Abstract: Examples described herein relate to apparatuses and methods for providing automated advising services to a customer of a provider institution, including but not limited to a provider institution computing system determining a goal of the customer based on a user input of the customer, generating a set of sub-goals for the goal, determining a current status of the customer relating to the sub-goals and the goal, determining whether the current status of the customer meets any sub-goals and a projected status of the customer indicating whether the customer is projected to meet the goal, and sending a notification to a user device of the customer notifying the customer of a completion state of the goal based on at least one of the sub-goals met by the current status of the customer and whether the customer is projected to meet the goal.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are disclosed for comparing a first biosequence string with a second biosequence string to assess similarity between those biosequence strings. For example, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) can be used to (1) detect substrings of the second biosequence string that are matches to substrings of the first biosequence string, and (2) map the detected substrings of the second biosequence string to corresponding positions in the first biosequence string where the detected substrings are located based on a data structure that links substrings of the first biosequence string to positions in the first biosequence string where the substrings of the first biosequence string are located. These operations can be used to seed an alignment between the first and second biosequence strings that permits comparisons to be performed over longer substrings of the first and second biosequence strings so that similarities between those longer substrings can be quantified.

Abstract: A method for low-latency communication from a first device to a second device over an unreliable network using at least one predictive machine learning model includes representing at least one frame of time series data at the first device; recording at least one output stream, and a plurality of external inputs from the first device in an interaction recorder of the second device detecting, at the second device, at least one lost frame of time series data; training the at least one predictive machine learning model at the first device for predictive frame regeneration; regenerating the at least one lost frame of the time series data at the second device using the at least one predictive machine learning model; and combining an output stream from an application steam with the at least one regenerated frame of time series data to obtain a modified output stream.

Abstract: A system is presented for emulating sampling of a quantum computer having a plurality of qubits arranged in a grid topology with N columns. The system includes a classical processor that is configured by operational instructions to perform operations that include producing final weights and variable assignments for the N columns based on N iterative passes through the grid topology, wherein each of the N iterative passes generates preliminary weights and variable assignments for a corresponding subset of the N columns, wherein the preliminary weights and variable assignments for a selected column of the corresponding subset based on the preliminary weights and variable assignments generated for a column adjacent to the selected column of the corresponding subset, and wherein the sampling of the plurality of qubits is emulated by a sample based on the final weights and variable assignments for each of the N columns.

Abstract: An approach is provided for semantic-free traffic prediction. The approach involves dividing a travel-speed data stream into a plurality of travel-speed patterns. The travel-speed data stream represents vehicle travel speeds occurring in a road network. The approach also involves representing each of the plurality of travel-speed patterns by a respective token. The respective token is selected from a dictionary of tokens representing a plurality of travel-speed templates determined from historical travel-speed data. The approach further involves matching a sequence of the respective tokens corresponding to said each of the plurality of travel-speed patterns to a best-fit sequence of tokens determined from the historical travel-speed data. The approach further involves determining a predicted sequence of tokens based on the best-fit sequence of tokens, and generating a traffic prediction for the road network based on the predicted sequence of tokens.

Abstract: Electronic discovery using predictive filtering is disclosed herein. An example method includes providing a filtering interface that includes a field value input, a predicted values selector, and a predictor type selector; receiving at least a pivot selected from the field value input and a predicted value from the predicted values selector; searching a plurality of documents based on the pivot and the predicted value selected for any of predictive phrases or predictive concepts; calculating a predictive value for each of the predictive phrases or predictive concepts; and generating a graphical user interface that includes the predictive phrases or predictive concepts in conjunction with their respective predictive value.

Abstract: Operations include (a) identifying bounds corresponding to two or more inference variables corresponding to a nested method invocation context, (b) determining that resolution of a first inference variable can be determined as a function of a resolution of a second inference variable, (c) propagating bounds corresponding to the second inference variable from the nested method invocation context to an outer method invocation context without propagating bounds corresponding to the first inference variable, (d) resolving a constraint set to resolve the second inference variable, and (e) resolving the first inference variable based on the resolution of the second inference variable.

Abstract: Techniques for real-time generation and customization of text classification models. An initial dataset of input text samples are manually assigned labels, and the labeled input text samples are tokenized and provided as training data to train machine learning classifiers for various classes or categories of the input text samples. As the machine learning classifiers train with the training data, feedback in the form of suggestions (or predictions) are provided in real time by the text classification models regarding which label(s) to assign to any input text sample(s) currently in the training data or any new input text sample(s) further provided as training data for the respective machine learning classifiers. The suggested (or predicted) label(s) can be manually assigned to the input text sample(s), if deemed appropriate, and the newly labeled input text sample(s) can be provided to supplement the existing training data for the respective machine learning classifiers.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems for performing non-classical computations. The methods and systems generally use a plurality of spatially distinct optical trapping sites to trap a plurality of atoms, one or more electromagnetic delivery units to apply electromagnetic energy to one or more atoms of the plurality to induce the atoms to adopt one or more superposition states of a first atomic state and a second atomic state, one or more entanglement units to quantum mechanically entangle at least a subset of the one or more atoms in the one or more superposition states with at least another atom of the plurality, and one or more readout optical units to perform measurements of the superposition states to obtain the non-classical computation.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for solving global optimization tasks using quantum computing. In one aspect, a method includes receiving input data, the input data comprising (i) data representing one or more local solutions to the global optimization task, and (ii) data representing one or more task objectives; mapping the received input data to a quantum domain; performing a genetic algorithm on the mapped input data using the quantum computing device to obtain a solution to the global optimization task in the quantum domain; and obtaining a solution to the global optimization task in a classical domain by mapping the obtained solution to the global optimization task in the quantum domain to the classical domain.

Abstract: A computing system includes a web server to provide a web application, and an enterprise server to provide a library of custom form components to be used to customize web pages in the web application. Each custom form component corresponds to an existing form component on one of the web pages. A client computing device accesses the web application and the library of custom form components via an embedded browser, renders one of the web pages from the web application, and analyzes the rendered web page for existing form components. The existing form components in the rendered web page are compared to the library of custom form components for a match. For each match, the existing form component in the rendered web page is replaced with the matched custom form component from the library of custom form components. The web page with the custom form components is re-rendered for display.

Abstract: Approaches for encoding include inputting a time-ordered sequence of source data to a machine learning (ML) encoder circuit. The ML encoder circuit extracts first features from a first subset of the source data and generates an ML model from the first features. The ML encoder circuit outputs the first subset of source data while generating the ML model and the ML model is incomplete. Once completed, the ML encoder circuit outputs the ML model for decoding subsequently extracted features. Thereafter, the ML encoder circuit extracts second features from a second subset of the source data and outputs the second features for decoding using the ML model.

Abstract: An information processing system including a device information topic that receives a message by using a network device serving as a publisher and a success confirmation topic for delivering a message indicating the success of message processing by using the network device serving as a subscriber is provided. The information processing system registers the processing result in an information management service in response to the completion of the processing in the immediate processing action and the non-immediate processing action of the first message that has been delivered by the device information topic, and in accordance with the processing result, the information processing system delivers a second message indicating the success of the processing of the first message to the success confirmation topic.

Abstract: Methods, computer program products, and systems are presented. The method computer program products, and systems can include, for instance: obtaining one or more data feed that includes data of individuals within a crowd, wherein the crowd comprises a plurality of individuals gathered within an area; examining data of the one or more data feed to return behavior parameter values for respective individuals of the plurality of individuals; identifying, using values of the behavior parameter values, a disrupted group of a plurality of the individuals of the crowd, wherein the identifying is in dependence on a first one or more criterion being satisfied; detecting, using values of the behavior parameter values, a disruptor individual within the disrupted group, the detecting in dependence on a second one or more criterion being satisfied; and providing, by machine logic, one more disruptor mitigation output to mitigate disruptive behavior of the disruptor individual.

Abstract: A method is provided for enabling a software user to obtain answers based on information retrieved from Big Data systems to complex questions, which comprises the steps of: providing a plurality of queries associated with different query families, the different query families comprise at least one family of simple queries and at least one query family of complex query family, and each of the families is associated with the following characterizing elements: information sources, entity type for which one or more features would be synthesized, attributes to be used as filters and attributes for calculating the new features; retrieving data from the respective information sources; processing the retrieved data to enable evaluating results of the queries associated with the at least one simple query families; calculating solutions to all queries and synthesizing features characterizing the answers, based on the calculated solutions.

Abstract: Computer-implemented methods are provided for preparing an application for execution within an application execution environment and for running an application within an application execution environment. The computer-implemented methods create supplementary information for the application. The supplementary information includes an indication of a service request which is to be performed during execution of the application to obtain information from an application service. The computer-implemented methods retrieve the supplementary information for the application, and execute the application within the application execution environment. The methods perform the service request from the application execution environment independently from the execution of the application based on the supplementary information, and receive a response to the service request from the application service at the application execution environment.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for system operational analytics using normalized likelihood scores. In one embodiment, an exemplary method comprises: obtaining data from data sources associated with a monitored system; applying at least one function to the log data to obtain a plurality of time-series counters for a plurality of distinct features within the data; processing the plurality of time-series counters using at least one machine learning model to obtain a plurality of log likelihood values representing a behavior of the monitored system over time; determining a z-score for each of the plurality of log likelihood values over a predefined short-term time window; monitoring a distribution of the z-scores for the plurality of log likelihood values over a predefined long-term time window to map the z-scores to percentile values; and mapping the percentile values to a health score for the monitored system based on predefined percentile ranges and/or a transformation function.

Abstract: An image display system transforming LCD panels of mobile devices into being compatible with medical images display standard includes a host display panel, a slave mobile display device and a host computer. The host computer is coupled to the host display panel and the slave mobile display device for executing a process of sharing medical image, wherein the process of sharing medical image includes executing an image capture program to capture a color medical image, performing an image processing process to convert the color medical image into a grayscale medical image, converting the grayscale medical image into an image package, and connecting to the slave mobile display device to transmit the image package to the slave mobile display device.

Abstract: Systems and methods for allowing analog Ising machines to be able to run Integer Linear Programming (“ILP”) problems, i.e. a compilation method for setting the state of the physical memory units, flexible to be adapted to each specific device. The method describes how variables and numeric parameters which specify the problem can be hard-coded (embedded and physically represented) in the hardware circuitry of the device in a deterministic way, with a pre-determined bound on the number of required physical spins to be used in the Ising device.

Abstract: A method comprising obtaining a Bloom filter array, wherein a size of a first Bloom filter is smaller than a size of a second Bloom filter and modifying at least a portion of the plurality of Bloom filters to create a modified Bloom filter array comprising a modified plurality of Bloom filters each of which having a same size, wherein the same size is greater than the size of the first Bloom filter, wherein said modifying comprises: duplicating the first Bloom filter to create a modified first Bloom filter comprising two or more concatenated copies of the first Bloom filter. The method may also include performing lookup in the Bloom filter array by computing a hash value of a key and accessing a bit in the hash value location in each Bloom filter of the modified Bloom filter array to determine lookup outcome in each Bloom filter.

Abstract: A system and method for secure HIPPA complaint data access by a health professional particularly related to radiology data, such as DICOM images and the like are provided. Including a method for viewing DICOM images as part of a real-time virtual medical consultation using at least one DICOM viewer may have a DICOM viewer option within a secure telemedicine platform; supplying a remote DICOM image database linked to a patient record; providing choices so that a medical professional has the ability to choose a of DICOM image such as a synchronous review, an asynchronous review, an image review, a video review, and a stacked series review; and transferring an encrypted DICOM image to the medical professional based on the selected image choice. According to one approach, the method and system may also have the step of providing concurrent videoconferencing capability between a caller and a callee using WebRTC functionality.

Abstract: A method for enhancing lower-quality visual data using hierarchical algorithms, the method comprising the steps of: receiving one or more sections of lower-quality visual data; applying a hierarchical algorithm to the one or more sections of lower-quality visual data to enhance the one or more sections of lower-quality visual data to one or more sections of higher-quality visual data, wherein the hierarchical algorithm was developed using a learned approach; and outputting the one or more sections of higher-quality visual data.

Abstract: A method for enhancing at least a section of lower-quality visual data using a hierarchical algorithm, the method comprises receiving at least one section of lower-quality visual data; and extracting a subset of features, from the at least one section of lower-quality visual data. A plurality of layers of reduced-dimension visual data from the extracted features are formed and enhanced to form at least one section of higher-quality visual data. The at least one section of higher-quality visual data corresponds to the at least one section of lower-quality visual data received.

Abstract: Range information is determined for each variable of a circuit design. The range information is propagated from inputs to outputs of nodes of a DFG representation of the circuit design. For each multiplexer of the circuit design represented as a multiplexer node in the DFG, whether range information associated with a selector input of the multiplexer node restricts selection of data inputs of the multiplexer node to only one selected data input of the multiplexer node is determined. In response to determining that range information associated with the selector input restricts selection of data inputs to only one data input, the DFG is modified by connecting the selected data input to each load of the multiplexer node, and removing the multiplexer node, a corresponding select logic node of the multiplexer node, and nodes connected to unselected data inputs of the multiplexer node.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for providing sanitized log data to a threat detection system. The sanitized log data is derived from a log table with continuous columns, themselves having continuous entries with continuous values. First, a retention probability parameter and an accuracy radius parameter are selected. Next, a probability distribution function is initialized with the retention probability parameter and the accuracy radius parameter. For each continuous value, the probability distribution function is applied, resulting in perturbed continuous values of a perturbed continuous columns Finally, the perturbed continuous columns are provided as the sanitized log.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to managing documents where clauses in a document may be identified. Evaluations of the clauses may be provided based on evaluators and machine learning (ML) models that assign each of the clauses to a category and a confidence score. Actions associated with the clauses may be monitored including updates to content of the clauses. Inconsistent evaluations associated with the clauses be identified. The ML models may be retrained based on the content of the clauses associated with the inconsistent evaluations.

Abstract: Embodiments include method, systems and computer program products for selective retention of data in a computational system. Aspects include receiving a monitored data element. Aspects also include assigning an initial storage ranking to the monitored data element to create a ranked data element. Aspects also include determining a threshold storage ranking. Aspects also include comparing the initial storage ranking to the threshold storage ranking. Aspects also include, based on the comparison indicating that the initial storage ranking is greater than the threshold storage ranking, storing the ranked data element in a long-term storage. Aspects also include based upon the comparison indicating that the initial storage ranking is less than the threshold storage ranking, discarding the ranked data element.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a simulation facility that includes an operational physical model facility of a real infrastructure facility that mimics at least in part operations of the real infrastructure facility and comprises equipment that corresponds to and mimics operations of equipment in the real infrastructure facility; attack toolware for use by people in mounting cyber attacks on the model facility; operations and management toolware for use by people in operating and defending the model facility against cyber attacks mounted using the attack toolware; and a controller having a memory and operable to acquire and store in the memory a forensic record of cyber attacks mounted on the model facility and defense strategies undertaken to defend the model facility against the cyber attacks.

Abstract: A method for state tracking based gesture recognition engine for a sensor system has the steps of: defining a plurality of sequential states of a finite-state machine, determining a Sequence Progress Level (SPL) for each state, mapping a state probability distribution to a (single) SPL on run-time, and utilizing the mapped SPL estimate as an output value of the sensor system.

Abstract: A display apparatus and a method for questions and answers includes a display unit includes an input unit configured to receive user's speech voice; a communication unit configured to perform data communication with an answer server; and a processor configured to create and display one or more question sentences using the speech voice in response to the speech voice being a word speech, create a question language corresponding to the question sentence selected from among the displayed one or more question sentences, transmit the created question language to the answer server via the communication unit, and, in response to one or more answer results related to the question language being received from the answer server, display the received one or more answer results. Accordingly, the display apparatus may provide an answer result appropriate to a user's question intention although a non-sentence speech is input.

Abstract: A system and method can be used to facilitate a strategy for decision making in a fantasy sports league. The method can be used in conjunction with a web or mobile based application. By entering data into the various matrices associated with the application, a customized data set can be created. This data set can then be used with graphical overlays to facilitate future decision making based on created scores attributable to each individual athlete. The end result being a streamlined process that gives one an advantage over others in the fantasy sports league.

Abstract: Displaying a comparison of genetic data is disclosed, including receiving an indication of a first individual, receiving an indication of a second individual, retrieving the genotypic information for the first individual and the second individual, comparing the genotypic information of the first individual and the second individual, displaying an indication of the comparison of the genotypic information of the first individual and the second individual graphically. A first graphical symbol is used to display an indication of the genome regions for which the first individual and the second individual are identical. A second graphical symbol is used to display an indication of the genome regions for which the first individual and the second individual are half identical.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments relate to a system that facilitates performing searches based on qualitative search terms. During operation, the system receives a query that applies a qualitative search term to an attribute of data items in a set of data items. While executing the query, the system processes each data item in the set of data items by extracting an attribute value from the data item and then using a concept-mapping to determine a compatibility index for the attribute value, wherein the concept-mapping associates each attribute value with a numerical compatibility index that indicates a compatibility between the attribute value and the qualitative search term. Finally, the system uses the compatibility index as a factor in determining whether to include the data item in a set of query results.

Abstract: A computer system for migrating human resources data from a first human resources data system to a second human resources data system. The computer system may comprise an import utility, a translation utility an export utility and a reports utility. The import utility may be for receiving first employee data from the first human resources system comprising employee attributes and applying an equivalency formula to a first employee attribute of the first data to convert the first employee attribute from a first human resources data system format to a target format. The translation utility may be for applying a translation table to the first data to generate translated data according to the target format; and storing the translated data at the target database. The export utility may be for generating an export file comprising the translated data arranged according to the second human resources data system format.

Abstract: A system for automated acquisition of content from an application includes a link tracking module that controls an instance of the application executing within an emulator. For a selected state, the link tracking module controls the executing application instance to navigate to the selected state and identifies a first set of application states reachable by user interface interaction. A state storage module stores records based on the first set. A first state record includes content of a first state of the first set and a unique identifier that uniquely identifies the first state. The unique identifier indicates a path followed within the executing application instance from a default state to the first state, including corresponding user interface interaction. A scraper module, for each of the records in the state storage module, navigates to the state specified by the unique identifier using the indicated path and extracts text from the state.

Abstract: A method of detecting a bug in a counter of a hardware design that includes formally verifying, using a formal verification tool, an inductive assertion from a non-reset state of an instantiation of the hardware design. The inductive assertion establishes a relationship between the counter and a test bench counter at two or more points in time. If the formal verification tool identifies at least one valid state of an instantiation of the counter in which the inductive assertion is not true, information is output indicating a location of a bug in the hardware design or the test bench counter.

Abstract: We describe a method for using a classical computer to generate a particular sequence of elementary operations (SEO), an instruction set for a quantum computer. Such a SEO will induce a quantum computer to perform a unitary transformation U that we call an Irreps Gen U. This U simultaneously diagonalizes a set of operators H? called HYPs (Hermitian Young Projectors) for n particles with d colors or, equivalently, for n qu(d)its. H? projects out n particle irrep ? of U(d).

Abstract: A method for detecting and locating occurrence in a data stream of any complex string belonging to a predefined complex dictionary is disclosed. A complex string may comprise an arbitrary number of interleaving coherent strings and ambiguous strings. The method comprises a first process for transforming the complex dictionary into a simple structure to enable continuously conducting computationally efficient search, and a second process for examining received data in real time using the simple structure. The method may be implemented as an article of manufacture having a processor-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon for execution by a processor, causing the processor to match examined data to an object complex string belonging to the complex dictionary, where the matching process is based on equality to constituent coherent strings, and congruence to ambiguous strings, of the object complex string.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for automatically generating native application deep links and indexing content retrieved from the deep links.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a system, method, and computer program product for determining an optimal compressive pressure of an exsanguination tourniquet and an exsanguination tourniquet, system, and method of assembly. The method includes obtaining at least one parameter related to a tourniquet material, at least one parameter related to the tourniquet positioning, and identifying information comprising a description of at least one component of the tourniquet, selecting program instructions for execution by the processor, determining a compressive pressure of the tourniquet by executing selected program instructions, and determining if the compressive pressure of the tourniquet is optimized.

Abstract: Embodiments can provide a computer implemented method, in a data processing system comprising a processor and a memory comprising instructions which are executed by the processor to cause the processor to implement a mixed-language question answering supplement system, the method comprising receiving a question in a target language; determining the question cannot be answered using a target-language only corpus; applying natural language processing to parse the question into at least one focus; for each focus, determining if one or more target language verbs share direct syntactic dependency with the focus; for each of the one or more verbs sharing direct syntactic dependency, determining if one or more target language entities share direct syntactic dependency with the verb; determining one or more Abstract Universal Verbal Types associated with each verb; for each of the one or more Abstract Universal Verbal Types, determining whether a dependency between a source language entity and a source language verb

Abstract: Embodiments can provide a computer implemented method, in a data processing system comprising a processor and a memory comprising instructions which are executed by the processor to cause the processor to implement a mixed-language question answering supplement system, the method comprising receiving a question in a target language; applying natural language processing to parse the question into at least one focus; for each focus, determining if one or more target language verbs share direct syntactic dependency with the focus; for each of the one or more verbs sharing direct syntactic dependency, determining if one or more target language entities share direct syntactic dependency with the verb; determining one or more Abstract Universal Verbal Types associated with each verb; for each of the one or more Abstract Universal Verbal Types, determining whether a dependency between a source language entity and a source language verb is of the same type as the dependency between the target language verb and the ta

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, an electronic device may include a camera module obtaining image data of a user, a controller configured to detect at least one feature corresponding to an intention of the user from the image data obtained by the camera module, to obtain a pattern based on the at least one feature, to determine text data corresponding to the pattern, and to convert at least a portion of the text data into voice data, and an output module outputting the voice data. Other various embodiments of the pattern recognition are also provided.

Abstract: A method and system is provided for determining the mechanical activation of a region of interest. The system and method include using a triangulation technique algorithm to generate at least one triangle within a region of interest, wherein the triangle is formed from map points acquired from an intravascular mapping tool. The system and method further include calculating an area strain for each triangle, determining abnormal areas of the region of interest, and excluding triangles that include the abnormal area. Further, the system and method include determining a mechanical activation time for the region of interest based on the remaining triangles.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for encoding two-qubit interactions. A quantum circuit comprises first and second logical qubits, each comprising a Bacon-Shor code block. A first edge of each logical qubit contains physical qubits each coupled to at least one neighboring physical qubit along the first edge along a first axis of the Bloch sphere and a second edge of each logical qubit contains physical qubits each coupled to at least one neighboring physical qubit along the second edge along a second axis of the Bloch sphere. A set of couplers couple the first and second logical qubits along the first axis of the Bloch sphere, with each of the set of couplers coupling a physical qubit along the second edge of the first logical qubit to a corresponding physical qubit along the second edge of the second logical qubit along the first axis of the Bloch sphere.

Abstract: A method for user-generated content privacy control, including: detecting a trigger event, identifying a post for permissions analysis, determining permissions for the post, and storing the updated permissions in a post indexing system.

Abstract: The current document is directed to an analysis subsystem within a large distributed computing system, such as a virtual data center or cloud-computing facility, that monitors the operational states associated with a multi-tiered application and provides useful information for determining one or more causes of various types of failures and undesirable operational states that may arise during operation of the multi-tiered application. In one implementation, the analysis subsystem collects metrics provided by various different types of metrics sources within the computational system and employs principal feature analysis to select a generally small subset of the collected metrics particularly relevant to monitoring a multi-tiered application and diagnosing underlying causes of operational states of the multi-tiered application. The analysis subsystem develops one or more conditional probability distributions with respect to the subset of metrics.

Abstract: Techniques to reduce database fragmentation are disclosed. In various embodiments, an indication is received to store an attribute value for an entity that has a row or other entry in a first database table, wherein the first database table does not have a column for the attribute. It is determined that the value corresponds to a mapped value that is associated with not having an entry in a separate, second database table configured to store the attribute. Entries are made in the second database table only for values of the attribute other than the mapped value. Application level software code is configured to associate absence of a row in the second database table with the mapped value for the attribute.

Abstract: Displaying a comparison of genotypic information between relatives is disclosed, including receiving an indication that a first individual is a grandparent, receiving an indication that a second individual is a grandchild of the first individual, comparing the genotypic information of the first individual and the second individual and calculating a similarity score, and displaying an indication of the similarity score graphically using colors.

Abstract: A driver evaluation system for a vehicle generates for display a parameter indicative of a driver's level of attention to driving the vehicle for a temporal period based on a complement of a weighted average of a plurality of counts. Some of the counts represent a number of interaction events between the driver and an infotainment system in the vehicle during the temporal period.