Abstract: A method and system for managing operational states of database tables within a multiple-database system. If a particular user session issues a query against a target table that causes a data inconsistency, the target table transitions into an errant state and the session will become interrupted. This errant state is then propagated onto any other table associated with the user session. A session-level recovery process can thereafter be executed to repair and restore database tables associated with the interrupted user sessions without the need to take an entire database system offline.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for centralized tape management are provided for databases. A centralized availability machine or disk and tape backup server maintains working backup data for a plurality of database management systems (DBMSs) based on receiving, from each of the plurality of DBMSs, differential incremental updates. The updates may be at the database block level, with an index maintained to identify different versions of the blocks for snapshot recovery. The availability machine then determines a utilization schedule for distributing the working backup data to a plurality of tapes using a plurality of tape drives, and stores the working backup data as archived backup data on the plurality of tapes according to the utilization schedule. By placing each DBMS within a protection policy that indicates criteria to meet business goals with respect to tape backups, the utilization schedule can automatically schedule tape backup jobs with optimized hardware resource assignments.

Abstract: Techniques and mechanisms are provided for storing data in a backup storage system. According to various embodiments, a first blockmap in a backup storage system may be identified. The first blockmap may correspond with a first restore point. The first blockmap may identify a first plurality of data segments. Each of the first plurality of data segments may have associated therewith a respective storage location in the backup storage system. The first blockmap may be compared with a designated storage system state to identify a subset of the first plurality of data segments that each correspond with a respective matching data segment in the designated storage system state. A second blockmap may be stored in the backup storage system. The second blockmap may correspond with a second restore point. The second blockmap may include the identified subset of the first plurality of data segments.

Abstract: Described herein are techniques for storing data in a redundant manner on a plurality of storage units of a storage system. While all of the storage units are operating without failure, only error-correction blocks are stored on a first one of the storage units, while a combination of data blocks and error-correction blocks are stored on a second one of the storage units. Upon failure of the second storage unit, one or more data blocks and one or more error-correction blocks formerly stored on the second storage unit are reconstructed, and the one or more reconstructed data blocks and the one or more reconstructed error-correction blocks are stored on the first storage unit.

Abstract: A computer recovery method for a computer system, the computer system having: a management computer having a processor and a memory; and a computer having a processor, a memory, and a monitoring part for notifying, when an abnormality occurs, the management computer of the abnormality, the management computer being configured to instruct recovery from the abnormality, the computer recovery method having: a first step of obtaining, by the management computer, hardware components and software components of the computer as configuration information; a second step of receiving, by the management computer, notification of an abnormality from the monitoring part of the computer; and a third step of generating, by the management computer, after the notification is received, component string information for identifying a component where the abnormality has occurred from the configuration information.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring liveliness includes a management device which has an application layer where applications are executed. A connection monitor is located other than on the application layer, and the connection monitor is configured to receive requests from clients and deliver the requests to components on the application layer. The components include a generic application monitor which responds to liveliness monitor requests from the clients for all applications monitored, and one or more applications which response to requests to that application.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a log correlation engine that may cross-reference or otherwise leverage existing vulnerability data in an extensible manner to support network vulnerability and asset discovery. In particular, the log correlation engine may receive various logs that contain events describing observed network activity and discover a network vulnerability in response to the logs containing at least one event that matches a regular expression in at least one correlation rule that indicates a vulnerability. The log correlation engine may then obtain information about the indicated vulnerability from at least one data source cross-referenced in the correlation rule and generate a report that the indicated vulnerability was discovered in the network, wherein the report may include the information about the indicated vulnerability obtained from the at least one data source cross-referenced in the correlation rule.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for message reconciliation during disaster recovery in an asynchronous replication system. A message is intercepted at a gateway remote from a primary data center to which the message is being sent. A copy of the message request is stored in a request message history remotely from the primary data center. The message is forwarded to the primary data center. A transaction history of the message request is stored at the primary data center which is mirrored to a disaster recovery site with other data from the primary data center. In response to determining that the primary data center has failed, messages in the request message history are compared with messages in the transaction history as retrieved from the disaster recovery site.

Abstract: A forward counter block may include at least one of a plurality of local counter storage elements for counting events. The forward counter block may also include an update engine, the update engine configured to update an external memory by forwarding a value stored in any of said at lease one of a plurality of local counter storage elements and return a zero value to that local counter storage element, when the value stored in that local counter storage element reaches or surpasses a threshold value.

Abstract: A vehicle system comprises multiple processors and a communication system adapted to run real-time vehicle applications. The system adds new devices, identifies data generated by the new device and identifies another device that can input or output the data. The vehicle system also includes a dynamic configuration system configured to operate on the multiple processors and store critical information about the applications running on the multiple processors. The configuration manager automatically detects an application failure and initiates a reconfiguration process. The configuration manager then downloads from memory the previously stored critical data associated with the failed application and initiates a reboot operation for the failed application.

Abstract: A system and method for selecting individual parameters to transform from text-to-graph and graph-to-text is disclosed. The system includes a display device having a display screen for showing multiple views, including a non-graph view and a graph view. The non-graph view includes a plurality of demarcated portions, each having a graph selection element, a parameter identifier that corresponds to the graph selection element, and a current parameter value that corresponds to the graph selection element. The graph selection element may be selected to show a graph view. The graph view includes a first parameter identifier and a first current parameter value each corresponding to the selected graph selection element, a text selection element, and a graph of multiple parameter values associated with the first parameter identifier. Upon selection of the text selection element, the screen returns to the non-graph view.

Abstract: An archival storage cluster of preferably symmetric nodes includes a data protection management system that periodically organizes the then-available nodes into one or more protection sets, with each set comprising a set of n nodes, where “n” refers to a configurable “data protection level” (DPL). At the time of its creation, a given protection set is closed in the sense that each then available node is a member of one, and only one, protection set. When an object is to be stored within the archive, the data protection management system stores the object in a given node of a given protection set and then constrains the distribution of copies of that object to other nodes within the given protection set. As a consequence, all DPL copies of an object are all stored within the same protection set, and only that protection set. This scheme significantly improves MTDL for the cluster as a whole, as the data can only be lost if multiple failures occur within nodes of a given protection set.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide a technique to manage object based tier to improve allocation of media to unallocated area. In one embodiment, a method of allocating an area of a logical volume to an unallocated area of a virtual volume for a write command comprises: calculating an object location of an object based on the write command and an object allocation information, the write command containing a virtual volume name and a virtual volume address of a virtual volume; selecting a tier from a plurality of tiers based on the calculated object location and an object and tier definition information; selecting a media type from a plurality of media types based on the selected tier and a tier and media definition information; and selecting a logical volume from a plurality of logical volumes based on the virtual volume specified by the write command, the object allocation information, a pool information, and the selected media type.

Abstract: A method, system and computer-usable medium are disclosed for persisting Lightweight Memory Trace (LMT) data across reboots of a system. One or more LMT traces are stored in a predetermined pinned memory area with a server's operating system (OS) through a system reboot. A pointer to each LMT is likewise stored in nonvolatile storage (NVS) at a known memory location. The pointers in NVS point to a page which describes where the LMT trace and other kernel structures are in real memory. During initialization, the OS guards these preserved pages to prevent them from being used. By keeping the current and prior address within NVS, the current LMT and prior traces can be retrieved and processed to determine the cause of the system reboot.

Abstract: Machines, systems and methods for backing up data, the method comprising retrieving identifying information about target data storage volumes from which target data is to be backed up; communicating the identifying information to a proxy application installed on a backup computing system utilized to backup the target data stored on the target data storage volumes, wherein the proxy application uses the identifying information to place the target data storage volumes in a first state in which write operations may not be performed to the target data storage volumes, wherein the proxy application causes snapshots to be taken of the target data storage volumes of a first type and a second type, in response to determining that the target data storage volumes are placed in the first state.

Abstract: A database system may implement database cache survivability across database failures. In various embodiments, a database cache may be maintained independent of a failure of a database. A database cache may be maintained in a non-volatile memory device or maintained in a shared memory segment of system memory. Upon recovery from a database failure, a recovery point may be determined that indicates a consistent state of the database. Cache entries of the database cache inconsistent with the consistent state of the database may be invalidated, and the database cache may be made available for access requests directed toward the database. Valid cache entries from before the database failure may be made available without accessing a back-end data store for the database.

Abstract: A method for performing oilfield operations including collecting a model data set from the oilfield for populating a location of a plurality of locations in a multidimensional data repository, the plurality of locations accessible based on a plurality of dimensions of the multidimensional data repository, performing, using a processor of a computer, analysis of at least the model data set retrieved from the location of the plurality of locations to generate a result, adjusting, using the processor, the multidimensional data repository based on the result, and adjusting the oilfield operations based on the multidimensional data repository.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for reducing bandwidth during the transmission of data between first and second devices over a network. One method includes: receiving a first data request from the first device; generating a first request identifier associated with the first data request; transmitting to the first device a response to the first data request and the first request identifier associated with the first data request; receiving, from the first device, a partial second data request, the partial second data request including the first request identifier associated with the first data request, and a differential between the first data request and the second data request; and constructing, at the second device, a full second data request, based on a comparison between the first data request, fetched using the first request identifier, and the received differential between the first data request and the second data request.

Abstract: Described are techniques for performing indication management. Registration criteria is received that includes information identifying a first set data elements of a first data model about which a subscriber is registered to receive notifications. Operations are performed to a second set of data elements stored in a first table of a database in accordance with a second data model where the operations each modify an existing data element of the first table, add a row to said first table or delete a row from said first table. Information is recorded in a delta table regarding the operations. A query is executed that uses the delta table and the first table to generate a virtual table including information regarding the operations performed. First processing is performed using the virtual table to determine notifications for the subscriber regarding data elements of the first set in accordance with said registration criteria.

Abstract: Embodiments provide systems and methods having an engine that gives stateless applications attributes of a ‘stateful’ process. To accomplish this end, a ‘snapshot’ of a transaction at a given point is taken and persisted until receiving confirmation that the transaction is completed. The snapshot may be a snapshot of data flowing in a stateless messaging system. The snapshot is maintained until confirmation that all intended recipients to which the transaction relates to have completed the steps they need to for the given transaction. The snapshot may be formed into a message and reflowed to an intended recipient to ensure that the recipient receives the message in the event that the initial delivery is unsuccessful.

Abstract: A log structured content addressable deduplicated data storage system may be used to store deduplicated data. Data to be stored is partitioned into data segments. Each unique data segment is associated with a label. The storage system maintains a transaction log. Mutating storage operations are initiated by storing transaction records in the transaction log. Additional transaction records are stored in the log when storage operations are completed. Upon restarting an embodiment of the data storage system, the transaction records from the transaction logs are replayed to recreate the state of the data storage system. The data storage system updates file system metadata with transaction information while a storage operation associated with the file is being processed. This transaction information serves as atomically updated transaction commit points, allowing fully internally consistent snapshots of deduplicated volumes to be taken at any time.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein provide systems and methods for performing video recorder failover. In a particular embodiment, a system includes a first Network Video Recorder (NVR) configured to receive a video stream and record the video stream to a first long-term storage. The system further includes a second NVR configured to receive the video stream and temporarily stores an amount of the video stream in temporary storage. In response to a detection of a failure of the first NVR, the second NVR is configured to record the video stream to the second long-term storage and transfer at least a portion of the video stream stored in the temporary storage corresponding to the amount of time between detection of the failure and when the second NVR began recording the video stream to the second long-term storage.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for detecting fraud and/or misuse of data in a computer environment through generating a rule for monitoring at least one of transactions and activities that are associated with the data. The rule can be generated based on one or more criteria related to the at least one of the transactions and the activities that is indicative of fraud or misuse of the data. The rule can be applied to the at least one of the transactions and the activities to determine if an event has occurred, where the event occurs if the at least one criteria has been met. A hit is stored in the event has occurred and a notification can be provided if the event has occurred. A compilation of hits related to the rule can be provided.

Abstract: An efficient partitioning scheme is provided to improve efficiency of updating a reference list database of a deduplication engine. Transaction objects of a transaction log can be divided into a number of partitioned log files, based on criteria. The transaction objects within each partitioned log file are then sorted in parallel, while maintaining time order of the transaction objects. The present disclosure also provides for dividing database records of a reference list database into multiple tables, such as a master database table and a number of child database tables. The efficient partitioning scheme also provides for processing the transaction objects of each partitioned log file against a respective child table of the reference list database in parallel, such as by updating temporary child tables with information from the transaction objects in parallel. The temporary database tables then replace (the previous version of) the reference list database tables.

Abstract: A method begins with a processing module of a dispersed storage network (DSN) executing a write operation to write a plurality of sets of encoded data slices to DSN memory, where the write operation includes temporarily storing encoded data slices in cache memory. The processing module receives a read request for a portion of the data object and determines whether a decode threshold number of encoded data slices of a set is stored in the cache memory. When less than the decode threshold number of encoded data slices is stored in the cache memory, the processing module retrieves encoded data slices from the DSN memory to obtain the decode threshold number of encoded data slices, decodes the decode threshold number of encoded data slices to recover a corresponding data segment, and outputs the recovered corresponding data segment.

Abstract: A method and system for checkpointing at least one application in an application group. At least one full checkpoint and at least one incremental checkpoint are created for the application in the application group. The at least one incremental application checkpoint is merged against the at least one full application checkpoint, and checkpointing across all applications in the application group is synchronized. A storage checkpoint is taken for at least one of the full checkpoint and the incremental checkpoint, and memory and storage checkpoints are synchronized and consistent.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a user of a communication system includes enabling a first user to initiate monitoring of a second user, automatically monitoring status of activity by the second user on the communication system, and delivering to the first user, one or more of an indication that the second user has added or changed a profile or away message, received a new or updated profile or away message comment, visited an Internet location, engaged in communication device activity, or has generated audio or visual input.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and computing system for generating a frontend snapshot of a primary frontend cache system at a particular point in time. A backend snapshot of a backend storage system coupled to the primary front end cache system is generated at the particular point in time. The front end snapshot of the primary frontend cache system is transferred to a backup frontend cache system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing file-level restoration from a block-based backup file stored on a sequential storage device is described. In one embodiment, a method of processing a backup file to perform file-level restoration from a sequential storage device comprises generating extent information, wherein the extent information pertains to at least one file system object associated with a backup file, wherein the backup file is to be stored on a sequential storage device, wherein the backup file is block-based and processing a backup catalog, wherein the backup catalog indicates locations of various portions of the extent information and is used to restore a file system object.

Abstract: A device and system for management of and access to externally connected peripheral devices by mobile devices. User and/or application data on a mobile device is sent to externally connected peripheral devices. External peripheral devices includes, but are not limited to, printers, scanners, displays, audio interfaces, speakers, network adapters, storage drives, hard drives, and the like. An end user mobile device application interface is installed as an application on a mobile device. Data may be sent directly to a peripheral device, or to a peripherals aggregation device, which may be active or passive.

Abstract: Parallel application checkpoint image compression may be carried out in a parallel computer. The parallel computer may include a plurality of compute nodes, where each node is configured to execute one or more parallel tasks of the parallel application. The parallel tasks may be organized into an operational group for collective communications. In such a parallel computer, checkpoint image compression may include: generating, by each task of the parallel application, an image for checkpointing the parallel application; selecting, by an image management task, one of the images as a base template image; constructing, by the image management task, a binary radix tree, including storing differences between each task's image and the base template image in the binary radix tree; and storing, by the image management task as a checkpoint for the parallel application, the binary radix tree and the base template image, without storing every task's image.

Abstract: A method begins with a processing module determining that storage of data requires updating, wherein the data is stored as a plurality of sets of encoded data slices in DSN memory. For a first type of updating, the processing module increases the total number while maintaining the decode threshold number. The processing module then, for each set of encoded data slices, creates another encoded data slice in accordance with the dispersed storage error encoding function and the increased total number and sends the new encoded data slices to the DSN memory. For a second type of updating, the processing module increases the total number and the decode threshold number. The processing module then recovers the data and encodes it in accordance with the dispersed storage error encoding function using the increased total number and the increased decode threshold number to produce an updated plurality of sets of encoded data slices.

Abstract: Various embodiments are directed towards enabling data writes utilizing a node cache and a logstore stored on a stable storage device. A client device may send data to a node for writing to a parent file. The node may cache the received data prior to writing the data to the parent file. Caching the received data may comprise adding the received data to a node cache and to a logstore. In one embodiment, the node cache may include a coalescer that combines data from a plurality of data writes from the client device to the node prior to writing to the parent file. In some embodiments, the logstore may be mirrored logstore on one or more stable storage devices. The parent file may periodically be updated from the node cache data. After the parent file is updated, the node cache data and the logstore data may be purged.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are techniques for system recovery. It is determined whether a transaction depends on a change committed before a failure. It is further determined whether a transaction conflicts with a change interrupted by the failure.

Abstract: A memory system contains solid state media for storing data and uses volatile memory for storing an indirection table. The indirection table maps client addresses to media addresses in the solid state media. The solid state media also stores metadata summaries maintaining the mappings of the client addresses to the media addresses within the solid state media. A media controller is configured to reconstruct the indirection table in the volatile memory from the metadata summaries stored in the solid state media based on block timestamps identifying when the metadata summaries were stored in the solid state media.

Abstract: In a data recovery circuit, a sampling circuit is configured to sample data using a plurality of sampling clock signals having different phases relative to one another and to output a plurality of sampled data. A recovery data generation circuit is configured to perform a logic operation on the plurality of sampled data and to generate a plurality of intermediate recovery data according to a result of the logic operation. A recovery circuit is configured to check the plurality of intermediate recovery data for existence of an error and to output intermediate recovery data that is error-free, among the plurality of intermediate recovery data, as recovery data.

Abstract: A system including first and second memories and a control module. The first memory stores a first lookup table (LUT) with first metadata. The first metadata maps logical addresses to physical addresses. The first metadata is lost due to an unexpected power down event. The second memory stores an event log and a second LUT with second metadata. The second metadata maps the logical addresses to the physical addresses. The event log includes entries that indicate updated associations between the logical addresses and the physical addresses. The control module, prior to the unexpected power down event, performs segmented flushes that include updating segments of the second metadata with segments of the first metadata.

Abstract: The present specification provides a high availability system. In one aspect a replicator is situated between a plurality of servers and a network. Each server is configured to execute a plurality of identical message processors. The replicator is configured to forward messages to two or more of the identical message processors, and to accept a response to the message as being valid if there is a quorum of identical responses.

Abstract: A dataset is recovered after a server reboot while clients access the dataset. In response to the reboot, not-yet-completed transactions in a log are parsed to create, for each of the dataset blocks modified by these active transactions, a respective block replay list of the active transactions that modify the block. Once the block replay lists have been created, clients may access specified blocks of the dataset after on-demand recovery of the specified blocks. The on-demand recovery is concurrent with a background recovery task that replays the replay lists. To accelerate log space recovery, the parsing of the log inserts each replay list into a first-in first-out queue serviced by multiple replay threads. The queue can also be used as the cache writeback queue, so that the cache index is used for lookup of the replay list and the recovery state of a given block.

Abstract: A memory module stores working data that includes data units. A storage system stores recovery data that includes sets of one or more data units. Transferring data units between the memory module and the storage system includes: maintaining an order among the data units included in the working data, the order defining a first contiguous portion and a second contiguous portion; and, for each of multiple time intervals, identifying any data units accessed from the working data during the time interval, and adding to the recovery data a set of two or more data units including: one or more data units from the first contiguous portion including any accessed data units, and one or more data units from the second contiguous portion including at least one data unit that has been previously added to the recovery data.

Abstract: Machines, systems and methods for recovering data objects in a distributed data storage system, the method comprising storing one or more replicas of a first data object on one or more clusters in one or more data centers connected over a data communications network; recording health information about said one or more replicas, wherein the health information comprises data about availability of a replica to participate in a restoration process; calculating a query-priority for the first data object; querying, based on the calculated query-priority, the health information for the one or more replicas to determine which of the one or more replicas is available for restoration of the object data; calculating a restoration-priority for the first data object based on the health information for the one or more replicas; and restoring the first data object from the one or more of the available replicas, based on the calculated restoration-priority.

Abstract: An approach is described for managing error logs and corresponding error descriptors among a plurality of controller nodes of a distributed network fabric. According to such approach, an error log may include output from a runtime code trace. The runtime code trace may include storing trace statements from a currently running process in one or more of a plurality of trace buffers. The trace buffers may be memory-mapped circular buffers. Additionally, an error descriptor may be created from the error log. A globally unique identifier may be assigned to the error descriptor, and both the error descriptor and the globally unique identifier may be broadcast to each other controller node among the plurality of controller nodes.

Abstract: Files related to shipping transactions are received from participants. Each of the files are processed in a first stage of a multi-stage process that includes attempting to translate the files to generate a translated file and storing an error status for each file in which the translation experienced an error. For those files that are successfully translated, they are processed in subsequent stage(s) including applying application rule(s) to those files and storing an error status for those translated files resulting in an error. A participant may view a summary of those translated files that are associated with an error status. The participant may further view details of an error to be displayed and retrieve the underlying file. The participant may edit the file to correct the issue and republish the modified file to be reprocessed in the stage of the multi-stage process that identified the error.

Abstract: An approach is described for managing error logs and corresponding error descriptors among a plurality of controller nodes of a distributed network fabric. According to such approach, an error log may include output from a runtime code trace. The runtime code trace may include storing trace statements from a currently running process in one or more of a plurality of trace buffers. The trace buffers may be memory-mapped circular buffers. Additionally, an error descriptor may be created from the error log. A globally unique identifier may be assigned to the error descriptor, and both the error descriptor and the globally unique identifier may be broadcast to each other controller node among the plurality of controller nodes.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a system and method for enabling SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) based Network Management System to correlate and control sequence of recovery actions to be performed and dynamically change the recovery action sequence across various systems/platforms/devices. Disclosed is a system for taking sequence of dynamic recovery actions in network management system upon occurrence of a fault, in one aspect of the present invention. The system includes an action definition repository containing a sequence of recovery actions for the fault in a particular business scenario. The action definition repository is initialized and updated for every new scenario. The system further includes an action sequence engine being capable of reading the recovery sequence listed in the action definition repository for the fault in the particular business scenario.

Abstract: A dataset is concurrently recovered after a server crash while the dataset is actively used for servicing client requests. In response to a reboot, records of not-yet-completed transactions in a transaction log are parsed to create a graph of dependencies between the transactions. Once this graph has been created, clients may access a specified block of the dataset after on-demand recovery of the specified block. The on-demand recovery is concurrent with a background recovery task that replays the not-yet-completed transactions in time order. The on-demand recovery uses the dependency graph to replay any and all transactions that support recovery of the specified block, so that recovery of the specified block includes update of other blocks to be consistent with the recovered block in accordance with the not-yet-completed transactions.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) feedback in a wireless communication system are provided. A method for the ARQ feedback at a receiving end includes when receiving an ARQ block from the transmitting end, checking for error in the ARQ block, when the ARQ block has no error, initializing and driving a timer used for determining whether to perform the ARQ feedback according to reception of a next ARQ block, when receiving the next ARQ block without error before the timer expires, initializing and driving the timer, and when the timer expires, performing the ARQ feedback in relation to at least one ARQ block received without error.

Abstract: A state information recording apparatus includes a copying section that copies a recording program from a first memory to a second memory, a detector that detects occurrence of a fault in the state information recording apparatus, a determining section that determines whether or not the recording program copied to the second memory is destroyed, in response to detection of occurrence of the fault, a recording section that records the state information to the non-volatile memory, by executing the recording program in the second memory if it is determined that the recording program copied to the second memory is not destroyed, or by executing the recording program stored in the first memory if it is determined that the recoding program copied to the second memory is destroyed, and a reboot section that reboots the state information recording apparatus after the state information is recorded to the non-volatile memory.

Abstract: A system includes a production computer machine that includes an operating system and a driver stack. The driver stack includes a file system layer, a recovery driver, a storage layer, a driver layer, a bus driver layer, and a storage device. The system also includes a backup computer processor coupled to the production computer machine via the recovery driver. The recovery driver is configured to commence a recovery of data from the backup computer processor, receive a disk access request from the file system layer, determine if the disk access request accesses data that has not yet been recovered from the backup computer processor, and initiate an on-demand recovery request from the backup computer processor when the data has not been recovered from the backup computer processor.

Abstract: System-directed checkpointing is enabled in otherwise standard computers through relatively straightforward augmentations to the computer's memory controller hub.