Abstract: An annular groove (35) is located in an outer surface of an inner toroid (31), and is partly covered by an inner surface of an outer toroid (32). Alternatively, an annular groove (25) is located in an inner surface of an outer toroid (22), and is partly covered by an outer surface of an inner toroid (21). As the toroids are rotated together about different, intersecting axes, an elongated workpiece (W) is introduced into an open portion of the annular groove, advances into the closed portion of the annular groove, and is extruded through a die (48) upon again approaching the open portion of the annular groove, thereby forming an elongated product (P).

Abstract: The invention concerns a process and apparatus for continuous hydrostatic extrusion wherein the pressure of the hydrostatic fluid is used to apply the blank to be extruded firmly against the walls or the bottom of a groove provided in a rotor, in such a way that the blank is entrained by the rotor without slipping to an extrusion chamber from which the blank is spontaneously extruded through a die. The invention finds use in particular for continuous extrusion of metal and alloys, including those which have a low degree of ductility.

Abstract: Thermoelectric legs of useful durability may be prepared by hydrostatic extrusion. In cross-section, the legs may have either circular or non-circular shapes of special usefulness, and the legs may be formed in narrow elongated sizes, which are useful in compact, high-voltage thermoelectric converters.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a superplastic metal sheet features the utilization of a plunger movable within a chamber filled with finely divided particulate material to create a column of material arranged to bear against the metal sheet and effect mold forming thereof within a mold cavity heated to required superplastic forming temperature. The material additionally aids in minimizing loss of heat from the mold cavity and insures against non-uniform heating of the metal sheet.

Abstract: A liquid pressure extrusion method and device for extruding a billet into a tube or tubular member wherein combined dies are used for extruding a solid billet therethrough under a liquid pressure.

Abstract: A hydrostatic extrusion process and an apparatus therefor includes a mandrel and a stem which are movable independently of each other, and a seal block which is utilized for increasing the pressure of the pressure medium for performance of the extrusion operation of the billet. A supply device pre-disposes an extrusion die, a billet, pressure medium, and a seal block within a supply unit or sleeve and is capable of being moved from a position exterior of the extrusion apparatus station to a position corresponding to the extrusion station, and in this manner, the time period required for completing extrusion cycles is substantially reduced. Still further, a locking mechanism, including a locking slide and a locking plate, are operatively associated with the mandrel for controlling or limiting the axial movement of the mandrel so as to in turn control the loading and tensioning of the same in order to prevent damage thereto.

Abstract: A method for extruding an object of undefined length capable of plastic deformation into another object of undefined length and smaller section, using the driving forces and the pressure developed in a viscous fluid surrounding the first object by the movement of a mobile member provided with a groove in its surface, the groove defining, together with the surface of a stationary member, a passage along which the first object is displaced towards a die by the action of the forces developed in the fluid by the mobile member.

Abstract: A pressing tool for use in the cavity of a press device for forming sheet metal parts around forming tools, the pressing tool including an upper tool part with flanges at the peripheral edges thereof and directed downwardly, a lower tool part with flanges at the peripheral edges thereof and directed upwardly, wall elements positioned within the respective flanges of the upper and lower tool parts to form a forming space, a forming tool positioned in the space on the lower tool part, and an elastomeric forming pad located in the forming space for forming a work piece around the forming tool.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns methods and apparatus for forming an elongated product, having a high quality surface appearance and finish, from an elongated workpiece with a wax coating. The wax-coated, elongated workpiece is advanced toward, and then through, an aperture which extends longitudinally through a die, by an application of frictional drag forces, in the direction of the die, to the wax coating. The wax, however, does not pass through the die aperture, but rather is substantially completely removed from each successive element of the elongated workpiece, substantially as such element reaches the die.

Abstract: Two rotors cooperate to advance a rod of indefinite length continuously into an extrusion die. Portions of radially extending surfaces of the two rotors are utilized to grip the rod therebetween, in order to effect such advance of the workpiece rod upon the simultaneous rotation of the two rotors. An annular groove extends along the appropriate radially extending surface of one of the rotors. Such annular groove serves to retain the rod therein while guiding the rod along a path leading to the die. The face-to-face arrangement of the two rotors along their respective radially extending surfaces permits a very high extrusion pressure to be supported, while also allowing effective sealing of the annular groove at such very high extrusion pressure.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for manufacturing elongated, hollow bodies of rectangular cross section by means of hydrostatic extrusion. The method and apparatus utilize a mandrel and billet of novel construction. The mandrel cooperates with a die and has a forming tip comprising a cylindrical portion, a transition portion, and a rectangular portion. The transition portion provides a tapered surface which extends from the cylindrical portion to the rectangular portion. The billet has a leading end which is extruded first and which has a simple geometry comprising two tapered surfaces situated axially adjacent to each other and being of different taper. The billet has an axially extending hole through which the mandrel is inserted. Due to their construction and relative positioning, a hydrostatic seal is provided between the billet's leading end and the die and between the mandrel and an inner wall of the billet which bounds its axially extending hole.

Abstract: A hydrostatic extrusion process and an apparatus therefor includes a mandrel and a stem which are movable independently of each other, and a seal block which is utilized for increasing the pressure of the pressure medium for performance of the extrusion operation of the billet. A supply device pre-disposes an extrusion die, a billet, pressure medium, and a seal block within a supply unit or sleeve and is capable of being moved from a position exterior of the extrusion apparatus station to a position corresponding to the extrusion station, and in this manner, the time period required for completing extrusion cycles is substantially reduced. Still further, a locking mechanism, including a locking slide and a locking plate, are operatively associated with the mandrel for controlling or limiting the axial movement of the mandrel so as to in turn control the loading and tensioning of the same in order to prevent damage thereto.

Abstract: A press for the hydrostatic extrusion of metallic billets to form tubes and other profiles includes a hollow high pressure cylinder having a removable liner which forms the inner wall thereof and which encloses the internal pressure chamber. To protect the removable liner from fatigue breakdown, the inner wall of the liner is coated with a protective coating of an organic polymer and a metallic tube is located adjacent the protective coating and concentric therewith, between the protective coating and the internal pressure chamber.

Abstract: A holding force for retaining a billet and die against a die support is obtained by forming a pressure drop in the pressure medium flow in a gap between the billet and a surrounding constructional element inside the pressure chamber. The gap may be formed by the outer surface of the billet and the inner surface of the high pressure chamber. The gap may also be formed between the outer surface of the billet and the inner surface of a spacing tube mounted within the pressure chamber. The spacing tube is constructed with a portion having a smaller diameter than the remainder of the spacing tube to provide a gap to achieve a sufficient pressure drop for retaining the billet and die against the die support.

Abstract: In a press for hydrostatic extrusion, the die has a conical inlet portion and a portion forming a die opening. The die has draining channels which bypass the smallest cross-section of the die opening for the purpose of intercepting and diverting pressure medium which accompanies the billet as it moves down towards the smallest cross-section of the die. This removes any pressure medium which might otherwise pass through the die opening and damage the surface of the extruded article.

Abstract: A high pressure apparatus for reducing metal rod to wire in one pass through a die by surrounding the rod with a medium under high hydrostatic pressure to maintain ductility of the metal to be formed; the die is supported against a frame member by a die stem having a central opening through which the wire passes to a winding reel. To prevent clogging of the die stem with pressure medium that passes through the die in small quantities, the die stem is heated to a temperature substantially above the softening temperature of the pressure medium.

Abstract: In the shaping of ductile metal sheet, especially superplastic alloy sheet, by the application of pressure differentials, the peripherally clamped sheet is first urged, by pressure differential in one direction, against a female molding surface to form a partially shaped bubblelike preform and then a male mold is advanced towards the sheet from the other side and a reverse pressure differential is applied to cause the pre-form to conform to the shape of that mold. The active area forming the pre-form may be restricted by an apertured plate adjacent the clamping plane, matching the overall outline of the body, and a plate the other side matching closely the profile of the body may confine the action of the reverse pressure only to that part of the sheet that engages the progressively increasing part of the male mold that extends through the clamping plane so that the sheet locks progressively onto the sides of the male mold to obtain an approximately uniform wall thickness in the finished body.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion includes a pressure chamber for enclosing a pressure medium which is formed of a high pressure cylinder, a pressure generating piston, a die and a die support and seals. The die support includes an exchangeable support ring which engages the end surface of the liner and bridges the gap between the liner and the die. A metallic sealing ring is arranged within the liner in engagement therewith, forming a gap between the inner surface of the sealing ring and the outer surface of the die or die support. The die support has a groove in its upper surface which contains a sealing member against which the edge of the metallic sealing ring engages. The lower outer corner of the metallic sealing ring is bevelled to form a space which communicates with the outside of the press.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for extruding an object of undefined length capable of plastic deformation into another object of undefined length and smaller section, using the driving forces and the pressure developed in a viscous fluid surrounding the first object by the movement of a mobile member provided with a groove in its surface, the groove defining, together with the surface of a stationary member, a passage along which the first object is displaced towards a die by the action of the forces developed in the fluid by the mobile member.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion includes a pressure chamber for enclosing a pressure medium which is formed of a high pressure cylinder, a pressure generating piston, a die and a die support and seals. The die support includes an exchangeable support ring which engages the end surface of the liner and bridges the gap between the liner and the die. A metallic sealing ring is arranged within the liner in engagement therewith, forming a gap between the inner surface of the sealing ring and the outer surface of the die or die support. The die support has a groove in its upper surface which contains a sealing member against which the edge of the metallic sealing ring engages. The lower outer corner of the metallic sealing ring is bevelled to form a space which communicates with the outside of the press.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion includes a pressure chamber for enclosing a pressure medium which is formed of a high pressure cylinder, a pressure generating piston, a die and a die support and seals. The die support includes an exchangeable support ring which engages the end surface of the liner and bridges the gap between the liner and the die. A metallic sealing ring is arranged within the liner in engagement therewith, forming a gap between the inner surface of the sealing ring and the outer surface of the die or die support. The die support has a groove in its upper surface which contains a sealing member against which the edge of the metallic sealing ring engages. The lower outer corner of the metallic sealing ring is bevelled to form a space which communicates with the outside of the press.

Abstract: A compound billet for extrusion by isostatic liquid pressure which has a core and a casing with a gap therebetween is produced by applying a sealing ring with greater thickness than the gap between the core and the casing around the rear end of the core, then inserting the core into the casing, and pressing the sealing ring to stick in the gap between the core and the casing so that the sealing ring and/or the casing are deformed. The rear end of the casing is beveled inwardly.

Abstract: Multiple gauge metal strip is prepared by a process which comprises first shaving said strip by a process comprising drawing said strip through a shaving apparatus adjusted to achieve maximum stock removal in relation to the yield strength of said strip whereby said yield strength is not exceeded whereby surface reduction is confined to an area comprising 5 to 50% of total surface area and volume reduction ranges from 10 to 60% of initial strip cross sectional area, and drawing the strip through a die which defines the desired final cross sectional configuration to produce a reduction of said strip to final dimension, wherein said drawing is performed without direct surface-to-surface contact between said strip and said die.

Abstract: A die for use in a hot hydrostatic extrusion process, in which a billet comprised of aluminum or an aluminum alloy or a billet having aluminum and an aluminum alloy at its outer periphery is preheated and charged into a container whereupon extrusion is carried out by means of a pressure medium, said die comprising a plurality of stepped conical portions serving as approach portions to the die outlet; said conical portions having conical surfaces whose opening angles increase from the inlet of the die toward the outlet thereof, said conical surface which is closest to said inlet having an opening angle of less than 60 degrees, and the difference between the opening angles between adjacent conical surfaces being less than 90 degrees.

Abstract: In the hydrostatic extrusion of tubes in a press which has a pressure chamber containing a high pressure cylinder, a pressure generating portion insertable into the cylinder, a die arranged in the cylinder and a mandrel axially fixed in relation to the die and composed of a carrier portion and a tip, and in which the tip forms with the opening in the die a gap in which a tubular billet is shaped into a tube by hydrostatic extrusion, in connection with the insertion of the tubular billet, a seal is produced initially between the mandrel and the hole in the billet at a point between the front part of the mandrel carrier and the hollow wall of the billet. This may be done by producing a constriction of the front end of the hole in the billet before the mandrel is inserted therein or by upsetting the billet against the die.

Abstract: A device for the continuous extrusion of an object of indefinite length into another object of indefinite length by means of movable elements which move inside a resistant body forming a continuous pressure cylinder inside which the object to be extruded is driven towards a die by means of a viscous fluid surrounding it.

Abstract: A method and machine for use in hydrostatic extrusion wherein a portion of an elastic-plastic viscous pressure medium is introduced into the rear portion of a container, with the rear end thereof being sealed in a fluid tight fashion. The pressure medium being of such a nature that it has a high viscosity and cannot flow by itself. Subsequently, a billet is charged into the container and then a die is mounted in the container at the forward end thereof. The aforesaid pressure medium is caused to fill around the outer circumferential surface of the billet. In this respect, a high pressure seal is provided for the junctions between the die and the forward end of the container and between the die and the forward end of the billet before the pressure medium flows out of the container in a practically negligible small amount, immediately after which a pressure stem is pushed into the container from the rear end thereof, thus proceeding with the hydrostatic extrusion.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion includes a pressure chamber for enclosing a pressure medium which is formed of a high pressure cylinder, a pressure generating piston, a die and a die support and seals. The die support includes an exchangeable support ring which engages the end surface of the liner and bridges the gap between the liner and the die. A metallic sealing ring is arranged within the liner in engagement therewith, forming a gap between the inner surface of the sealing ring and the outer surface of the die or die support. The die support has a groove in its upper surface which contains a sealing member against which the edge of the metallic sealing ring engages. The lower outer corner of the metallic sealing ring is bevelled to form a space which communicates with the outside of the press.

Abstract: Multiple gauge metal strip is prepared by a process which comprises shaping strip material of rectangular cross section to form regions of at least two variable thicknesses defining a stepped surface configuration in at least one of the broad surfaces of said strip, and drawing the shaped strip through a die which defines said cross sectional configuration to produce a reduction of said strip to final dimension, wherein said drawing step is performed without direct surface-to-surface contact between said strip and said die, such that the width dimension of said strip is unchanged and the ratio of strip surface to strip cross sectional area changes by at least 30%. The drawing method of this invention employs hydrodynamic lubrication and can achieve one-pass cross sectional reductions of from 39 to 55%.

Abstract: The proposed method for shaping parts by hydraulic extrusion allows of deforming the blank by different pressures exerted upon different blank zones. This principle is embodied in a device which comprises a vessel housing a plurality of auxiliary vessels whereof the edges are pressed against the blank, defining closed cavities therewith. Liquid under pressure is supplied into each of these cavities.Thanks to such an arrangement, the parts manufactured have a negligible wall thickness error.The design of the proposed device permits manufacturing double-curvature parts.

Abstract: An apparatus for hydraulic pressing of metals comprising a receiver of finished articles, made in the form of a framework of two tubes interconnected at the ends by arms. The framework is turned by a separate drive in a horizontal plane, whereby each tube is set to a position axially aligned with a hole in the die wherefrom a pressed article is released into the pipe. As a result, stop-pages for removal of finished articles are not required, and, hence, productivity of the apparatus is improved.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion of tubes includes a die having a die opening therein and a mandrel projecting into the die opening and forming therewith a gap for shaping the tubular billet into a tube. The mandrel includes a carrier with a bore therein and a tip inserted in and filling the bore of the carrier. The tip includes an outer sleeve of hard metal and a core filling the sleeve formed of a material which has approximately the same E-modulus of the material of the carrier, such as steel. The inner end of the sleeve is enlarged and the front part of the carrier is compressed around the tip to fix the tip axially in the carrier.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion of tubes includes a die with an opening and a mandrel which together with the opening forms a gap in which a tubular billet is shaped into a tube. The mandrel is formed of a carrier with a bore therein and a tip which is attached in the bore and projects into the die opening. A plate is positioned between the inner end of the tip and the bottom of the bore and is made of a material with at least substantially the same E-modulus as the material of the carrier. The innermost end of the mandrel has an enlargement thereon forming a shoulder and the material of the character is compressed against the tip beneath the shoulder so as to prevent axial movement of the tip.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously extruding non-ferrous metal is shown and described wherein solid metal, such as bar stock, is fed into an entry port of an entirely enclosed melting crucible until the crucible is full of molten metal. A seal is maintained between the metal being fed and the entry port to establish pressure in the crucible and to prevent leakage back through the entry port. When the crucible is full, means are provided to re-solidify the molten metal adjacent a closed exit port. Thereupon, the exit port is opened and the re-solidified metal is extruded through the exit port at the same volumetric rate as metal is fed through the entry port.

Abstract: Four trains of gripping element quadrants are advanced continuously around four endless paths, meeting along one length of travel common to the four paths and cooperating to form a succession of centrally apertured gripping elements moving continuously toward an extrusion die located along the common length of travel. The gripping element quadrants are driven by pinion gears, each of which engages simultaneously sets of teeth on gripping element quadrants in two adjacent trains in order to key the quadrants together and thereby prevent one quadrant from lagging another during their advance toward the die. Four guide elements extend along the paths of the gripping elements and engage simultaneously portions of the two adjacent gripping element quadrants to guide the engaged quadrants during their advance toward the die. Four endless belts are advanced with the gripping elements toward the die and serve to transmit pressure from four stationary pressure pads to the moving gripping elements.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion has a composite die formed of a pre-forming part with a conical opening and an end-forming and calibrated part, the two parts being separated along a substantially radial plane. The calibrating part is fixed in a radially pre-stressed condition in a support which surrounds it, and a seal between the pressure chamber and the die or the die support is arranged substantially in radial alignment with the dividing plane. The die support is formed with a guide which centers the pre-forming portion in relation to the end-forming portion.

Abstract: A method of lubricating a metal billet during an extrusion process where at least two lubrication systems are used. Each of the lubrication systems has a different viscosity and the systems can be of the same material or two different material compositions. A solid-lubrication system immediately adjacent to the billet functions primarily as a die lubricant while a liquid-lubrication system immediately adjacent the container is pressurized by the advance of a sealed ram in contact with the billet. The liquid lubrication system forms a thin film of pressurized liquid lubricant adjacent the container wall and substantially reduces or virtually eliminates friction thereupon during extrusion of the billet under hydrostatic or quasi-hydrostatic conditions.

Abstract: Apparatus for forming hollow metal articles such as aluminum reflectors for Luminaires. The apparatus comprises a convex forming punch movable into a complementary hollow magnetic forming coil device. The forming punch is mounted on a base having an annular slot opening at the periphery of the forming punch and being connected to passages in the base for quickly evacuating the air between the workpiece and the punch prior to the magnetic forming operation.

Abstract: A die is internal for forming shapes of polygonal cross-section, which has all internal surfaces which are parallel to the die axis of equal length. The die is primarily used in hydrostatic extrusion. It can be made in two parts for ease in cleaning. A billet having a pointed, faceted nose for use with the die is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for extruding a billet made of brittle metals, alloys, intermetallic compounds, ferrites or ceramics, which comprises embedding the billet in a solid pressure transmitting medium having a configuration and a dimension fitting to those of the inner space of a container of an extruder and being capable of plastic deformation by the actuating pressure of a compressing plunger of the extruder, loading the billet in the container of the extruder, pressurizing the pressure transmitting medium by the compressing plunger, and extruding the billet by actuating the extrusion plunger while the pressure is being maintained.

Abstract: A bundle of hexagonal billets, each billet being coated with a shear transmitting medium, is extruded through one form of die having a plurality of hexagonal die apertures, to produce simultaneously a plurality of individual hexagonal wires. The bundle may be extruded through another form of die having a single die aperture with a transverse cross-section registering with the transverse cross-section of the bundle, to produce simultaneously a plurality of individual hexagonal wires. In each case, the billet material is advanced against and through the die by means of frictional or viscous drag force exerted along the surface of the billet material toward the die. The foregoing operations may also be applied to drawing.

Abstract: A chamber having a first end and a second end and receiving a billet having an aperture therethrough slidably receives through the first end a die. A mandrel slidably extends through the second end of the chamber into the aperture of the billet and has a conical section extending into the zone of deformation of the die. Hydraulic cylinders having piston rods operatively associated with the die and the mandrel advance the die into the chamber through the first end thereof against the billet end, and simultaneously and at the same velocity retract the mandrel from the second end of the chamber, the zone of deformation of the die and the conical section of the mandrel defining a converging annular passageway through which the billet is extruded to produce tubing.

Abstract: A hydrostatic extrusion method and apparatus for the extrusion of tubes is disclosed wherein the simplified structure of the nose or tip portion of the billet and the cooperating surfaces of the die defining the die cavity and those of the mandrel facilitate an improved initial sealing among the associated surfaces of the die, billet and mandrel. Such an initial sealing is effected between such interfaces of the members and billet at a point which is located substantially rearwardly from the position at which the actual extrusion to the final tubular configuration occurs between the bearing portion of the die and the cooperating sizing portion of the mandrel. Such structure and method permits the extrusion of tubes having walls of asymmetric or non-circular configurations in cross section, even those of complex configurations.

Abstract: A method and machine for use in hydrostatic extrusion wherein a portion of an elastic-plastic viscous pressure medium is introduced into the rear portion of a container, with the rear end thereof being sealed in a fluid tight fashion. The pressure medium being of such a nature that it has a high viscosity and cannot flow by itself. Subsequently, a billet is charged into the container and then a die is mounted in the container at the forward end thereof. The aforesaid pressure medium is caused to fill around the outer circumferential surface of the billet. In this respect, a high pressure seal is provided for the junctions between the die and the forward end of the container and between the die and the forward end of the billet before the pressure medium flows out of the container in a practically negligible small amount, immediately after which a pressure stem is pushed into the container from the rear end thereof, thus proceeding with the hydrostatic extrusion.

Abstract: In a press for hydrostatic extrusion which has a prestressed outer supporting member and an inner tube or liner, the end surfaces of the inner tube are inwardly inclined towards its center with an inclination of at least 1:20, and the seal holders which take up forces operating on the seals have inclined end surfaces which make contact with the inclined end surface of the inner tube. The sealing arrangement includes a first sealing ring with a cylindrical inner surface which contacts the punch and the die respectively, and an end surface making contact with the support ring, and a second sealing ring with an outer cylindrical sealing surface which makes contact with the inner tube and an inclined end surface which makes contact with the inclined end surface of the support ring.

Abstract: Metals such as titanium alloy blanks which are subject to contamination by air at elevated temperatures are precision formed into desired shapes in a controlled environment. The metal worksheet and a shaping member are located within an enclosure. An inert gas environment is provided in the enclosed area. The metal worksheet is heated to a suitable forming temperature and stretched substantially in excess of its original surface area under tensile stress from a fluid pressure loading and formed into the desired shape by interaction with the shaping member. Novel sealing arrangements for the enclosed area of the forming apparatus are provided.

Abstract: Four trains of gripping element quadrants are continuously propelled around four endless paths, meeting along one length of travel common to the four paths and cooperating along said common length of travel to form a continuously moving train of centrally apertured gripping elements moving toward an extrusion die adjacent the end of said common length of travel. Rod of indefinite length, coated with shear transmitting medium and extending into the central apertures of the gripping elements, is drawn along the common length of travel by means of shear forces generated in said coating by said gripping elements and transmitted to said rod as viscous drag force along the surface of the rod. Axial and normal stresses are built up in the rod to stress the rod far above its yield strength and increase its ductility, or capacity for deformation without fracture. In this state, the rod is moved through and deformed by the die.

Abstract: A press for hydrostatic extrusion of tubes includes a high pressure cylinder axially displaceable in a press stand with a die insertable into the cylinder and a pressure generating punch insertable into the cylinder to generate the pressure for extrusion. A mandrel is carried by a rod which passes through the pressure generating punch. Seals are provided between the mandrel and the pressure generating punch and between the pressure generating punch and the pressure cylinder. These seals are so located that during the actual extrusion they are arranged in the same transverse plane.

Abstract: There are disclosed herein a method and an apparatus for manufacturing tubes or tubular bodies by means of hydrostatic extrusion, which tubes or tubular bodies have axially running holes therethrough having cross-sections of irregular shapes. The method and apparatus utilize a mandrel of novel construction which comprises a conical tip portion having a smooth peripheral surface, a cut or grooved intermediate portion with a sloped groove starting at a peripheral edge and a body portion formed with a flange and adapted to move longitudinally of a pressure chamber, as necessary. The conical tip portion is specifically intended to seal against the conical end of a metallic billet. Unless there is such a provision, there would be leakage of a fluid through the grooved portion because of direct contact of the grooved edge with the inner end surface of the billet.

Abstract: A bundle of hexagonal billets, each billet being coated with a shear transmitting medium, is extruded through one form of die having a plurality of hexagonal die apertures, to produce simultaneously a plurality of individual hexagonal wires. The bundle may be extruded through another form of die having a single die aperture with a transverse cross-section registering with the transverse cross-section of the bundle, to produce simultaneously a plurality of individual hexagonal wires. In each case, the billet material is advanced against and through the die by means of frictional or viscous drag force exerted along the surface of the billet material toward the die. The foregoing operations may also be applied to drawing.