Abstract: A composite particle and a population of particles comprising a water-insoluble polyphosphate composition, methods of producing, and methods of using the same are provided. The polyphosphate composition may comprise at least one alkaline earth metal selected from calcium and magnesium and optionally at least one nutrient ion selected from the group consisting of potassium, ammonium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, boron, chlorine, iodine, molybdenum, selenium or sulfur.

Abstract: A method for producing coated water-soluble particles in a manner to form two or more coating layers on surfaces of the water-soluble particles, characterized by including: a step A wherein after supplying a first coating material that contains a polyol component and an isocyanate component, a second coating material is additionally supplied to surfaces of first coating bodies that have coating layers formed of the first coating material that has not been sufficiently cured, so that second coating bodies that are provided with coating layers of the second coating material are obtained.

Abstract: Agricultural blends are described. The agricultural blend includes synthetic gypsum having ammonium sulfate and a by-product of slag, the slag being selected from the group consisting of steel slag, stainless steel slag, alloy steel slag, carbon steel slag, and phosphate slag. Additionally or alternatively, the agricultural blend is delivered to soil, is a mineral soil amendment, is a soil conditioner, is a liming agent, is an additive to increase soil pH, is an additive to decrease metal toxicity, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a coating composition for a fertilizer comprising at least 50 wt % of a cross-linked lipid; and less than 0.20 wt %, relative to the total weight of the lipid, of a catalyst for cross-linking an unsaturated lipid. The cross-linked lipid has a viscosity at 20 degree Celsius (° C.) in the range of 110 and 800 mPa·s.

Abstract: A request routing circuit includes m inputs for receiving m input request signals and n outputs for outputting a set of n output request signals. A routing subsystem within the request routing circuit is provided between the m inputs and the n outputs and comprises k inputs and n outputs, where m is greater than k, and where the routing subsystem is configured to operate over a plurality (m/k, rounded up to the next integer) of cycles to provide the set of n output request signals based on the m inputs to the n outputs.

Abstract: Multiple-component fertilizer materials and methods of use are provided, wherein the fertilizer materials include first and second fertilizer products respectively including an ammoniacal fertilizer (e.g., urea) in combination with a partial calcium salt of a selected copolymer, and a phosphorous fertilizer (e.g., DAP) in combination with a partial sodium salt of a selected copolymer. The copolymer fractions of the first and second fertilizer products are most preferably copolymers of itaconic acid and maleic anhydride. The fertilizer materials give synergistically enhanced crop yields when applied to soil or growing plants.

Abstract: Abstract Provided is a freely flowing particulate fertilizer essentially consisting of potassium phosphate of the formula K3H3(PO4)2 and of less than 8 wt % water. The stable and not caking fertilizer is characterized by an XRD signal corresponding to 2-theta of about 70°. An economic process for making the fertilizer is also provided.

Abstract: A water-dispersible particle is provided that includes organic origin potash in an amount ranging from 5% to 99.9% by weight of the total dry weight of the particle. A binder component is present in an amount from 1% to 95% by weight. The organic origin potash and the binder component on that contact with water causes particle dispersion into more than 100 pieces. A process for making a water-dispersible particle includes mechanical aggregation of the potash into a pellet. A binder component is present in the particle in an amount ranging from 1% to 95% by weight. The potash and the binder component are present in a form such that contact with water causes particle dispersion into more than 100 pieces. The pellet is then dried and ready to be applied.

Abstract: A coating oil composition and methods of using the composition for dust control is provided. The coating oil comprises utilizing a by-product from the manufacture of biodiesel and/or fatty alkyl esters, wherein the by-product comprises C6-C24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, C6-C24 saturated and unsaturated fatty acid salts, methyl esters, ethyl esters and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A method for controlling a hybrid powertrain system selectively operative in one of a plurality of operating range states including an engine includes monitoring an operator torque request and a rotational speed of the output member, determining inertial effects of the transmissions, determining motor torque outputs from the electrical machines and an engine based upon the inertial effects, and selecting a preferred operating range state and a preferred input speed from the engine to the transmission based upon the operator torque request and the inertial effects.

Abstract: Provided is a freely flowing particulate fertilizer essentially consisting of potassium phosphate of the formula K3H3(PO4)2 and of less than 8 wt % water. The stable and not caking fertilizer is characterized by an XRD signal corresponding to 2-theta of about 70°. An economic process for making the fertilizer is also provided consisting in reacting KOH and monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) in water, heating the mixture under vacuum and cooling it down, thereby obtaining the particulate fertilizer.

Abstract: The present invention provides fertilizer compositions comprising calcium and magnesium phosphates together with alkali metal double phosphates, and process for their preparation. The solid composition is freely flowing and well soluble.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for depositing agents relatively deep within pores of bio-char. Bio-char is first produced in an airtight oven by heating biomass feedstock. The bio-char is then cooled and steam is diffused into the pores of the bio-char. The steam-laden bio-char is immersed in a liquid bath containing soluble agents that are to be deposited in the pores of the bio-char. The liquid bath cools the char to below the condensation temperature of the steam, whereupon the condensing steam generates a partial vacuum within the pores, drawing the liquid into the pores. The bio-char is then removed from the liquid bath and dried so that the liquid within the pores evaporates, leaving behind the soluble agent. Accordingly, the invention yields bio-char that has soluble agent embedded relatively deep within its pores.

Abstract: Blends of fertilizer granules and highly absorbent cellulosic granules carrying one or more pesticidal or other active ingredients that resist the formation of actives dust or segregation of the granules and that ensure even and efficient application of both the fertilizer and the active ingredients.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a motor vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine and a first electronic control unit (48) for controlling the engine depending on the setting of a manual throttle, an electronic control unit (45) for controlling the transmission, depending on a set position of a manual gear selector (46). The invention is characterized in that one of the control units is disposed, with fed-in parameters and thus at least knowledge of the target speed of the vehicle, the surrounding topology and the throttle opening position, to reduce the throttle opening, in those cases where the vehicle, relative to the target speed, has a speed below target speed and gravity can subsequently accelerate the vehicle. In a similar manner, the kinetic energy of the vehicle is used, in those cases where the vehicle has an above target speed and gravity can subsequently retard the vehicle.

Abstract: A method of producing chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is described which employs Urea as a reducing agent to reduce alkaline chlorate (NaClO3 or KClO3) in a mineral acid medium. The method of the invention can, for example, by means of a very high transfer rate, be used to reduce over 90% of the reactant, alkaline chlorate, to the product, chlorine dioxide. Furthermore, ClO2 product purity is accomplished, for example, over 95%. The mother solution of the reaction can then be processed, for example, to produce other useful inorganic salts, including potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and the like, and/or compound fertilizer resulting in useful chemical products rather than toxic waste. Accordingly, the method of the invention provides for efficient, cost effective, and safe production of ClO2 as well as inorganic salts and/or compound fertilizer.

Abstract: A fertilizer compound having a glass matrix comprises, among the forming oxides of the glass matrix, a phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) as partial and/or full replacement of silica (SiO2); among the modifier oxides of the said glass matrix, a potassium oxide (K2O) as partial and/or full replacement of sodium oxide (Na2O); and one or more trace elements.

Abstract: A composition of matter is provided which comprises a peat material and an added source of nitrogen, said added source of nitrogen consisting of one of urea, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate and ammonia. A composition such as this may be used in a process for making a peat fertilizer in the form of granulars.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stable, concentrated aqueous fertilizer suspension, which can be diluted with water to provide a working solution. The suspension contains 10 to 60% by weight of water and 40 to 90% by weight of a plant nutrient composition based on at least a calcium, and/or a magnesium and a phosphate ion, and the suspension comprises at least one plant nutrient containing water-insoluble solid particles with a particle size less than 50 .mu.m, the pH of the suspension being in the range of 0.5 to less than 2.

Abstract: A process for the separation of ammonia dissolved in a gaseous solvent is used to recover ammonia during the production of ammonia from a synthesis gas. The process may be used to extract and recover ammonia in either the supercritical region or the subcritical region. The process can be used to remove ammonia from synthesis gas, or other gaseous solvents, by removing ammonia whose chemical potential decreases as the density of the solvent increases. The process utilizes a sorbent to remove the ammonia followed by an in situ regeneration of the sorbent and recovery of the ammonia. Typically, a gaseous solvent containing the ammonia is passed through a bed of sorbent to sorb the ammonia onto the bed of sorbent, thereby producing a purified gaseous solvent. At least a portion of the gaseous solvent is then acted upon to increase its solvent capacity for the ammonia.

Abstract: Water-buoyant compositions comprising a source of micronutrients for photosynthetic phytoplankton growth are useful for stimulating photosynthetic phytoplankton growth in ocean areas devoid of such growth when deployed on ocean surfaces as floating particles. Iron is the preferred micronutrient.

Abstract: The invention relates to a stable aqueous fertilizer suspension suitable for drip irrigation, which suspension contains 5-55% by weight water and 45-95% by weight of one or several plant-nutrient containing substances, of which at least one contains water-insoluble solid particles, the particle size of the solid particles contained in the suspension being less than 50 .mu.m and the pH of the suspension being within the range 2-7. The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of this suspension.

Abstract: A composition of matter is provided which comprises a peat material and an added source of nitrogen, said added source of nitrogen consisting of one of urea, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate and ammonia. A composition such as this may be used in a process for making a peat fertilizer in the form of granulars.

Abstract: A liquid fertilizer blends containing alkanoic acids are safely and conveniently applied to young plants or seeds in a dry form. This dry form is generally a granular carrier and facilitates the application of said fertilizers in conjunction with other agrichemicals which are being applied concurrently. Furthermore, this fertilizer has unexpected release characteristics from the granule.

Abstract: A synthetic soil/fertilizer for horticultural application having all the agronutrients essential for plant growth is disclosed. The soil comprises a synthetic apatite fertilizer having sulfur, magnesium and micronutrients dispersed in a calcium phosphate matrix, a zeolite cation exchange medium saturated with a charge of potassium and nitrogen cations, and an optional pH buffer. Moisture dissolves the apatite and mobilizes the nutrient elements from the apatite matrix and the zeolite charge sites.

Abstract: A synthetic apatite containing agronutrients and a method for making the apatite are disclosed. The apatite comprises crystalline calcium phosphate having agronutrients dispersed in the crystalline structure. The agronutrients can comprise potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, molybdenum, chlorine, boron, copper and zinc in amounts suited for plant growth. The apatite can optionally comprise a carbonate and/or silicon solubility control agent. The agronutrients are released slowly as the apatite dissolves.

Abstract: A controlled slow release potassium divalent metal phosphate composition for agriculture and an effective method of preparing the composition. The cold water insolubilities of each of the contained nutrients are between 35 and 98 percent. The potassium exhibits an Activity Index between 20 and 85. The release of all contained nutrients is substantially complete in one growing season without damage to plant foliage or roots. Divalent metals effectively forming the new composition include magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron, cobalt, and copper. The effective method of preparing the new composition requires the exothermic coreaction of concentrated potassium hydroxide, divalent metal oxide powder, and concentrated phosphoric acid, with a molecular ratio of 1 potassium/1 divalent metal/1 phosphate with the total water content of the initial reaction mixture between 20 and 50 percent, at a maximum temperature between 85.degree. and 150.degree. C.

Abstract: Process for converting phospho-gypsum waste product from the wet process of manufacturing phosphoric acid from phosphate rock by ammoniating said product at a pH of 6.5 or less and adjusting the phosphorus and potassium values of said ammoniated product by addition of one or more sources of potassium and phosphorus.

Abstract: A benzoxazine derivative and a benzothiazine derivative having the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein A is N or a CH group;B is O, S, and SO group or an SO.sub.2 group;W is O, S, a CR.sup.4 R.sup.5 group or an NR.sup.4 group wherein R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a CN group or an NO.sub.2 group;X, Y and Z are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a lower haloalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower alkynyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower hydroxyalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a lower haloalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms; andR.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms and a herbicidal composition containing the compound of the formula (I) as an active ingredient.

Abstract: A controlled slow release fertilizer composition comprising an encapsulated fertilizer, carbon and plaster.

Abstract: The effectiveness of a potassium polyphosphate fertilizer is enhanced resulting in higher intake of phosphorus and potassium into plant tissues and higher crop yields by the foliar application to growing plants of a composition comprising a blend of potassium and ammonium polyphosphates which also contains an effective amount of a protein hydrolysate.

Abstract: A fluid fertilizer composition based essentially on potassium chloride and an ammonium phosphate prepared by a process which comprises comminuting a solid substance containing potassium chloride and ammonium phosphate by grinding in the presence of a saturated solution of solid in a liquid in which the solid has a solubility greater than 1% by weight, the mixture of the solution and the solid being in fluid condition with the solid being a separate phase during grinding and the solution having dissolved therein an additive which is a crystal growth inhibitor for the solid whereby crystal growth is inhibited at both existing crystal surfaces and new crystal surfaces created by the breaking down of relatively coarse particles.

Abstract: Apatite is conventionally made into a fertilizer material by treatment with a strong acid, requiring capital-intensive industry. Hydroxyapatite is treated above 1100.degree. C. with alkali but world reserves are problematic. The invention treats apatite at 900.degree. C. with sodium aluminosilicate/carbonate and siliceous material in quantities to keep the composition in terms of CaO, SiO.sub.2, Na.sub.2 O and P.sub.2 O.sub.5 in or near the ternary system Ca.sub.2 SiO.sub.4 --Ca.sub.3 (PO.sub.4).sub.2 --CaNaPO.sub.4.

Abstract: Storage-stable nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium fertilizer granules and prills are made by adding to a molten or aqueous solution mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate, a particulate potassium salt, typically potassium chloride, in which the particles have an average size no greater than 55 microns and less than 1% by weight of the particles are larger than 150 microns. The potassium salt is added without the need for preheating and at a temperature of between 5.degree. and 40.degree. C. to the mixture where it is simultaneously converted. The resulting mixture is granulated or prilled into NPK fertilizer particles.

Abstract: A process for the granulation of potash salts to produce granules in high yield by the steps of mixing the potash salt with an inorganic phosphate binder and water, granulating the mixture and drying it.

Abstract: Apatite is conventionally made into a fertilizer material by treatment with a strong acid, requiring capital-intensive industry. Hydroxyapatite is treated above 1100 C. with alkali but world reserves are problematic. The invention treats apatite at 900 C. with sodium aluminosilicate/carbonate and siliceous material in quantities to keep the composition in terms of CaO, SiO.sub.2, Na.sub.2 O and P.sub.2 O.sub.5 in or near the ternary system Ca.sub.2 SiO.sub.4 --Ca.sub.3 (PO.sub.4).sub.2 --CaNaPO.sub.4.

Abstract: Low molecular weight alkanoic acids and alkanoate anions thereof, particularly acetic acid and acetate ion, are effective in enhancing the ability of nitrogen fertilizers to promote plant growth and productivity.

Abstract: A plant nutrient solution has been found for bringing about hibernation of plants consisting of approximately 3 grams of calcium nitrate and 2 grams of potassium nitrate per gallon of water, said solution containing no more than trace quantities of phosphate.

Abstract: A stable liquid fertilizer solution containing nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and optionally sulfur is prepared by mixing a water-soluble iron compound with ammonium polyphosphate and water to produce an iron phosphate slurry having a molar ratio of polyphosphate phosphorus to iron of at least about 2:1, adding ammonia to the iron phosphate slurry to produce a solubilized iron complex; and adding an inorganic acid to the iron complex solution. The amount of acid added is generally that which brings the pH of the fertilizer solution to within the range of about 5.5 to 7.0.

Abstract: A one vessel process for manufacturing stable ammonium phosphate fertilizer utilizes a spray reactor in which phosphoric acid is reacted with ammonia to form ammonium phosphate. The ammoniation is conducted under conditions which form sufficient ammonium polyphosphate to stabilize the solution in the liquid condition. The liquid may be stored and transported without substantial solidification or crystalization so that the product may be subsequently used as an ammonium phosphate fertilizer.

Abstract: A process for treating thickened phosphatic clay suspensions produced in the processing of phosphate ore by water beneficiation, and which have a solids content of from about 5% to about 30%. A deflocculating agent is mixed with the suspension to cause deflocculation of the suspension to an extent sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the sludge to a value enabling the deflocculated suspension to be readily pumped from one location to another. The deflocculated suspension is subsequently mixed with an additive compound comprising an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide in an amount sufficient to cause the formation of large silicate molecules with resultant gelling and setting of the sludge into an inert solid material.

Abstract: Langbeinite (2MgSO.sub.4,K.sub.2 SO.sub.4) is reacted with diammonium phosphate (NH.sub.4).sub.2 HPO.sub.4 to yield a dry farm field fertilizer of grade 21-12-7+1.22 Mg.The chemical process is also adjusted for a dry farm field "double cropping" fertilizer.The cost of the basic liquid fertilizer containing Magnesium has been likewise reduced.These fertilizers contain magnesium in the presence of phosphorus.The micronutrients, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and B may be added in rates proportional to the deficiency shown by soil tests.

Abstract: A granulation process for the production of high purity granules of salt material comprising:(a) a wet blend formed by intensively mixing together(i) particles of soluble fine water-soluble salt having a relatively wide size distribution over the range of from about -30 to about +325 screen size (Tyler mesh),(ii) water insoluble particles of about -150 screen size (Tyler mesh) with surface area above 1 M.sup.2 /gr, and(iii) sufficient water or saturated water solution to provide a moisture content of up to about 20% and preferably in the range of from about 5 to 15% by weight of the mixture,(b) granulating the wet blend from (a), preferably by pan granulation, and(c) drying and recovering the granular product.The product comprises a granular salt product which has the properties of high purity (up to 99% salt), uniform size distribution in the range of from about 2 to 4 mm, a crush strength of greater than about 3 lb/granule and generally in the range of from about 5 to 10 lbs.

Abstract: Potassium polyphosphate polymers having ratios of P.sub.2 O.sub.5 to K.sub.2 O which make them suitable as fertilizer products are prepared by reacting potassium fluosilicate also known as potassium silicofluoride with phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid at temperatures of about 250-500.degree. C.

Abstract: Fertilizers with controlled nutrient release produced from the treatment of solid waste with a phosphate to derive paper pulp and precipitated inks, coatings and waxes removed from the paper fibers.

Abstract: A soluble chromate or dichromate is incorporated in a system comprising a metal and an orthophosphate-containing liquid to inhibit corrosion of the system under highly turbulent conditions. The system in which the chromate or dichromate is incorporated is a system in which the metal surface is normally passivated against corrosion by an orthophosphate-containing film; however under the erosive conditions experienced by the system, the phosphate film is destroyed. The incorporation of the chromate or dichromate in the system prevents corrosion under such conditions. In a typical system, a chromate or dichromate is incorporated in an ammonium phosphate solution which is exposed to contact with a ferrous metal.

Abstract: Fertilizer materials, especially potassium dihydrogen phosphate, are produced by the reaction of phosphate rock or a solubilized form thereof, such as mono calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, etc., concentrated sulfuric acid, potassium hydrogen sulfate and, optionally fresh or recycle phosphoric acid, the resulting mixture is filtered to remove the calcium sulfate precipitate and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is recovered from the filtrate, either by concentration and filtration or by extraction with an organic solvent.

Abstract: Embodiment No. 1. Urea phosphate prepared from wet-process phosphoric acid is heated with monopotassium orthophosphate in a mole ratio of 0.25 to 4.0 at 130.degree. to 200.degree. C. to form an ammonium potassium polyphosphate having an average chain length between 1.2 and 2.5. The ammonium potassium polyphosphate is dissolved in aqueous ammonia to yield concentrated fertilizer solutions containing the three major nutrients and over 50 percent total plant food.Embodiment No. 2. Phosphoric acid containing 54 to 76 percent P.sub.2 O.sub.5 is heated with urea (urea:H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 mole ratio 0.5 to 2.0) and monopotassium orthophosphate (urea:KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 mole ratio 0.25 to 4.0) at 130.degree. to 200.degree. C. to form an ammonium potassium polyphosphate having an average chain length between 1.2 and 2.5. The ammonium potassium polyphosphate is dissolved in aqueous ammonia to yield concentrated fertilizer solutions containing the three major nutrients and over 50 percent total plant food.