Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating summary data of an e-book or e-note, the method including if input data is received, recognizing a type of the input data, extracting a character region in the e-book or e-note corresponding to the recognized input data type, storing page information corresponding to the extracted character region, and generating summary data by using the page information corresponding to the character region when the generation of the summary data is requested, thereby allowing a user to preview summary content handwritten by the user on the e-book or e-note at a glance.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for generating and providing summary information for an Electronic (E)-book depending on a user characteristic are provided. The method includes determining a number of levels of the summary information and a user characteristic for each level of the summary information; generating at least one summary information dataset corresponding to each level of the summary information; and combining the at least one summary information dataset with corresponding E-book data.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to document summarization. Given a document, summarization can be defined as picking k sentences from the original document D such that the constructed summary exhibits two key properties: coverage and orthogonality. In one embodiment of the disclosure, the two requirements are captured in a combinatorial formulation of the problem and presented as an algorithms.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for generating suffix rewriting rules. A method includes obtaining a plurality of canonical suffix-rewriting rules each associated with one or more words, generating a suffix tree from the words, selecting a minimum colored subset of the nodes and leaves in the suffix tree, and generating a plurality of final suffix-rewriting rules from the nodes in the minimum colored subset. Another method includes receiving applicable and non-applicable words for a suffix-rewriting rule, generating a suffix tree from the applicable words and the non-applicable words, selecting a minimum colored subset of the nodes and leaves in the suffix tree, and generating a plurality of suffix-rewriting rules, wherein each rule corresponds to a node in the minimum colored subset with a valid status.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and system for processing character data is provided, which selects a format of the character data to be used for generating print data. When a user instruction for printing character data according to character command data specifying the output of the character data is received, the format of the character data is selected based on the character command data.

Abstract: An item-providing system supplies items to a user device for consumption at the user device via communication infrastructure. The device may correspond to a book reader device or other type of device. In one illustrative case, the item-providing system may provide items to the user device in incremental form or in full form. The item-providing system and user device implement a protocol for determining whether the content should be delivered in incremental form or full form.

Abstract: A system and method is presented for the highlighting of web-based books and text documents. Data is maintained in a database relating to books, chapters, pages, and page portions. Through the use of a user interface, users create highlights to the text documents by adding highlight database items to the database associated with page portions. Highlighted text portions are used to create excerpt documents, to value and price a request to license a portion of a text document, and to perform searches relating to the text document.

Abstract: In accordance with certain aspects of the removal of redundant information from electronic documents, a package for an electronic document includes a plurality of parts. The package is accessed, and redundant information in one or more of the plurality of parts is identified. The identified redundant information is removed from the package.

Abstract: A parsing system and method are provided in which the break characters in the document are used to rapidly parse the document and extract one or more key phrases from the document which characterize the document. The break characters in the document may include explicit break characters, such as punctuation, soft stop words and hard stop words. The determination of which phrases in the document are extracted depends upon the type of break character appearing after the phrase in the document. The parser may also be used to parse a foreign language document into one or more phrases.

Abstract: A mobile communication terminal and text-to-speech method. The mobile communication terminal includes a display unit for displaying at least one object on a screen; a controller for identifying a depth of an activated object on the screen and finding a speech data set mapped to the identified depth; a speech synthesizer for converting textual contents of the activated object into audio wave data using the found speech data set; and an audio processor for outputting the audio wave data in speech sounds. As a result, textual contents of different objects are output in different voices so the user can easily distinguish one object from another object.

Abstract: A system and method identifies different versions of the same document in a document collection. The system and method creates multiple candidate identifiers for each document based on information associated with the document, and processes the candidate identifiers according to language specific rules. The system and method compares the processed candidate identifiers for similarity, and identifies different versions of documents based on the similarity.

Abstract: A system and method for automatically extracting meta data from unstructured electronic documents is disclosed. In one embodiment, the unstructured electronic document is converted into a plain text document. Further, a document header of the unstructured electronic document is extracted from the plain text document using a rule-based document header extractor, where the rule-based document header extractor may be based on a rule that includes determining a ratio of a number of words with their initial letters capitalized in a text line over a total number of words in the text line in the plain text document. Moreover, meta data is extracted from the extracted document header using a heuristic approach.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for integrating the peer review process with other applications and facilitating peer review using a user interface linked to a peer review application having knowledge base information and defined rules for: accepting a paper for peer review, assigning the paper to one or more of a defined set of reviewers for review, providing to the reviewers one or more criteria to be used for reviewing and evaluating each paper for enabling each reviewer to create a peer review result, and processing all peer review results for any paper to produce a peer review report. Access to these systems and methods may be provided, for example, on a stand-alone computer or over the Internet, World Wide Web, or an intranet.

Abstract: A keyword may be expanded into related words, such as for use in information retrieval. The terms comprising words and/or phrases of a large number of documents (e.g., web pages) are processed into a graph data structure, in which the terms are represented as nodes and edges represent the relationships between the nodes, with weights for each edge representing the relevance of the relationship. The graph may be built by selecting each term of a document and considering the terms within a certain number of words to be associated with the selected term; for each such association the weight indicative of the relevance is increased. When the graph is accessed with a keyword, the edges from that keyword's node and their respective weights indicate which other nodes are most relevant to the keyword, thereby providing the corresponding expanded terms.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a time-series information generating apparatus includes a dividing module, a determining module, a generating module, and a display module. The dividing module divides an electronic document to be displayed into one or more sets of sentences. The determining module determines a summary of each of the sets of sentences. The generating module generates time-series information that represents relative temporal information between anyone of the sets of sentences and another set of sentences. The display module collectively displays the summary of each of the sets of sentences according to the time-series information.

Abstract: A document processing apparatus is provided that facilitates location of elements within a document to be modified. To this end, the document processing apparatus analyzes document data for modification relations in character strings or between character strings within the document data, and embeds attribute tags within the text document data representing the modification relations. An XML document having the embedded attribute tags is stored in a data storage area, and can subsequently be searched using the embedded tags as search keys.

Abstract: A method for classifying electronically posted documents includes receiving two posted documents and generating corresponding metadata summaries for each, wherein each of the metadata summaries includes at least one sub-tree structure. The structures of the two summary sub-trees within the respective metadata summaries are subsequently compared. If the two summary sub-trees are different, the two documents are deemed distinct. If the two summary sub-trees are the same, attribute values and text content of the metadata summaries are compared over a portion of the metadata summaries. If the compared attribute values and text content are determined to be the same, the documents are deemed duplicative.

Abstract: Computer-based method of generating a summary of one or more documents comprises identifying content including text having a measurable quality from a predetermined location, evaluating the content, using a computer processor, to determine whether the content represents a document of interest, and preparing a summary of the content if the content represents document of interest. A computer-based method of generating a summary of one or more documents, each including two or more sentences, is also provided.

Abstract: System for generating a summary of a plurality of documents is provided. The system includes a computer readable document collection containing a plurality of related documents stored in electronic form therein, a plurality of forms of multiple document summarization engines, and a router for determining a temporal relationship of at least a subset of the documents in the collection and selecting one of the plurality of forms of multiple document summarization engines for generating a summary of the subset of documents based on the temporal relationship.

Abstract: A system for categorizing transactions includes a collection function gathering information concerning transactions, including at least date, description and amount of the transactions, for a particular person or enterprise, and a processing function categorizing individual ones of the collected transactions according to at least part of the transaction description.

Abstract: A document processing system for accurately and efficiently analyzing documents and methods for making and using same. Each incoming document includes at least one section of textual content and is provided in an electronic form or as a paper-based document that is converted into an electronic form. Since many categories of documents, such as legal and accounting documents, often include one or more common text sections with similar textual content, the document processing system compares the documents to identify and classify the common text sections. The document comparison can be further enhanced by dividing the document into document segments and comparing the document segments; whereas, the conversion of paper-based documents likewise can be improved by comparing the resultant electronic document with a library of standard phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. The document processing system thereby enables an image of the document to be manipulated, as desired, to facilitate its review.

Abstract: A document analysis, commenting, and reporting system provides tools that automate quality assurance analysis tailored to specific document types. As one example, the specific document type may be a requirements specification and the system may tag different parts of requirements, including actors, entities, modes, and a remainder. However, the flexibility of the system permits analysis of any other document type, such as instruction manuals and best practices guides. The system helps avoid confusion over the document when it is delivered because of non-standard terms, ambiguous language, conflicts between document sections, incomplete or inaccurate descriptions, size and complexity of the document, and other issues.

Abstract: A method and system for truncating character strings in a computing environment. One implementation involves receiving a list including plural character strings, truncating one or more of the character strings to generate a display list of unique character strings based on determining a truncation location within each string by: for each character string, comparing the string and corresponding Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), if the string is different from the URI, then truncating the beginning of the string, otherwise if the string matches the URI, then truncating the end of the string.

Abstract: A set of elements, such as, for example, a path, a directory list, a playlist, and a listing of information associated with a file or a song, may be truncated so that a partial set may be generated and displayed. The truncation may be performed in an intelligent manner to produce a meaningful truncated portion. Such a partial set may be beneficial when the space allotted for display of the set is small to begin with or is reduced. In one implementation, a display size of a set is compared with a size of a display area. A data element is selected based on the comparison, and a display space size is determined for the selected data element. A truncated, yet meaningful, portion is determined for the selected data element, the portion fitting within the display space size.

Abstract: A preference extracting apparatus includes a text information obtaining section that obtains text information having correspondence with a scene being currently played when video contents having text information having correspondence with each scene is played, a keyword extracting section that extracts a keyword for measuring user's preference based on the text information, a presenting section that presents the user a fact that the keyword has been extracted, a preference value defining section that defines a preference value of the user regarding the extracted keyword in accordance with the response by the user to the presentation, a storage section that establishes correspondence between the keyword and the preference value and stores them as the user's preference information in predetermined storage means.

Abstract: A set of candidate documents, each of which may be part of a bilingual, parallel set of documents, are identified. The set of documents illustratively includes textual material in a source language. It is then determined whether parallel text can be identified. For each document in the set of documents, it is first determined whether the parallel text resides within the document itself. If not, the document is examined for links to other documents, and those linked documents are examined for bilingual parallelism with the selected documents. If not, named entities are extracted from the document and translated into the target language. The translations are used to query search engines to retrieve the parallel correspondent for the selected documents.

Abstract: A method and system of producing a visual text summarization. According to the method, a plurality of topics may be extracted from a collection of text documents, where each of the topics comprises a distribution of topic keywords. An importance ranking for each of the topics may be determined, and an importance ranking for each of the topic keywords of a topic may also be determined. A graph may be displayed having a plurality of stacked layers representing a group of topics selected from the plurality of topics based on the importance ranking of the topics. A keyword cloud within each layer of the graph may also be displayed, where the one keyword cloud is a group of topic keywords selected from the extracted topic keywords based on the importance ranking of the extracted topic keywords.

Abstract: A method and system for truncating character strings in a computing environment, is provided. One implementation involves receiving a list including plural character strings, truncating one or more of the character strings to generate a display list of unique character strings from the truncated and remaining character strings, and displaying the character strings of the display list in context with each other on a user interface, wherein each displayed character string is unique in relation to the other displayed character strings, enabling a user to more easily differentiate between the displayed character string.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, computer program products and systems are provided for editing an image. One method includes editing, by a processor, an image including maintaining a list of transformations applied to the image including a last transformation; receiving a selection from a user to rollback a transformation, the selection not including the last transformation, where receiving a selection includes receiving a selection from the list of transformations that include plural selections that are not contiguous in an order in which the transformations were applied; generating, by the processor, a unique identifier associated with the edited image without the selection, the unique identifier including data identifying the image and all transformations to be applied to the image; and after receiving a request for an edited image, the request including the unique identifier, transmitting the edited image to a requesting device.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus, including computer program products for text composition are provided. In some implementations, a method is provided. The method includes processing a plurality of paragraphs in parallel, including defining a paragraph layout for each paragraph, the paragraph layout including line breaks. The method further includes composing the text in an electronic document including serially composing each paragraph, the serial composing including shuffling the processed paragraphs into a particular position within a page frame of the electronic document.

Abstract: A graphic output device for generating a mixed graphic-textual depiction having at least one text object consisting of multiple letters for identifying a geographic feature, the output device comprising a processor unit, which is set up to reshape the text object in such a manner that the reshaped text object comprises, in addition to a normal text area having letters in the original size, a compressed text area having letters shrunken and/or compressed in relation to the original size, the boundary between the normal text area and the compressed text area running along a semantic jump point of the text object. A method for preparing a text object consisting of multiple letters using a processor unit, for the purpose of depicting the text object using a graphic output device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a speech recognition system which including speech input means for receiving the speech data, speech recognition means for receiving the input speech data from the speech input means and performing speech recognition, recognition result evaluation means for determining a priority of at least one of a recognition result and each portion forming the recognition result obtained by the speech recognition by the speech recognition means, storage means for storing the recognition result and the priority, recognition result formatting means for determining display/non-display of the recognition result and/or each portion forming the recognition result and generating output information according to the priority, and output means for outputting the output information.

Abstract: When a list of file names is to be displayed on a display device, a comparison is made between a necessary display width of each of the file names and a width of a display area of the display device. For each of the file names having a necessary display width greater than the width of the display area, it is checked whether the file name contains a particular character string portion of a predetermined type, and, if so, the file name is displayed in the list in a partly-omitted display style where a leading end portion, particular character string portion and extension of the file name are left in the list with the other part of the character string omitted. The particular character string portion can function as an important element for identifying the data item in question.

Abstract: A summarization system and method. The summarization method includes utilizing a first body of information to obtain a second body of information, which is identified (by a hyperlink, an attachment identifier, a reference, etc.) in the first body of information. A summary of the obtained second body of information is then computed. The computed summary can be displayed to a user and/or stored for later use.

Abstract: A method of semantically classifying a data set of open class nouns and a system for executing the method. The method includes loading, by a processing device, a data set comprising one or more open class nouns from a computer readable medium operably connected to the processing device; extracting, by the processing device, the one or more open class nouns from the data set; for each open class noun, querying, by the processing device, one or more application programming interfaces (APIs) to produce one or more results; deriving, by the processing device, a confidence score for the data set based upon the one or more results; and determining, by the processing device, a classification for the data set based upon the derived confidence score.

Abstract: A document processing system for accurately and efficiently analyzing documents and methods for making and using same. Each incoming document includes at least one section of textual content and is provided in an electronic form or as a paper-based document that is converted into an electronic form. Since many categories of documents, such as legal and accounting documents, often include one or more common text sections with similar textual content, the document processing system compares the documents to identify and classify the common text sections. The document comparison can be further enhanced by dividing the document into document segments and comparing the document segments; whereas, the conversion of paper-based documents likewise can be improved by comparing the resultant electronic document with a library of standard phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. The document processing system thereby enables an image of the document to be manipulated, as desired, to facilitate its review.

Abstract: A system for generating a summary of a plurality of documents and presenting the summary information to a user is provided which includes a computer readable document collection containing a plurality of related documents stored in electronic form. Documents can be pre-processed to group documents into document clusters. The document clusters can also be assigned to predetermined document categories for presentation to a user. A number of multiple document summarization engines are provided which generate summaries for specific classes of multiple documents clusters. A summarizer router is employed to determining a relationship of the documents in a cluster and select one of the document summarization engines for use in generating a summary of the cluster. A single event engine is provided to generate summaries of documents which are closely related temporally and to a specific event.

Abstract: A method and mobile communications device for retrieving and presenting partial skipped content are provided A display of a mobile communication device provides content of a first segment and a further segment of an electronic document received at the mobile communication device. Content between the first segment and the further segment is skipped content which has not been received. On the display, an indication of the skipped content is provided, the indication including a selectable client control for retrieving at least a portion of the skipped content.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure relate to generating a translatable and annotated multimedia or video presentation of a software program operation. An aspect of the disclosure comprises recording user interaction data that includes user interface gestures and text entries from a keyboard and other user devices while the program is operating. Embodiments of the disclosure transform recorded text and visual contents of the program to a selected format or language, annotate contents of interest, and merge recorded user interface gestures, transformed text and visual contents, and transformed annotations into the output presentation. The embodiments of the disclosure optionally generate an accessibility script in a selected format.

Abstract: A Mixed Media Reality (MMR) system and associated techniques are disclosed. The MMR system provides mechanisms for forming a mixed media document that includes media of at least two types (e.g., printed paper as a first medium and digital content and/or web link as a second medium). In one embodiment, an MMR document is retrieved based on recognition of a paper document. Responsive to a comparison of the paper document and a virtual multimedia document, a set of actions is displayed to a user. Responsive to a user selection, the user-selected action is performed. In another embodiment, a captured list of names is used to assist a user with labeling a media file.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transforming Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) messages is provided. The method comprises receiving and transmitting Extensible Markup Language (XML) format SOAP messages by using an application protocol and TCP/IP, a message comprising message elements and receiving and transmitting binary messages comprising binary message elements. A transformation is performed between an XML format message and a binary message by replacing (316-320) each message element of a given format with a message element in the other format. When transforming an XML message to binary format, the application protocol packet type and TCP/IP acknowledgement data are included (312) in the binary header. When transforming a binary format message to XML format, the application protocol packet type is selected on the basis of the information in the binary header of the binary format message.

Abstract: A method collects user interface events and file system events to capture text snippets in focus on an output device. The method then pairs the text snippets with related files to build a context graph and discover files associated with a task.

Abstract: A technique is provided for providing an aggregate tag view of a website that comprises a plurality of webpages that each has a corresponding URL. A tag is a set of one or more words that have been associated with a URL and is typically created by a user to describe content of the webpage corresponding to the URL. Initially, a request is received to display information pertaining to a website. In response to the request, a plurality of tags associated with the website is displayed. A first subset of the plurality of tags is associated with a particular URL. A second subset of the plurality of tags is associated with one or more URLs that are not the particular URL. Alternatively, or in addition to an aggregate tag view tag-related information for each URL of the website is provided, in response to the initial request.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a system and method of collecting information and associated context. Information and associated context are collected by monitoring at least one application program executable using the computing system, so as to detect one or more events associated with the at least one application program; identifying contextual information corresponding to the detected one or more events; and storing information associated with the at least one detected event, the stored information including the identified contextual information.

Abstract: A summarization system generates summaries from documents. Text structure tags, in conformance with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), are inserted into the documents to generate encoded documents. The text structure tags, when associated with portions of the document, identify text types. A text type, such as an argumentative text type, provides meta-information about the associated portion of text. The documents are also encoded, via document type declaration (“DTD”) in the eXtensible mark-up language (“XML”), to generate a tree structure that depicts the text types and hierarchical relationships among the text types in the tree structure. The summarization system generates a summary of the documents by extracting portions of the document, associated with the text type tags, using the tree structure in accordance with user input. The summarization system may be used to generate summaries from multiple documents.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and other embodiments associated with automatically summarizing a document are described. One method embodiment includes computing term scores for members of a set of terms in a document to be summarized and computing sentence scores for sentences in a set of sentences in the document. The method embodiment also includes computing a set of entries for a term-sentence matrix that relates terms to sentences. The method embodiment also includes computing a dominant topic for the document and simultaneously ranking the set of terms and the set of sentences based on the dominant topic. The method embodiment provides a summarization item(s) selected from the set of terms and/or the set of sentences.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a computing device to create a document structure model of a computer parsable text document utilizing recognition of at least one ordered sequence of identifiers in the document. The method includes converting a computer parsable text document of any format to an alternative structured language format to form a converted document. The text of the converted document is fragmented into an ordered sequence of text fragments within a text format. The text fragments are enumerated to obtain a sequence of terms. At least one optimal sub-sequence of terms is identified from among the sequence of terms, with an optimal sub-sequence being one or more longest increasing sub-sequence(s). The computer parsable text document is annotated with tags, with the tags including information derived from identification of the optimal sub-sequence(s). The annotated document is displayed on the graphical user interface.

Abstract: This disclosure provides various embodiments of systems, methods, and software for the management of relationship networks. In one implementation, the software identifies an electronic communication, parses the electronic communication into a first communication attribute and a second communication attribute, and stores the first and second communication attributes in an attribute repository. Based on this persisted information, the software calculates one or more relationship indicators based on at least one of the first and second communication attributes and, perhaps in response to a request, communicates at least a subset of the relationship indicators to an interface for presentation as a graphical relationship network.

Abstract: A method and system for reducing an amount of horizontal space required when displaying a plurality of columns on a display screen is disclosed. The at least one column of the plurality of columns has at least one entry containing text data. The method and system include obtaining the at least one entry from the at least one column, and abbreviating a width of the at least one entry, determining if there is another entry containing text data. The method and system further include repeating the steps of obtaining the at least one entry, abbreviating the at least one entry and determining if there is another entry until all of the at least one entries are abbreviated. The method and system further include displaying the at least one column having the at least one abbreviated entry.

Abstract: One embodiment is a method that stores user interface events and file system events to capture text snippets visible on an output device. Similar text snippets are merged into a context graph that is used to locate a document from a query.