Abstract: A system and a method are disclosed for providing additional information associated with an object visually present in live media content. Live media content is acquired with a video capture system and displayed in an injection tool having a display and a grid dividing the display into a plurality of zones. The subject invention defines object images for any object that may be visually present in the live media, selects one or more of the zones where the object is visually present and associates the selected zones and the object image. An object injection time is defined and a live element parameter is defined as including the object injection time, the selected zones and the object image. Next, a package update is created that includes the live element parameter and the package update is delivered to the viewer device and the initial portable package is updated with the live element parameter.

Abstract: An embodiment of this disclosure provides an apparatus. The apparatus includes a memory element configured to store a plurality of products and services and a processor. The processor is configured to receive profile information for a user accessing a plurality of video content. The processor is also configured to receive video content information for each of the plurality of video content being accessed by the user in a smart viewer. The video content information identifies at least one category associated with each of the plurality of video content. The processor is also configured to identify one or more of the plurality of products or services based on the profile information and the at least one category of the video content information. The processor is also configured to send the one or more of the plurality of products or services to the smart viewer.

Abstract: Synergistic queue management techniques are disclosed. The techniques can include receiving, by a server, a first queue action message, the first queue action message indicating a first queue action for a content queue associated with a client device, determining, based on the first queue action, a second queue action for the content queue, the second queue action comprising a supplemental queue action for the first queue action, and sending a second queue action message to the client device, the second queue action message indicating the second queue action.

Abstract: A mechanism is described for facilitating multiple multimedia viewing planes in media display systems according to one embodiment of the invention. A method of embodiments of the invention includes using a plurality of multimedia planes corresponding to a plurality of multimedia content types. The plurality of multimedia planes may be integrated to be presented through an integrated user interface at a media processing device. The method may further include selecting, via the integrated user interface, one or more content categories from a plurality of multimedia content categories, and presenting, via a multimedia plane of the plurality of multimedia planes, contents associated with the one or more selected content categories.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for systems and methods for semantic video segmentation to identify objects appearing in video content. Example methods may include determining a voice-based request at a first device to identify an object appearing in video content, determining a first video identifier for video content being consumed in association with the first device, determining a timestamp associated with the video content at a time the voice-based request was received, determining, using one or more knowledge graphs, a set of product identifiers for products present in the video content at a scene corresponding to the timestamp, and generating a response to the voice-based request comprising a first product identifier in the set of product identifiers.

Abstract: A voice-enabled device and a display device may be utilized to determine items in video output by the display device. A frame of a video stream associated with the video may be utilized to determine a representation of a candidate object. A stream identifier and a timestamp associated with the candidate object in the video stream may be determined. The stream identifier, the timestamp, and an object identifier associated with the candidate object may be stored in a database. A first request to output the video stream via a display device may be received. A second request associated with the video stream may be received while the video stream is being output by the display device. The second request may be determined to be associated with the representation of the candidate object. The object identifier may be caused to be visually displayed via the display device.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a method and apparatus for establishing a synchronized interactive multimedia communication among a plurality of users. The method includes generating, at a first device, first information associated with a multimedia content selected by a first user. The first information is generated based on parameters. The method includes transmitting the first information to a second user. The first and second user is associated with a social computer network. Further, the method includes, at second devices, receiving the first information from the social network. The method includes processing the first information to establish a synchronized multimedia interactive communication between the second and the first user. The presentation of the multimedia content in the synchronized interactive multimedia communication is synchronized among the first device and the second device(s).

Abstract: A media system includes a plurality of set-top boxes coupled to a coax network and a controller. The controller displays a first passkey to a user in response to receiving a request from the user to activate playback of a media content on a particular set-top box. The set-top box receives the first passkey from the user and determines whether the user is authorized to activate playback of the media content by comparing the first passkey received from the user with a second passkey obtained from a passkey module on the set-top box. When the user is determined by the set-top box to be authorized to activate playback of the media content, the set-top box determines a radio frequency channel of the coax network according to the first passkey received from the user and begins playback of the media content received on the radio frequency channel on a display device.

Abstract: Techniques for personalized gamification of media content. An engagement level of a consumer is identified based on prior gamification data. A difficulty level is identified using machine learning based on the engagement level. A content element personalized for the consumer is generated based on biographical information or viewing habits. A prompt requesting the consumer to find and access multimedia content scenes depicting the content element is generated. A multimedia content scene found by the consumer is analyzed to determine whether the multimedia content scene has an association with the content element and whether the consumer has accessed the multimedia content element scene.

Abstract: An image display device includes a tuner configured to receive a RF broadcast signal; a display; a first input configured to receive a first image signal input from a first external device connected to the image display device; a second input configured to receive a second image signal input from a second external device connected to the image display device; and a controller coupled with the display, the first input and the second input. Further, the controller is configured to display, on the display, a plurality of icons including a first icon and a second icon.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system for providing a live commerce integrated solution comprising a broadcast terminal configured to film a live broadcast for product sales, a viewer terminal configured to stream the live broadcast, and a manager server configured to provide a live broadcast platform to be accessed by the broadcast terminal and the viewer terminal.

Abstract: Advertisement systems may have an administration server, a broadcast system, a receiver, and a consumer device. The receiver may be configured to receive an advertisement with a call-to-action code. The receiver may also be configured to broadcast the advertisement with the call-to-action code to a consumer. The receiver may have an input mechanism. The consumer device may be in communication with the receiver and the administration server. The consumer device may be configured to receive the call-to-action code from the receiver when the consumer engages the input mechanism. The consumer device may include a software application. The software application may be configured to parse the call-to-action code with the administration server into call-to-action instructions. The software application may be further configured to permit the consumer to selectively integrate the call-to-action details into a third-party application on the consumer device.

Abstract: A method for identifying a product which appears in a video stream. The method includes playing the video stream on a video playback device, identifying key scenes in the video stream containing product images, selecting product images identified by predetermined categories of trained neural-network object identifiers stored in training datasets. Object identifiers of identified product images are stored in a database. Edge detection and masking is then performed based on at least one of shape, color and perspective of the object identifiers. A polygon annotation of the object identifiers is created using the edge detection and masking. The polygon annotation is annotated to provide correct object identifier content, accuracy of polygon shape, title, description and URL of the object identifier for each identified product image corresponding to the stored object identifiers. Also disclosed is a method for an end user to select and interact with an identified product.

Abstract: Systems and methods for increasing consumer engagement with a multimedia content distribution system through the use of temporal metadata and gamification techniques. Personalized game-like tasks are created, whereby a consumer is enticed to find and access multimedia content containing a specific content element, or “easter egg,” to earn a reward. The specific content element may be identifiable based on temporal metadata tags associated with multimedia content available within the multimedia content distribution system. To further increase the probability of consumer engagement, the easter egg may be personalized based on data unique to the consumer, such as consumer preferences, viewing habits, and previous engagement level with the multimedia content.

Abstract: Extended reality presentations (e.g., augmented reality, augmented virtuality, and virtual reality) are often presented as multimodal experiences involving a combination of visual, audio, and haptic input and output channels. Users who have a deficit in one modality may consume other channels of the extended reality presentation, but the absence of the deficit modality may render the extended reality presentation incomplete or incomprehensible. Instead, for users with a deficit in a source modality, a modality may be identified as an annotation modality in which the user does not have a deficit. An annotation set of annotations in the annotation modality may be generated that respectively describe an event arising in a source channel in the source modality. The annotation set may be presented to the user (either supplementing the source channel or in lieu of the source channel), thereby adapting the extended reality presentation to the physiological capabilities of the user.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a media content delivery service. A media content provider includes a data store for storing and serving media content to subscribers. The media content provider continually records and or otherwise stores video and audio content from around the world. Stored content will generally correspond to a large number of other media content providers, such as cable television operators, Internet based media content providers, television networks, and so on. Subscribers to the media provider interact with the media content provider via hardware and/or software mechanisms either provided by the media content provider or conforming to specifications of the media content provider. Based on these subscriber's subscriptions to the other content providers, the subscribers will have viewing, listening, or application execution privileges for content maintained in the data store. Content of a subscriber corresponding to multiple video content providers is maintained and served by a single provider.

Abstract: Systems and methods directed advertising via a tagged video stream are provided. Content and a tag associated with a product represented by at least a portion of the content may be received by a media device. The media device may be associated with at least one end user. The content may correspond to television programming. The content may be output by the media device for display. A user selection corresponding to the tag associated with the product represented by at least the portion of the content may be processed by the media device. The user selection may be received during display of at least the portion of the content. Responsive to the user selection, the media device may facilitate provision of information related to the product represented by at least the portion of the content to a second device and/or an account associated with the at least one end user.

Abstract: A video sharing implementation method and system are provided, with the method including receiving a user's access request for a video sharing link which carries an address of a video and an identifier of a shared object, parsing the video sharing link to obtain the address of the video and the identifier of the shared object, playing the video according to the address of the video, and displaying the shared object corresponding to the identifier of the shared object in a video display interface, and jumping to a product link of the shared object in response to the user's selection of the shared object.

Abstract: Synchronizing data with metadata includes simultaneously triggering a metadata generation unit to produce metadata that are stored in a reliable metadata queue, and a data unit producing unit that produces data units that are processed in a lossy processing pipeline. A synchronizer obtains a processed data unit, and considers one or more statistics associated with the metadata queue to determine whether it is likely that a data unit was dropped by the lossy processing pipeline. For example, an increase in the depth of the queue may be used to infer that a data unit was dropped. If so, enough metadata entries may be dequeued such that the next metadata entry is correctly synchronized with the data unit. The synchronized data unit and metadata unit are output together. Another technique may take the output from two or more different systems and align data units from each system based on the metadata.

Abstract: One or more computing devices, systems, and/or methods for displaying content associated with a video element of a video are provided. For example, a video may comprise video elements (e.g., pixels of frames of the video depicting an entity such as a car, an actor, a monument, etc.) that are tagged with content tags (e.g., a textual string such as a search query used to obtain content from content providers). When a user interacts with the video element (e.g., a touch gesture, such as a pressure sensitive gesture, on a video element depicting the actor), content associated with a content tag used to tag the video element may be retrieved (e.g., an image, a social network profile, search results, and/or other content associated with the actor). In this way, the content may be provided to the user for further action or learning about the entity depicted by the video element.

Abstract: An augmented reality device and method for product purchase facilitation using an augmented reality device are provided. The device includes a display module configured to provide augmented reality visual content, the augmented reality visual content including a virtual image of a product, a biometric authentication module configured to receive biometric data relating to a user and authenticate the user based on the received biometric data, and a transceiver module configured to receive, from a user device, digital payment credentials for facilitating purchase of the product, and transmit the digital payment credentials to a payment processing module for product purchase upon successful authentication of the user.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for improving interactions with and between computers in content communicating, rendering, recommending, generating, hosting and/or providing systems supported by or configured with personal computing devices, servers and/or platforms. The systems interact to identify and retrieve data within or across platforms, which can be used to improve the quality of data used in processing interactions between or among processors in such systems. The present disclosure provides systems and methods for pushing information between two network connected devices during rendering of content on one of the devices. While a first device is rendering content, additional information corresponding to the rendered content can be communicated to the connected second device and rendered on the second device without interrupting the playback of the content rendered on the first device.

Abstract: A content platform can receive information identifying a plurality of exit times, in an on-demand content element, associated with respective user-initiated exit events. The plurality of exit times can be based on a time duration of the on-demand content element. The content platform can generate an exit time distribution based on the plurality of exit times, and can identify a maximum exit time density in the exit time distribution and a maximum exit time density gradient in the exit time distribution. The content platform can determine, using a machine-learning regression model, an end screen time in the on-demand content element based on the maximum exit time density and the maximum exit time density gradient. The content platform can generate an instruction to display an end screen user interface at the end screen time during playback of the on-demand content element.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for generating video mask information, a method for preventing occlusion from barrage, a server and a client. The method for generating video mask information comprises: identifying, for any video frame in the video data to be parsed, an area where a target object is located in the video frame; selecting a plurality of geometric figures to fit the area where the target object is located, to allow a combination of the plurality of geometric figures to cover the area where the target object is located; and generating the mask information of the video frame according to a fitting parameter of the plurality of geometric figures, and sending the mask information and data of the video frame to a client synchronously. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are adopted to avoid occlusion caused by the barrage information on the video image while the vast majority of the barrage information remains and reducing a bandwidth consumption of the client.

Abstract: It is desirable to have audio and/or video systems and processing tools that can automatically record audio/video and analyze such recordings to capture material that may be relevant to a user. In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, a recording may be condensed by using one or more tools, including but not limited to, converting speech to text and searching for relevant content, keywords, and the like; detecting and sorting speakers and/or content (e.g., events in a conversation); removing non-substantive content (e.g., silences and other irrelevant content); adjusting the audio for increased playback speed; using prosodic and other indicia in the audio to identify areas of interest; performing diarization; using pseudo-random or random sample to select content; and other methods to extract information to provide a summary or representation of recorded content for review by a user.

Abstract: Visual effects for element of interest can be displayed within a live camera view in real time or substantially using a processing pipeline that does not immediately display an acquired image until it has been updated with the effects. In various embodiments, software-based approaches, such as fast convolution algorithms, and/or hardware-based approaches, such as using a graphics processing unit (GPU), can be used reduce the time between acquiring an image and displaying the image with various visual effects. These visual effects can include automatically highlighting elements, augmenting the color, style, and/or size of elements, casting a shadow on elements, erasing elements, substituting elements, or shaking and jumbling elements, among other effects.

Abstract: A publishing system generates and provides webpage data to a client device via a network in response to a request from the client device for experiencing primary media content. The webpage data includes a primary media presentation interface to reproduce the primary media content, and a secondary media presentation interface to present secondary media content having a predefined correspondence with the primary media content. The secondary media presentation interface presents the secondary media content when a predefined time point is reached during reproduction of the primary media content.

Abstract: The invention discloses a browser-based embedded operation method, a television set and a storage device. A functional requirement of an operating system available to a browser-based embedded device is obtained; an interface for system operations by a user is set by using a predetermined language; a web layer interface for invoking the interface directly is set and an adaptation layer interface for data interaction with the web layer interface is set; a Linux function interface is set based on the adaptation layer interface and a communication way between the web layer interface and the adaptation layer interface is set; and according to the obtained user operation, an interface response is carried out and functional feedback is carried out by a television set. Therefore, the interface design becomes convenient and the interface effect of the embedded device is enhanced.

Abstract: Extended reality presentations (e.g., augmented reality, augmented virtuality, and virtual reality) are often presented as multimodal experiences involving a combination of visual, audio, and haptic input and output channels. Users who have a deficit in one modality may consume other channels of the extended reality presentation, but the absence of the deficit modality may render the extended reality presentation incomplete or incomprehensible. Instead, for users with a deficit in a source modality, a modality may be identified as an annotation modality in which the user does not have a deficit. An annotation set of annotations in the annotation modality may be generated that respectively describe an event arising in a source channel in the source modality. The annotation set may be presented to the user (either supplementing the source channel or in lieu of the source channel), thereby adapting the extended reality presentation to the physiological capabilities of the user.

Abstract: Various embodiments include computing devices and methods for provisioning a set top box (STB) with a software stack. A processor of a computing device may receive a software stack download request comprising downstream channel descriptor (DCD) information, determine region information for the STB based on the DCD information, determine a software stack authorization for the STB, select a software stack for the STB based on the region information and the software stack authorization for the STB, and obtain the selected software stack to enable the STB to replace existing software with the selected software stack.

Abstract: Provided are an electronic device and an operating method thereof. The electronic device includes: a communication interface; a processor configured to output information of at least one product while a broadcast program for advertisement or sale is being displayed, control, in response to an external input for a selection from the information output, the communication interface to access a server storing shopping broadcast content produced for advertisement or sale corresponding to the selection, and output the shopping broadcast content received from the server by using streaming. The electronic device includes an external input interface configured to receive the external input.

Abstract: The invention includes systems and methods for receiving, curating, and distributing audio, video, and image assets and other files. The systems automatically receive and simultaneously process the assets for distribution and consumption in many formats. In one example, the invention distributes prepared and curated media assets (media clips) via social media outlets for subsequent consumption. The invention includes compression and other formatting techniques to manage different sized video segments and image files. The system creates a pipeline for the creation of video clips, conversion of video clips to multiple usable formats, delivery of the video clips to social media account managers, and notification to the social media managers of the availability of the clips. The system distributes usable content (video clips) via social media outlets and functions as a branding asset, traffic attractor, and a revenue generator through advertising and other sources.

Abstract: A remote experience system is presented. The system can include a feed aggregation engine configured to obtain a plurality of feeds from feed acquiring devices associated with an event. The feed aggregation engine can obtain an experience policy related to the event and construct an experience feed having an arrangement of the plurality of feeds according to the experience policy. The experience feed can be presented to a user via an experience feed interface, and can include an indication of a focal or other cluster.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide systems, methods, and computer storage media directed to navigation of a digital video. In one embodiment, a method may begin by partitioning a digital video into a number of sub-stories based at least in part on transition points identified within the digital video. The plurality of sub-stories can then be grouped into video segments based on the content of each sub-story. These video segments can then be packaged into a navigation panel in accordance with a selected template that defines a layout for the navigation panel. Such a navigation panel can present the video segments to a viewer in an interactive graphical manner that enables the viewer to navigate the one or more video segments. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to leveraging automated image understanding to foster user engagement with an image. An image viewer application is provided with image analysis algorithms that determine features of an image by identifying objects in the image, recognizing faces in the image, etc. Hotspots may be added to the display of the image at locations of the features. Contextual metadata such as data about a user, user activity, other images, etc. can be used to determine which features will be provided with hotspots and what information will be associated with the hotspots. In one embodiment, the information associated with a hotspot is another image, and interactive selection of the hotspot causes the image to be both displayed and processed for hotspot augmentation. Tools may be provided to modify or edit the image based on the features found via the image analysis.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a computer implemented method and system of restricting access to portions of a media file. The method includes marking a media file such that it has at least two portions. All of the portions are locked except the first portion. The number of times the media file is shared is tracked. Thereafter, a second portion can be unlocked once a threshold number of shares has been tracked. Shares can include social media shares, views, and the like. The media file can be a video file, audio file or other type of media file. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are described for selecting and displaying custom user interface (“UI”) controls. A user of a networked computing service may create custom UI controls that perform user-specified actions, and the networked computing service may present these custom UI controls as part of its user interface. The networked computing service may determine which of a set of custom UI controls to present based on criteria such as frequency or recency of recurring usage, a context or a category associated with the custom UI controls, user preferences, the status of a pending action, usage of similar custom UI controls by other users, or other criteria. The networked computing service may present an interface that enables further customization or modification of the custom UI controls.

Abstract: Dynamic uniform resource locator (URL) transmission may be provided for allowing a user to view a non-linear video content item along with additional content in order to provide a richer and deeper viewing experience giving more control to the user during video viewing. An indication may be provided to the user indicating the availability of additional interactive content associated with the non-linear video in a variety of different ways. Upon user request, the content associated with the URL may be updated or historic content presented to the user in order to present the non-linear video content combined with the additional content in a hybrid fashion. The transmitted URL may be static, or the URL may be dynamically updated based on one or more factors, such as time of day or action by the user or content provider.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for presenting collections of items related to subjects in a performance to viewers. The collections are assumed to be identified prior to the performance by individuals with knowledge of subjects expected to appear in the performance. The subject's appearance may be detected based on a user input indicating the appearance or by a subject recognition algorithm. The collections may be presented to a customer in a display also rendering the performance or in a separate display. The customer may select the collections and/or items therein for performing an action with the item, such as, for example purchasing the item.

Abstract: One or more computing devices, systems, and/or methods for displaying content associated with a video element of a video are provided. For example, a video may comprise video elements (e.g., pixels of frames of the video depicting an entity such as a car, an actor, a monument, etc.) that are tagged with content tags (e.g., a textual string such as a search query used to obtain content from content providers). When a user interacts with the video element (e.g., a touch gesture, such as a pressure sensitive gesture, on a video element depicting the actor), content associated with a content tag used to tag the video element may be retrieved (e.g., an image, a social network profile, search results, and/or other content associated with the actor). In this way, the content may be provided to the user for further action or learning about the entity depicted by the video element.

Abstract: Electronic program guides in which program listings may be graphically presented and in which sponsors and celebrities of those programs may be identified are provided. The electronic programs guides may be passive television program guides, interactive television program guides, and/or on-line television program guides. Television show text information, logos and/or trademarks, celebrity images, affiliation indicators, and advertisements may be present in the program listings to enhance the electronic program guides.

Abstract: A method and a system are provided for detecting pricing driven by browser settings. A method and a system are also provided for identifying merchants that are using browser-driven or cookie-driven price setting mechanisms, and for helping shoppers obtain the lowest available price for a product or service. A computer system-implemented method includes utilizing a webcrawler program or other searching program to access one or more merchant websites and recover pricing and/or other product or service information, identifying one or more browser settings that minimize price of a product or a service, accessing the one or more merchant websites with a computer device having the one or more browser settings that minimize price of the product or service, and purchasing the product or service at the minimized price. The computer system-implemented method can also utilize a central hub that connects multiple computer devices together.

Abstract: In general, certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and/or systems for implementing a program guide, which comprises sending a first request and receiving a first response associated with a current or future program guide information. The current or future program guide information includes a first plurality of channel identifiers and a plurality of time slots that correspond to current or future time slots, and is displayed at a client device. A second request is sent, which indicates a requested time period that has already occurred and not displayed on the client device, and corresponds to navigation to a previous time slot. A second response is received, which is associated with past program guide information. The past program guide information includes a second plurality of channel identifiers and on-demand program information, and is displayed at the client device.

Abstract: Various arrangements for providing audio calibration are presented. A remote control may determine that it is in position for an audio-based command to be received by the remote control from a user. Via a condenser microphone incorporated as part of the remote control, a calibration sound may be output. The condenser microphone may receive the output the calibration sound in the form of a reflected sound that is an acoustic reflection of the calibration sound. The remote control may analyze an amount of time that has elapsed between outputting the calibration sound and receiving the reflected sound to determine a distance between the condenser microphone and the user. One or more audio input settings may be configured that are used for modifying audio received by the condenser microphone based on the determined distance.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for a media guidance application (e.g., implemented on a user device) that generates customized shared viewing experiences in virtual reality environments by identifying friends of a user, and adding them to the virtual reality media asset being accessed by a user.

Abstract: An online system predicts, using a first targeting model, a first group of users as candidates to be in a targeting cluster, and predicts, using a second targeting model, a second group of users as candidates to be in the targeting cluster. The online system determines a first set of users that are not part of the first group of users, and a second set of users that are not part of the second group of users, and provides surveys to the first and second set of users. The online system determines a first subgroup of the first group of users and a second subgroup of the second group of users, and provides an ad preferences tool to the first subgroup and the second subgroup. The online system scores the first and second targeting models based in part on responses to the surveys and/or the ad preferences tools.

Abstract: Managing Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) subscription dialog state loss, including a SIP server locator configured to determine the identity of a SIP server that maintains a SIP subscription dialog corresponding to a SIP subscription dialog that is maintained by a SIP client, and a liveliness tester configured to periodically send to the SIP server a SIP RE-SUBSCRIBE message corresponding to the SIP subscription dialog.

Abstract: A method for facilitating the order of commercial products in connection with the display of media content, whereby a player comprises a media production component and an interactive e-commerce component embedded therein. The player with the e-commerce component can be virally copied and propagated from one web page to any number of other web pages.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for playing an interactive video on a user device. The method comprises receiving an interactive content file associated with a video to be played by the user device, the interactive content file comprising: one or more interactive tags arranged to be overlaid on the video when the video is played by the user device, wherein the one or more interactive tags have associated information which is accessible by a user when a respective tag is selected via a user interface of the user device; and information defining a location and a time for the tag to be overlaid on the video. The method also comprises receiving the video and combining, at a processor, the video and the one or more interactive tags in accordance with the information defining the location and the time for the tag to be overlaid on the video to produce an interactive video for display, and playing the interactive video for display.

Abstract: Techniques are described for identifying book title sets. The techniques may include a first-pass comparison with other books to identify other candidate title sets. A second-pass comparison may then be performed with respect to the candidate title sets. The first-pass comparison may be based on book metadata such as titles and authorship. The second-pass comparison may include a more comprehensive content comparison, such as comparing the body text of the books.