and (vi) an image generator computer (8) that receives data from the simulator host computer regarding the vehicle's simulated position and orientation and that also receives data from the head position and orientation sensing system (11)

Abstract: To easily transform three-dimensional data of a wire harness into a two-dimensional drawing. Wire harness data of a wire harness to be routed in a desired object is inputted to a computer. The wire harness data includes coordinate information which is three-dimensionally designed in a state adapted to the object of routing. A development plane for two-dimensionally developing the wire harness data is set. The wire harness data is divided into a plurality of segments S1 to S5 at predetermined division points, and is sequentially developed to the development plane on the segment unit basis from a start point P1 of a reference trunk line 17 via a branch line 18 to a termination point, thereby two-dimensionally developing the wire harness data on the segment unit basis so that all of the segments S1 to S5 are included in the development plane.

Abstract: A method enables modeling of a gas turbine engine that includes a pulse detonation system. The method includes providing a pulse detonation modeling system, predicting characteristics of the engine using the pulse detonation modeling system, and predicting characteristics of the pulse detonation system using the pulse detonation modeling system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the minimum zone for an array of features with a true position tolerance. In one embodiment, a target function is defined according to a deviation value of each of at least two features from an array of features having a maximum deviation between an actual position and a nominal position. Once defined, the target function is minimized to determine a rotation parameter, a horizontal translation parameter and a vertical translation parameter that provide a minimum target function value as a minimum of the maximum deviation for the array of features. In one embodiment, an inspection report may be generated for the array of features, including at least the minimum, maximum deviation value, as well as the rotation parameter, the horizontal translation parameter and the vertical translation parameter that provide the minimum target function value. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A command sequence for an autonomous UAV mission is optimized by simulating the performance of a mission in a model environment. Using a genetic algorithm, neural net, or other suitable technique this command sequence is then optimized, to improve the outcome of the mission. A factor in selecting an optimal command sequence will be its compressability. A set of one or more optimal command sequences is compiled. Each optimal command sequence is encoded into an algorithmic active packet of minimum size for uploaded to the UAV, which then executes the mission. To track the UAV in its performance of the mission without compromising its location, the active packets are executed in the simulated environment. The simulated environment is continually updated with the most current available information. The simulation results are an approximation of the current state of the UAV.

Abstract: A simulation device capable of displaying still images of a three-dimensional model of a machine such as a robot in the midst of an operation of the machine and simulating the operation from a start to the midst of the operation. The simulation device receives historical data (lapsing time information and positional information associated with the lapsing time information) of the operation of the machine to perform the simulation of the operation by displaying an image of the three-dimensional model of the machine by animation. When a capturing trigger signal is issued manually or automatically in the simulation, the image of the three-dimensional model is reduced and stored to be associated with the historical data of the operation of the machine at the issuance of the capturing trigger signal. The obtained reduced images are displayed in time series in the order of lapsing time.

Abstract: A method for determining a die profile for forming a metal part having a desired shape. The method includes the steps of providing a nominal die profile, determining a springback profile based on the nominal die profile and employing a compensation strategy to determine the die profile based on the nominal die profile and the springback profile. There are disclosed five (5) compensation strategies: (1) a reversed die-normal technique; (2) a reversed radial rotation technique; (3) a reversed resultant vector technique; (4) a reversed path technique; and (5) a mirror image of resultant vector technique. Associated methods of making a die based on the die profile determined above and making a metal part under a set of forming conditions from the die are also disclosed.

Abstract: An assembly 10 which allows a vehicular damper to be virtually created and evaluated. Particularly, the assembly 10 includes a torque producer 31, a frequency filter generator 50, and analyzers 32, 34, 36 and 38. The torque produce 31 selectively produces a torque signal which is combined with a selected frequency filter provided by the generator 50, thereby producing a dampened signal which is communicated to a transmission assembly 14. The analyzer detects noise and vibration and allows a designer to evaluate the chosen frequency filter. Other filters may be used and a filter is selected based upon the noise and vibration measurements made by the analyzers 32, 34, 36, and 38. An actual damper is then constructed having a frequency characteristic which is substantially similar to the frequency characteristic of the chosen frequency filter.

Abstract: A risk-informed method for safety analyses of nuclear power generating systems is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes ordering events by an initiating event frequency, defining an initiating event frequency threshold value, defining acceptance criteria having an adjusted amount of conservatism, where the amount of conservatism is a function of the initiating event frequency, and analyzing an event by a deterministic safety analysis methodology when the event has an event initiating frequency at or above the threshold value, or analyzing an event by a probabilistic risk assessment methodology when the event has an event initiating frequency below the threshold value.

Abstract: A computer system for designing rail systems including a database engine, a simulation engine, and a 3-dimensional graphics engine. A user stores attributes for a proposed transit system such as track segment data, signaling and switching data, and train configuration data into the database engine. The simulation engine accesses and processes this data to simulate various aspects of the system. During simulation or separately, a 3-dimensional graphics engine accesses and processes this same data from the database engine to visually present a user with a real-time, 3-dimensional rendering of the proposed rail system in use. The computer system may also include a reports engine for reporting to the user information related to the proposed rail system or simulation.

Abstract: A dynamic range relaxation algorithm is applied to simulate borehole failure under a variety of stress conditions. The borehole and its neighborhood are modeled by a number of regions by a plurality of interconnected nodes. The bonds between the nodes may be modeled as springs, rods, or beams. The strength of the bonds has a statistical variation to accurately simulate real world situations. The model may include, in addition to the borehole and the far earth formations, a liner, a casing, and/or a gravel pack. Simulation is carried out for different strength of the bonds.

Abstract: A system and method for predicting the behavior of a complex physical system with a qualitative analysis by correctly handling algebraic loops in physical system models for diagnosis applications. This approach recognizes the presence of negative feedback effects in loop structures and analyses these effects by tracking the entry point into the algebraic loop to resolve conflicting predictions.

Abstract: A method for performing new material development. The method comprises receiving a user simulation scenario from a user wherein the user simulation scenario is in a-cyclic graph format and includes a plurality of material development modules represented as vertices. The user simulation scenario also includes a starting module. Each vertex includes data information including at least one input file source and at least one output file destination. Relationships between the modules are represented as edges and each edge includes at least one of previous module and subsequent module. Each edge also includes data flow information between the previous module and the subsequent module. The method further comprises receiving a request to invoke the user simulation scenario and the request includes the input file source for the starting module. Traversing the vertices along the edges is performed in response to receiving the request and to the data flow information.

Abstract: A method and machine-readable medium provide a technique to modify a hexahedral finite element volume mesh using dual generation and sheet extraction. After generating a dual of a volume stack (mesh), a predetermined algorithm may be followed to modify the volume mesh of hexahedral elements. The predetermined algorithm may include the steps of determining a sheet of hexahedral mesh elements, generating nodes for merging, and merging the nodes to delete the sheet of hexahedral mesh elements and modify the volume mesh.

Abstract: A simulator fitted with at least one microprocessor sends input simulation signals to a unit under test, and receives therefrom output signals in reaction thereto. The method consists in processing some of the output signals from the unit as they are issued by means of a programmable logic circuit, in storing parameter values corresponding to said processed signals, and in giving the microprocessor access to the stored parameter values at a frequency which is compatible with its own operating speed. The apparatus enables the method to be implemented. The simulator comprises at least one programmable logic circuit, e.g. of the FPGA type, that is suitable for receiving at least some of the signals output by the electronic unit.

Abstract: An application program that describes processing of a workpiece by the machine tool in form of instruction steps is disclosed. A computer executes the application program and step-by-step determines based on a simulation program machine-dependent control commands for a controller. The machine-dependent control commands depend on a virtual time base that is independent of an actual time base. The computer determines based on a computer-internal model of the machine tool and the determined machine-dependent control commands expected actual states of the machine tool, thereby simulating execution of the machine-dependent control commands by the machine tool. The simulation program is implemented as control software in the controller.

Abstract: A design assistance method and apparatus is provided for creating swing joint layout objects for interconnection among layout objects for use in a computer assisted design apparatus, the apparatus including an input means, a display device, a storage and a processor connected to the input means, the display including image data representative of layout objects and the storage including layout object data and layout object image data.

Abstract: A pneumatic device selection system has a computer, first through sixth databases connected to the computer and storing data of at least pneumatic devices, a coordinate input unit and a keyboard connected to the computer, for entering input data based on an input action of an operator into the computer, and a display unit connected to the computer, for displaying information from the computer. The pneumatic device selection system functionally has a first selection processor for selecting a cylinder operating system based on input data from the coordinate input unit or the like, and a second selection processor for selecting a shock absorber based on input data from the coordinate input unit or the like and/or a selection result from the first selection processor.

Abstract: The present invention involves a method and apparatus to reliably determine dent resistance to localized loading, for example, denting of sheet panels of vehicle. The method and apparatus contain the following attributes: (i) an accurate Finite Element Model of the localized loading process; (ii) a statistically designed experimental approach incorporating the effects of panel geometry, thickness, mechanical behavior of the material, forming process and loading condition; and (iii) programmed regression models that outputs the performance under localized loading of the sheet metal panel with panel geometry, thickness of the sheet material, mechanical behavior of the material, behavior during the forming process and loading conditions as inputs.

Abstract: A method and software for managing pointers to external objects in a run-time environment are described in which eager external references are provided that allow session memory objects to point directly to certain call memory objects with machine pointers. The eager external references contain enough information to recreate the call memory objects in call memory at the beginning of the call and fix the session memory objects to point to the new locations of the recreated call memory objects.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for merging design intent of multiple designers with respect to a digital model of an object are described. In one embodiment, the method includes receiving data concerning a change to the digital model performed by a fist designer. The method further includes analyzing the data concerning the change performed by the first designer and data concerning a digital model version created by a second designer, and integrating the change performed by the first designer into the digital model version created by the second designer.

Abstract: A geometric model comparator is provided, which includes processing circuitry, memory, and comparison circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to generate a target model from a source model. The memory is configured to store the source model and the target model. The comparison circuitry is configured to identify selected points from the source model, create corresponding selected points in a target model, and compare the selected points from the source model with the selected points from the target model to identify one or more selected points from the target model that fall outside of a predetermined tolerance range with the respective one or more points from the source model. A method is also provided.

Abstract: Methods and systems for predicting fuel sensor performance during motion are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving tank geometry information, receiving sensor configuration information, and receiving tank motion information. The method then computes a fuel (surface) plane-to-sensor intersection for at least one tank position based on the tank motion information, and also computes a wetted volume at every fuel (surface) plane-to-sensor intersection for each sensor location based on the sensor configuration information. Finally, the method computes a fuel quantity at every fuel (surface) plane-to-sensor intersection based on a sum of the wetted volumes.

Abstract: A modeling method of a steering system for a vehicle comprises the steps of interpreting a coupled relation between an upper tube and a lower tube comprising a steering column, interpreting a coupled relation between the upper tube and an upper bracket and a coupled relation between the lower tube and a lower bracket, and interpreting the movement of a bearing mounted between a steering axle and a steering column using a cylindrical coordinate, thereby improving credibility relative to the interpretation result of a model When the interpretation result is applied to an actual vehicle, the impact absorption capacity and idle vibration capacity are greatly increased, thereby improving the performance of the overall steering system and ensuring safety to the occupants of the vehicle.

Abstract: A method is provided for simulating to a workpiece contour by simulating a milling operation, whereby a blank workpiece is modeled by a family of straight lines in three-dimensional space and all straight lines are parallel to the z-axis. A workpiece contour is determined by intersecting the family of straight lines with a virtual milling edge FK according to a predetermined milling path in three-dimensional space, based on the intersecting points of the straight lines of all swept volumes. A surface grid is formed from the obtained set of intersecting points that describes the workpiece contour.

Abstract: A system and method of validating an application includes receiving the application and determining a set of accessed classes that are accessed by the application. The set of accessed classes are compared to a set of authorized classes to determine if one or more unauthorized classes are included in the set of accessed classes. And, validating only the applications that do not access unauthorized classes.