Abstract: Implementations described and claimed herein provide systems and methods for serving content over a network. In one implementation, a method of serving content is provided. The method includes maintaining a first address record associated with serving a resource and a second address record associated with serving the same resource. The first address record is further associated with a first protocol for a first device capable of serving the resource. Similarly, the second address record is associated with a second protocol, different from the first protocol, for a second device, distinct from the first device, capable of serving the resource. The method further includes providing, in response to at least one resolution request for the resource, the first address record and the second address record.

Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to providing content from a source to a user device. In one implementation, a source such as a server receives a request for a master manifest file. The server may identify one or more other manifest files and at least one data block associated with the content. The other manifest files can include manifest files referenced by the master manifest file, or can include manifest files associated with related content. The requested master manifest, the one or more other manifest files, and the at least one data block can be pushed to the user device.

Abstract: Disclosed in the embodiments of the present application are a resource query method and apparatus, a device, and a storage medium. Said method comprises: a service user NF initiating a service access request to a service provider NF, the service access request carrying query conditions for a resource, the query conditions being used for indicating a combined query relationship of at least two query parameters; and the service user NF receiving a service access response returned by the service provider NF.

Abstract: As described herein, a system, method, and computer program are provided for generating a network slice experience index for evaluating a network slice. In use, a guaranteed quality of experience (QoE) is determined for a slice of a network. For at least one point in time, an actual QoE of the network overall is measured. A slice experience index is generated based on a delta between the guaranteed QoE and the actual QoE. The slice of the network is evaluated using the slice experience index.

Abstract: An example embodiment may involve a network interface configured to transmit and receive frames. The embodiment may also involve a network protocol stack configured to: (i) perform encapsulation of outgoing messages into outgoing frames for transmission by way of the network interface, or (ii) perform decapsulation of incoming frames received by way of the network interface into incoming messages. The embodiment may also involve a parsing and validation module configured to: (i) receive representations of the incoming or the outgoing messages, and (ii) perform one or more validation checks on the representations, wherein the representations define transactions that are functionally equivalent to corresponding transactions that are defined by the messages, wherein the one or more validation checks are performed in parallel to performance of the encapsulation or decapsulation, and wherein a representation of a message failing the one or more validation checks causes the message to be discarded.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for managing sharing of a message of a first type through a communication network. The method includes, following selection of a sharing command from an interface for reproducing the first message of the first type, integrating content of the first message of the first type into a second message of a second type to be transmitted through the communication network, the second type being distinct from the first type. Thus, a message of a first type can be shared by using a messaging of a distinct type, for example an email can be shared by SMS, MMS, instant messages, Tweet (registered trademark), etc.

Abstract: In particular embodiments, in response a data subject submitting a request to delete their personal data from an organization's systems, the system may: (1) automatically determine where the data subject's personal data is stored; (2) in response to determining the location of the data (which may be on multiple computing systems), automatically facilitate the deletion of the data subject's personal data from the various systems; and (3) determine a cause of the request to identify one or more processing activities or other sources that result in a high number of such requests.

Abstract: A method for performing authentication of a client device using a hash chain includes: receiving a first data request from a client device, the first data request including at least a user identifier and a first hash value; transmitting a first data response message to the client device; receiving a second data request from the client device, the second data request including at least the user identifier and a second hash value; generating a validating hash value by applying a hashing algorithm to the second hash value; validating the first hash value as being equal to the generated validating hash value; and transmitting a second data response message to the client device upon successful validation of the first hash value, wherein the second data response message includes one or more data values associated with the user identifier.

Abstract: A network device creates a virtual border gateway protocol (BGP) peer and the BGP peer is enabled all BGP capability data configured in the network device. A BGP monitoring protocol (BMP) module of the network device acquires the enabled BGP capability by using a BGP message. According to the solution of the embodiment, the network device obtains all BGP capabilities configured in the network device and sends all the BGP capabilities to a monitoring server, so that the monitoring server can fully understand actual capability supported by the entire network, further providing an effective basis for deployment of and decision on the entire network.

Abstract: A method for ensuring data quality integrity on a magnetic tape includes the steps of writing object data to the magnetic tape; dividing the object data into a plurality of data chunks; generating a hash tree from the plurality of data chunks, the hash tree being formed in a plurality of levels, the hash tree including (i) a plurality of chunk hashes wherein a separate chunk hash is generated for each of the plurality of data chunks, and (ii) at least one second level hash that is generated from concatenation of at least two of the plurality of chunk hashes; and checking integrity of a first data chunk of the plurality of data chunks by evaluating at least one of the plurality of chunk hashes and the at least one second level hash.

Abstract: A pixel-controlled LED light includes a plurality of LED modules and a controller. Each LED module includes at least one LED and a LED drive apparatus. The LED drive apparatus burns an ordinal number according to connection sequence thereof. The controller defines the ordinal number of the LED module as a target number, and sequentially transmits a plurality of light mode data whose number is greater than or equal to the target number to each of the LED modules. Each of the LED drive apparatuses sequentially receives each of the light mode data and counts sequence of the light mode data. If the sequence of the light mode data is equal to the ordinal number of the LED drive apparatus, the LED drive apparatuses identify the light mode data, and after identifying the light mode data, the LED drive apparatuses control the corresponding at least one LED.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure involve systems, methods, computer program products, and the like, for controlling a congestion window (CWND) value of a communication session of a CDN. In particular, a content server may analyze a request to determine or receive an indication of the type of content being requested. The content server may then set the initial CWND based on the type of content being requested. For example, the content server may set a relatively high CWND value for requested content that is not particularly large, such as image files or text, so that the data of the content is received at the client device quickly. For larger files or files that a have a determined smaller urgency, the initial CWND may be set at a lower value to ensure that providing the data of the content does not congest the link between the devices.

Abstract: A patient record gateway of an electronic health record system can be validated using a conformance statement that defines capabilities and characteristics of patient record servers associated with the gateway. Part of validating the patient record gateway includes performing a configuration test of the patient record gateway using the conformance statement.

Abstract: Systems and methods for broadcasting events are provided. The system, for example, may include, but is not limited to, a communication system, a memory, and a processor. The processor may be configured to receive, from the communication system, a session identifier identifying a broadcast session and at least one application event corresponding to the broadcast session from a presenting electronic device, update a playback queue corresponding to the broadcast session stored in the memory based upon the received at least one application event, receive, from the communication system, a subscription request to the broadcast session from at least one subscribing electronic device, and transmit, via the communication system, a corresponding playback queue to each electronic device subscribed to the broadcast session, the playback queue including instructions to regenerate the application event within an application operating on the at least one subscribing electronic device.

Abstract: Aspects of the technology described herein are directed towards systems, methods, and computer storage media for, among other things, converting a video stream being transmitted in a first streaming protocol to a second streaming protocol without transcoding the content communicated in the video stream. For example, the technology described herein may convert an RTP video stream to a non-RTP video stream without transcoding. The technology described herein extracts a plurality of media content from an RTP package and repackages the extracted content into a non-RTP streaming protocol, such as WebRTC or HLS. Moreover, the technology described herein can provide for the synchronization of video and audio data during conversion.

Abstract: Network devices that are inserted inline into network links and process in-transit packets may significantly improve their packet-throughput performance by not assigning L3 IP addresses and L2 MAC addresses to their network interfaces and thereby process packets through a logical fast path that bypasses the slow path through the operating system kernel. When virtualizing such Bump-In-The-Wire (BITW) devices for deployment into clouds, the network interfaces must have L3 IP and L2 MAC addresses assigned to them. Thus, packets are processed through the slow path of a virtual BITW device, significantly reducing the performance. By adding new logic to the virtual BITW device and/or configuring proxies, addresses, subnets, and/or routing tables, a virtual BITW device can process packets through the fast path and potentially improve performance accordingly. For example, the virtual BITW device may be configured to enforce a virtual path (comprising the fast path) through the virtual BITW device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods for detecting faults in a distributed computing network system. The method includes receiving, from a management services, authority information identifying peer computing devices of a distributed computing network system. For each respective peer computing device, a first message comprising a first instance of a dataset and a second message comprising a second instance of the dataset are received. Where the first peer computing device and the second peer computing device have authority over the data set, it is determined whether the first instance of the dataset matches the second instance of the dataset. Where the first instance of the dataset does not match the second instance of the dataset, a fault message is sent to the management services indicating that a fault has been detected at the first peer computing device.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are described for enabling the lookup of metadata on the Internet, from a centralized system. The present invention offers a Link Metadata System (“LMS”), available on the Internet, of information associated with any given, specific Internet domain and URL or URI path combination (the “link”). Software browsing user agents are configured with the ability to request information from the LMS and perform actions based on the received information which can include navigation. The invention provides for receiving a request for information at a lookup server, looking up information, using the URI, in a lookup server, and sending a response with a payload of the requested information.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for processing of requests of a single page application in an application server. The method includes receiving a request from a component of a single page application from a user device, getting a page identifier (ID) from the request, getting a user ID from the request, and searching a cache lookup table for a cache entry associated with the page ID. When no cache entry for the page ID is found in the cache lookup table, a new cache entry is created in the cache lookup table for processing of the request, and the request is processed using the new cache entry to generate a response. When a cache entry for the page ID is found in the cache lookup table, the user ID from the request is compared to a user ID in the cache entry, and when the user IDs match, the request is processed using the found cache entry to generate the response; and the response is sent to the single page application on the user device.

Abstract: A capture and distribution method for coordinating commands produced by input/output devices of a first and a second remote client associated with the same computer session running on a host computer, implements the following operations from the host computer: sending the same sequence of identifiable time marks to each remote client; receiving and temporarily storing the commands coming from the first and second remote clients for a storage duration, each command being associated with a coordination datum linking an instant at which the command was produced to a time mark; sequencing the commands received during the storage duration according to their associated coordination datum; and successively delivering the sequenced commands to the computer session.

Abstract: A computer has a processor and a memory connected to the processor. The memory stores instructions executed by the processor to receive a real time communication request from a client device and perform an evaluation of the number of client devices associated with the real time communication request. The evaluation results in the coordination of peer-to-peer communications in the event of two client devices and an attempt to host a real time communication session using a first protocol in the event of three or more client devices. A second protocol for the real time communication session is invoked in the event that the attempt to host the real time communication session using the first protocol is unsuccessful.

Abstract: Systems, computer-readable media and methods for aggregating data items from an out-of-order data stream over a sliding window efficiently. The method delays the value aggregation for certain time windows and computes partial aggregations that can be reused for the multiple time windows. Aggregations may have any value type such as Boolean, integer, strings, floating point, vector and map.

Abstract: A profile optimizing method is provided for a downstream channel transmission of active subcarriers to user devices. The method includes steps of receiving channel measurement data from each user device for each subcarrier, calculating a maximum bit-loading value for each user device per subcarrier, grouping the user devices into a plurality of clusters based on a proximity of the maximum bit-loading values of a first user device to those of a second user device within the particular cluster, assigning each user device within the particular cluster to a single cluster profile. A plurality of single cluster profiles for the plurality of clusters forms a set of cluster profiles. The method further includes steps of determining a channel capacity ratio for the set of cluster profiles, and combining at least two single profiles of the set of cluster profiles into a coalesced profile pair.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method, a server, a client, and a system for sharing content. The method includes: obtaining sharing request submitted by the client, the sharing request including a destination website to be shared; obtaining sharing content of the destination website according to the destination website; processing the content of the destination website, and generating an accessible address corresponding to the content of the destination website; and sending the accessible address corresponding to the content of the destination website to the client, such that the client replaces the destination website by using the accessible address and sends a sharing message including the accessible address. The method, the server, the client, and the system can be directed to increase efficiency of visiting sharing content.

Abstract: Provided are a link capacity adjustment method and device. The method includes: a node device obtains a latency of a Physical Layer (PHY) for link capacity adjustment of a Flex Ethernet (FlexE) group; and clock offsets of all the PHYs in the FlexE group are aligned according to the obtained latency. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the clock offsets of all the PHYs in the FlexE group are aligned, thereby preventing data loss caused by the clock offsets of the PHYs in the FlexE group during link capacity adjustment.

Abstract: A method, a system, and a non-transitory computer readable record medium for expressing an emotion in a conversation message using a gesture are provided. A message expression method may include: receiving a message that is entered in a message input area of a chatroom; obtaining animation information based on an input applied to the message in the message input area; modifying the message based on the animation information; and displaying the modified message in a chat view area of the chatroom in response to receiving a message send request.

Abstract: A method of managing an intermittent network includes, with a local network manager executed by a processor of a local server, managing at least one local client device to use the local server as a proxy server. The method includes, with an internet connection manager executed by the processor of the local server, transferring data between an internet and the local server based on a quality and speed of a connection to the internet, and, with an update manager, sending data downloaded from the internet by the local server to the local client device. The method includes, with an analytics manager, retrieving analytics data from the local client device. The local server restricts the local client device from accessing the internet through the local server.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to implementing inter-application communication in a peer-to-peer fashion via a lease-based central registry. The central registry is configured to maintain application-layer routing information and to perform load balancing of the inter-application communication. A first application of a plurality of applications may send a lease request identifying the second application to the central registry. The first application receives a lease response that identifies a specific instance of a second application within a plurality of computing nodes and includes a resource allocation defining one or more limits on inter-application communication that the first application is permitted to perform with the specific instance of the second application.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of managing tenants on a multi-tenant SIP server system has at least two multi-tenant enabled SIP server instances in an SIP server cloud or private datacenter environment. Each SIP server instance of the plurality of SIP server instances is configured as a virtual application. The method contains the steps of initially configuring a first tenant on a first SIP server instance, monitoring the capacity of the first SIP server instance, and monitoring the capacity of a second SIP server instance. The monitoring of the first and second SIP server instances is carried out by monitoring at least one predetermined capacity-relevant value. When the at least one predetermined capacity-relevant value exceeds a predetermined threshold value indicating that capacity resources are low on the first SIP server instance, then the first tenant is moved from the first SIP server instance to the second SIP server instance.

Abstract: Wireless communications systems and methods relate to an automatic transmission scheme for a de-prioritized protocol data unit (PDU) when the originally assigned configured grant for the PDU is de-prioritized due to channel conflicts. Specifically, a user equipment may obtain a PDU for transmission over a first configured grant physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) instance. The UE may then detect de-prioritization information that the first configured grant PUSCH instance is de-prioritized due to channel overlapping, and then automatically transmit the PDU originally associated with the first configured grant PUSCH instance over a second configured grant PUSCH instance.

Abstract: A method for managing data processing includes receiving, from a user of a data query system, a data query for data stored in a data store in communication with the data query system. The method also includes receiving a staleness parameter indicating an upper time boundary for the data query. The upper time boundary limits a query response to data within the data store that is older than the upper time boundary. The method further includes determining whether the data stored within the data store satisfies the staleness parameter. When a portion of the data within the data store fails to satisfy the staleness parameter, the method includes generating the query response that excludes the portion of the data that fails to satisfy the staleness parameter.

Abstract: USB traffic is intercepted between a USB device and a computer system. It is determined whether the USB device has previously had a policy associated with it as to whether USB traffic from the device should be blocked, allowed, or sanitized. In response to not having a previous policy for the USB device, a request is made for a user to be prompted to provide a policy of one of block, allow, or sanitize for the USB device. In response to a user-provided-policy, one of the following are performed: blocking the traffic, allowing the traffic, or sanitizing the traffic between the USB device and the computer system. Apparatus, methods, and computer program products are disclosed.

Abstract: A programmable network interface for a server includes at least one memory storing connection parameters for previously active Non-Volatile Memory express over Fabric (NVMeoF) connections with different NVMe nodes. An NVMeoF connection request is received from an NVMe node, and it is determined whether the NVMe node is associated with connection parameters stored in the at least one memory. In response to determining that the NVMe node is associated with connection parameters stored in the at least one memory, a new NVMeoF connection is established for communicating with the NVMe node using the stored connection parameters. In one aspect, an address space of the server is partitioned, and an NVMe request queue is assigned to each partition of the address space. At least one address is identified in a received NVMeoF message, and an NVMe request queue is determined for performing an NVMe request included in the NVMeoF message.

Abstract: A radio telescope array is provided for tracking radio sources that are essentially infinitely stable and resilient transmitters. The radio telescope array may be implemented with just a few antennas in different applications, such as an ionospheric density gradiometer or an imaging scintillometer. Data received at the radio telescope array may be utilized for various purposes, for example, to analyze ionospheric variations, study bursts of radio emission or monitor cosmic objects.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are system, method, and computer program product aspects for multiple instance Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS or ISIS) for a multi-area fabric. A network area in a multi-area fabric includes one or more network nodes and a boundary node shared with an other network area of the multi-area fabric outside of the network area. The boundary node can include a first ISIS instance associated with the network area and a second ISIS instance associated with the other network area. The second ISIS instance can be configured to pass information associated with the other network area to the first ISIS instance.

Abstract: A node (110) of a communication network forwards a first data packet (301) from a server (150) to a client (10). Further, the node detects a congestion affecting the first data packet (301). Further, the node (110) generates at least one second data packet (306) addressed to the server (150). The at least one second data packet (306) indicates the detected congestion and comprises verification information enabling the server (150) to verify that the indicated congestion relates to the first data packet (301).

Abstract: Systems and methods for establishing a secure connection are described. A server receives a plurality of routing tokens for establishing a service connection between a service node and the server along a network path through a plurality of network devices. The routing tokens can be validated by a corresponding network device. The server transmits a packet including the routing tokens to a first network device. The first network device validates a first routing token associated therewith, then directs the packet along the network path to a second network device, and so forth, until each of the network device receives and validates their routing token. The server establishes a cryptographic context between the service node and server for establishing a secure channel between the service node and the server. The server transmits a service node routing token to the service node via the secure channel for validation.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus for controlling a plurality of nodes mutually coupled via a plurality of cables, the apparatus includes: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor being configured to cause a first node to execute first processing to extract coupling relationship between the plurality of nodes, the first node being one of the plurality of nodes, being sequentially allocated from each of the plurality of nodes, the first processing including executing allocation processing that allocates unique coordinate information to the first node and allocates common coordinate information to nodes excluding the first node; executing transmission processing that causes the first node to transmit first information to each of the cables coupled to the first node; and executing identification processing that identifies a node having received the first information as neighboring node coupled to one of the plurality of cables coupled to the first node.

Abstract: The present invention reduces the time required for inspecting packets and detecting unauthorized commands. An intrusion prevention device (3) is connected to a communication network (9-1) in which a packet including a command for a device to be controlled is transmitted according to a predetermined rule. An analysis table storage part (34) stores an analysis table comprised of a predetermined number of slots for storing a predetermined number of commands together with time information. An input part (31) extracts the command from the packet detected from the communication network (9-1). A parse part (32) inserts the command into the analysis table. An analysis part (33) analyzes whether or not the plurality of commands stored in the respective slots of the analysis table follow the predetermined rule. A notification part (35) outputs an alarm when an analysis result indicates an abnormality. An output part (36) determines whether to pass or discard the packet according to the analysis result.

Abstract: A data processing method, a device, and a system, for performing different processing on data packets of varying degrees of importance in a same service flow, where the data processing method includes: A first device receiving a first data packet from a third device, where the first data packet carries transmission requirement indication information of the first data packet, where the first device is any intermediate device between a source device and a target device that correspond to the first data packet, and where the third device is a previous-hop device adjacent to the first device on a transmission path from the source device to the target device; the first device determining, based on the transmission requirement indication information of the first data packet, a processing policy corresponding to the first data packet; and the first device processing the first data packet according to the processing policy.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system, and computer readable storage medium provide the ability to identify an internet connected household (ICH). An Internet Protocol (IP) address is received at an Internet entity. Determinations are made regarding whether device activity from the IP address does not exceed a defined activity threshold and whether an IP assignment age for the IP address is greater than a defined threshold age. Based on the determinations, the IP address can be identified as belonging to an ICH or not.

Abstract: An improved network architecture for minimizing latency of preparing and sending data to a network over a physical medium. A system for communicating messages over a network may create and store ready-to-send data packets in a data buffer next to or as close as possible, either physically and/or logically, to a MAC component. The MAC component may then receive the data packet directly from the data buffer and encapsulate the data packet into a frame suitable for transmission to the network. The data packet is modifiable while being stored in the data buffer prior to transmission to the network.

Abstract: A communications network may be used to convey Short Message Service (SMS) messages using the Internet Protocol (IP). User equipment may transmit an SMS-over-IP Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) message to wireless equipment over a high-bandwidth communications link. The wireless equipment may route the SMS-over-IP SIP message to the ePDG. When the high-bandwidth link is unavailable, the user equipment may transmit a compressed message to the proxy server over a low-bandwidth communications link. The proxy server may convert the compressed message into an SMS-over-IP SIP message that is transmitted to the ePDG. The proxy server may serve as a proxy for the first user equipment from the perspective of the ePDG. This may allow SMS message data to continue to be conveyed through the communications network even when the high-bandwidth communications link becomes unavailable.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are described for a sensor designed to connect to and monitor devices in an ecosystem. In some implementations, a system monitors a property that includes the sensor configured to generate sensor data reflecting an attribute of the property. The sensor includes a host board that generates the sensor data and a core board connected to the host board. The core board identifies a type of the host board and communicates with a monitor control unit. The monitor control unit receives a request for firmware associated with the type of the host board from the sensor. In response, the monitor control unit accesses the firmware and transmits the firmware to the sensor. The core board of the sensor receives the firmware and stores the firmware. The core board receives the sensor data from the host board and transmits the sensor data to the monitor control unit.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for conducting wireless communication are provided. One method includes identifying a location of a device and obtaining spectrum usage data from a database. The spectrum usage data indicates a licensed entity licensed within an area including the location of the device to communicate across a first sub-band of frequencies within a frequency band, and one or more transmission characteristics of the transmissions of the licensed entity. The method further includes determining beam steering characteristics for wireless transmissions of the device within the frequency band using the spectrum usage data. The beam steering characteristics are determined using the transmission characteristics for the licensed entity and configured to reduce interference with the transmissions of the licensed entity within the frequency band caused by the wireless transmissions of the device.

Abstract: A packet processing technique can include selecting a protocol field from the packet, and performing a comparison of the selected protocol field with comparison data in a compare logic array to output a protocol index. The protocol index can be used as an address to read parsing commands from a parse control table, and a parse result can be generated based on executing the parsing commands on the packet. The parse results are used to derive a parse result vector, which can be used by a forwarding engine to forward the packet.

Abstract: It is possible to appropriately avoid erroneous call disconnection between interconnected networks at a low cost without modifying an apparatus in the network. A disconnection monitoring termination apparatus 1 is connected between a first network 100 for monitoring for inability to communicate RTP packets in a second network 200 by using a disconnection monitoring timer and the second network for accommodating terminals that do not send a hold signal, monitors for the inability to communicate the RTP packets in the second network 200 by using the disconnection monitoring timer for second network monitoring having a value smaller than a value of the disconnection monitoring timer of the first network 100, and when detecting the inability to communicate the RTP packets in the second network 200, the disconnection monitoring termination apparatus 1 sends an UPDATE request or a re-INVITE request including an SDP offer in which a direction attribute of “a=recvonly” is set, to the first network 100.

Abstract: A system adaptably directs packet flows to packet processing elements based on OSI layer characteristics and, when necessary, inspection of data payloads. Characteristics of parsed data flows are identified. A comparison ensues. Upon recognition of a match, the entirety of the packet flow is directed to a linked packet processing element. When a match does not occur, the packet flow is directed to a second analysis tier whereby data payloads of the flow are examined. Characteristics from the data payload analysis are compared to entries in a database. Upon a match being recognized the matching packet flow is directed to the packet processing element. Features of packet flow having undergone data payload analysis are captured and used to update the database of prior associations so that any subsequent receipt of similar packet flows will be forwarded to the linked packet processing element without having to conduct a data payload analysis.

Abstract: A method, a data protection module and a network system for protecting data of an electronic device, on which sensitive data are recorded or supplied; the sensitive data being processed by external services, in particular, Internet services. The data protection module is used for automatically computing data protection configurations for the device on the basis of device metadata and service metadata.

Abstract: An interworking gateway for X2 interface communication is disclosed, comprising: an X2 internal interface for communicating with, and coupled to, a plurality of radio access networks (RANs) using a X2AP protocol; a database for associating each of the plurality of RANs with support status for an X2AP protocol version; an X2AP interworking broker for determining, based on communications with each of the plurality of RANs via the X2 internal interface, the support status for an X2AP protocol version for each of the plurality of RANs, the communications further comprising an observed response to a X2AP message of a first X2AP protocol version; and an X2 external interface for communicating with, and coupled to, a destination outside of the plurality of RANs.