Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for testing a blow-out preventor system of a well, which blow-out preventor system is designed to close upon both a smaller drill pipe string and a larger drill pipe string. The apparatus includes a first elongated cylindrical testing mandrel having an outside diameter substantially equal to an outside diameter of the smaller drill pipe string, and a second elongated cylindrical testing mandrel having an outside diameter substantially equal to an outside diameter of the larger drill pipe string. The first testing mandrel is telescopingly received within the second testing mandrel.

Abstract: A method of testing pipe sections at an oil rig floor by means of an internal pipe testing tool and a pressurized gas containing helium in a ratio of helium to a carrier gas of at least about 1:2856 by volume. The gas is pressurized in a hydraulic accumulator remote from the rig floor. The pressurized gas a actuates the test tool at substantially the same pressure as is used for testing the pipe section. A flexible enclosure confines the test gas which leaks from the pipe section. The enclosure defines a substantially annular chamber around the area to be tested to confine leakage test gas to prevent its dissipation into the atmosphere. An aperture is provided in the enclosure to permit a sensing probe to be inserted into the annular chamber between the enclosure and the pipe section to sense the presence of test gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus for testing the gas-tightness of joints between hollow bodies, for example, pipes. With the apparatus, a test space with two concentric chambers of variable sizes is formed. The outer one is filled with a gaseous test medium and the inner one with an incompressible pressurized medium. It is thereby possible to reduce substantially the quantity of the gaseous test medium. The safety of the entire apparatus is improved extraordinarily.

Abstract: A microprocessor based system for detecting leaks from underground gasoline storage tanks and the product lines through which the gasoline is pumped to above ground dispensers. Hydrocarbon sensitive probes spaced around the tank in monitoring wells detect gasoline leakage from the tank. Each probe can be independently programmed as to the threshold hydrocarbon concentration considered to be indicative of a leak. Pressure transducers sense the product line pressure and distinguish thermally induced contraction from true leaks by comparing the time required for a preselected pressure drop to occur during successive cycles. A time comparison is also used to detect the presence of excessive air in the product line. An alarm condition sensed by either type of sensor generates audible and visible alarm signals and automatically dials a programmed telephone number. The alarm times and dates are stored in memory and may be called up on the display screen.

Abstract: A pressure transducer includes a multiplexer unit for the selection of pressure sensors by decoding a sensor address, thereby permitting a single power supply, a single counter and a single clock generator to be used, in order to enable and transmit the measurements of a plurality of pressure sensors connected to a plurality of gas-filled cables.

Abstract: Split fittings for use in the installation of a semi-rigid secondary pipe over a primary pipe comprise a pair of housing halves which, when mated, form a housing enclosure, sealing means and clamping means capable of holding the secondary pipe and housing halves as a sealed enclosure. A method of fitting a rigid pipeline system with secondary containment system with a secondary semi-rigid pipe uses the split fittings.

Abstract: A pipe test disk has a planar disk portion having a lower circumferential edge portion which is joined to a pipe end and an upper circumferential edge portion which is joined to a fitting, a center portion through which an opening is formed for inlet of fluid to pressurize the pipe for testing, and a coupling pipe portion surrounding the center portion and extending upwards from the disk portion for coupling to an external fluid pressurizing apparatus. The pipe end, test disk, and fitting are solvent welded together. When the testing is completed, the coupling pipe portion is broken off and the disk portion is cut out to leave an open passage between the pipe end and the fitting.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for detecting leaks in underground tanks containing a liquid. The pressure and temperature of the liquid are measured over a predetermining time interval, while simultaneously measuring the liquid level in the tank and the temperature of the liquid therein. From each measuring step the leak rate of the liquid from the tank is calculated and the two calculated leak rates are compared with each other. The temperature at a series of different depths in the tank is measured. Other measurements are made and fed to a suitable computer which computes the leakage rate.

Abstract: A pipeline system is provided for a pumping system for fluid products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel and chemicals, and including a pump for pumping such products from a storage tank through through the primary pipeline of the pipeline system to a product dispenser. The pipeline system includes a secondary containment system for the primary pipeline between the tank and dispenser which includes telescoping pipe sections of different diameters. The telescoping piping is installed around the primary pipeline and the pipe sections are, prior to final installation, movable between intermediate and final positions, for enabling completion, testing and inspection of the primary pipeline prior to final completion of the secondary containment system. A fusion welding wire bond is provided between overlapping portions of the telescoping pipe sections for bonding these sections in the final positions thereof. An air test clamp assembly enables air pressure testing of the secondary containment system.

Abstract: A device for displaying and recording the speed of motor vehicles suitable for application to the front and rear bumpers of automobiles is described, consisting of an indicator 1 whose movement is dependent on the speed of the vehicle and which activates internal and external visual and/or acoustic alarm signals whenever the maximum speed limit is exceeded; said indicator also consisting of a triangular-sectioned thread that causes a slit or groove to be made on a sheet 4 of soft plastic for the ascertainment of speed at the moment of collision or accident; and a cable 10 for laterally connecting the front and rear boxes 7 and 7' providing the ascertainment in case of eventual lateral collision.

Abstract: A system for measuring distance traveled by a vehicle periodically updates the accumulated measurements, displays the updated measurements and electronically stores corresponding accumulations of updated distance data in a non-volatile memory device. The system employs a method of reading through the sequentially ordered storage locations of the non-volatile memory to determine the most recently stored correct data value as a value to be both displayed and used as a base value for subsequent measured distance accumulation.

Abstract: A system for monitoring pipelines through which fluids, be they gases or liquids flow using conventional readily available monitoring equipment, that determines the probability of a leak as opposed to the actuality of a leak using a moving average of statistical information gained from a plurality of monitoring stations that monitor either pressure or flow.

Abstract: A closure head (2) for a hydraulic tube-testing bench includes a head body (4) including a first bore (5) into which one end of a tube (1) may be freely inserted. A second bore (11) of larger diameter than the first bore has a resilient sealing ring (10) inserted at the end thereof. A fluid under pressure is conveyed into a chamber (40) constituted between the outer periphery of the sealing ring and the second bore enabling the sealing ring to be contracted against the tube. The sealing ring is prevented from moving axially on its side furthest from the end of the tube by an annular series of thrust sectors (13) which are independent from said sealing ring. The sectors are clamped against the tube while also enabling them to be retracted away therefrom. The sectors are axially retained on their sides furthest from said sealing ring.

Abstract: A separable, lightweight and inflatable pipe joint sealing and testing apparatus for large diameter pipes having a multi-membered arched channel support structure having a circular configuration, and having three parallelly disposed channel members extending outward therefrom, and having outer channel members and a centrally disposed testing channel member. A unitary inner sleeve sealing member coextensive with the channel members is provided for covering the channel support structure. The pipe joint sealing and testing apparatus further has a pair of inflatable annular sealing ring members for placement in the outer channel members, a compressed air source means in communication with the pair of inflatable sealing rings, and a compressed fluid ingress and egress structure through the port of the centrally disposed channel member.

Abstract: Structures, for example pipe-lines and chemical process equipment, are provided with linear microphones sensitive to vibration associated with the structure. By monitoring the modulation of carrier signals in the microphone actual or incipient faults in the structure are detected.

Abstract: A method of testing pipe sections at an oil rig floor by means of an internal pipe testing tool and a pressurized gas containing helium in a ratio of helium to a carrier gas of at least about 1:2856 by volume. The gas is pressurized in a hydraulic accumulator remote from the rig floor. The pressurized gas actuates the test tool at substantially the same pressure as is used for testing the pipe section. A flexible enclosure confines the test gas which leaks from the pipe section. The enclosure defines a substantially annular chamber around the area to be tested to confine leakage test gas to prevent its dissipation into the atmosphere. An aperture is provided in the enclosure to permit a sensing probe to be inserted into the annular chamber between the enclosure and the pipe section to sense the presence of test gas.

Abstract: The leakage of hazardous fluid from the pipe sections or from between the pipe sections is monitored by butting concentric pipe section sets which define a cylindrical leakage collection and monitoring means to a special fitting which has a pair of seals and a passage to the collection means therebetween, so that leakage at the pipe intersections is collected and passed to the normal pipe-defined leakage collection and detection apparatus used to monitor pipe section leakage.

Abstract: A multi-purpose pipe and seal/alignment device is provided for sealing pipe ends against internal or external pressure while protecting the pipe end preparation from damage to facilitate a permanent pipe joining process at a remote location in an adverse environment.

Abstract: Split fittings for use in the installation of a flexible jacket over a rigid pipeline comprise a pair of housing halves which, when mated, form a housing enclosure, sealing means and clamping means capable of holding the flexible jacket to the housing enclosure. A method of retrofitting a rigid pipeline system with a flexible jacket uses the split fittings.

Abstract: A tubing string testing tool having three separate isolated passageways for allowing separate and independent control over the packer or sealing systems as well as for each of two separate testing fluids. The tool is comprised of a plurality of separateable elements that can be connected together to develop the desired length testing tool to correctly position sealing assemblies along the interior of the tubing string to form annular test cavities within the tubing string to isolate joints and tubing wall sections so that a plurality of joints and tubing wall sections can be simultaneously tested. Each of the separate elements include three internal passageway systems and the connection between each employs three separate annular chambers for interconnecting the passageways together between the elements and along the entire length of the tool or along desired portions of that length.

Abstract: Leakage of a pipe wall is detected by forming a test chamber around the pipe radially opposite the wall area to be tested by bringing together a pair of test chamber halves each including a semi-annular anvil segment, an outer housing segment and an elastomeric seal sandwiched between the segments with the ends of the anvil segments of the respective test chamber halves being brought into abutment and continued closing movement of the test chambers causing the outer housing segments to extrude the elastomeric seals radially inwardly around the non-yielding anvil and against the pipe surface and circumferentially to effect a hermetic seal at the meeting ends of the test chamber halves and at the pipe wall surface. Thereafter the test chamber formed between the pipe surface and the encircling anvil ring is pressurized and changes in the pressure are read as a function of pipe wall leakage.

Abstract: A high pressure pipe stopper includes an elongated stem having a threaded section and terminating at a first end in a conically shaped mandrel having an exterior surface sloped at an angle of about 5.degree.. The pipe stopper also includes a plurality of grip segments about the stem and a nut engaged with the threaded section to force the grip segments up along the mandrel. The pipe stopper may also include an extractor coupling connected between the nut and grip segments such that the grip segments are drawn down the mandrel when the nut is turned away from the mandrel.

Abstract: A method is provided for leak checking pipes or pipe networks wherein the leak check is effected by means of liquid under pressure in that a pressure change is determined. To improve the leak check by excluding temperature caused pressure changes, the liquid pressure in the pipes, pipe networks or pipe sections thereof is set to at least two different pressure levels as initial pressure for at least one respective pressure change determination. From the time standardized pressure changes associated with different initial pressures, a time standardized pressure change difference is formed and is compared with an allowed value with reference to the unit of time. A leak is determined to exist if the pressure change difference is greater than the allowed value.

Abstract: A test and isolation tool for wells of expanded utility and reduced manufacturing cost is disclosed. The outside diameter of the tool is significantly reduced and its overall construction is simplified by total elimination of a previously-employed annular piston. In lieu thereof, the outer surface of a mandrel forms one wall of a cylinder chamber for interfitting axially displaceable seal energizing rings which operate as pistons. The interior surface of a skirt portion of one seal energizing ring forms the other wall of the cylinder chamber for the two rings.

Abstract: In a leak detector of a kind suitable for mounting externally of a flexible hose to detect leakage of fluid through at least a part of the hose and generate a warning signal in response thereto, test means is provided for checking the operating capability of the detector. The test means is of a kind operable from outside of the detector, for example by means of a magnet or an ultrasonic signal. Accordingly particularly when the leak detector is used in underwater situations the operating capability of the detector may readily be checked in situ.

Abstract: A pneumatic pipe leak tester which includes: a compressed air source; a conduit of a first circuit connectible through an on-off valve to a pipe to be examined and provided with an electromagnetic valve; a conduit of a second circuit connectible through an on-off valve to a pipe to be examined and provided with an electromagnetic valve; a main conduit connecting the conduits of the first and second circuits to the compressed air source; a conduit of a third circuit communicating the conduits of the first and second circuits with each other; a calibration conduit branched off from one of the conduits of first and second circuits and connectible to a reference pipe through an on-off valve; an electromagnetic valve inserted in the conduit of the third circuit; a pressure transducer connected parallel with the electromagnetic valve of the third circuit C; and a detector adapted to produce a leak signal when the output signal of the pressure transducer exceeds a predetermined value; and a mechanism for sealing com

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for hydrostatically testing threaded pipe is disclosed that moves the pipe into position to have a first end cap made up on one end, moves the pipe into position to have a second end cap made up on the other end, and lowers a shield onto the pipe before it is tested. The apparatus includes a mandrel that is attached to the first end cap. The mandrel is supported and rotated by a socket but can move out of the socket to travel with the pipe as the pipe is moved to receive the second end cap.

Abstract: To avoid the excessive cost and time required to pull the wear bushing from a sub-sea well head in deep water to enable frequent periodic testing of the blow-out preventer, a casing integrity test tool is assembled to a wear bushing running and retrieving tool and this assembly is run into the well until it lands on a seating surface of the wear bushing. A dart for delivering tool energizing pressurized fluid is dropped through the drill pipe and pressurized to a pressure above the pressure being employed to test the blow-out preventer. While maintaining pressure on the drill pipe and dart, the blow-out preventer is tested except for the blind rams. After completion of the testing, pressure is relieved on the drill pipe, the dart is retrieved, and dry string retrieval of the test tool assembly is then carried out.

Abstract: A leak detection apparatus for pipe couplings includes a sleeve for enclosing a small volume on the exterior of a pipe joint with a flow passage on the sleeve for communication with a detection instrument; the sleeve may be a stiff but deformable polyurethane tube having separable edges including reinforcing strips embedded in the sleeve adjacent the edges; the sleeve may also be a fluid impervious fabric web that is, in use, wrapped about a pipe joint. The detection method includes a delay time after the pipe coupling is pressurized. It is also possible to release the pressure prior to sampling, as for example due to safety considerations. The leak detection apparatus includes means for conversion of leaked gas concentration to leak rate.

Abstract: A leakage detecting device for brake hoses is composed of a first cylinder chamber communicated with a brake hose to be inspected, a second cylinder chamber connected to a fluid pressure source, a leakage detecting cylinder with a piston disposed between the first and second cylinder chambers, displacement amount detecting means for detecting displacement of the piston of the leakage detecting cylinder and generating a signal corresponding to the displacement amount, and processing means for receiving the displacement detecting signal from the displacement amount detecting means, calculating leakage amount per unit time for a prescribed time based on the received signal, comparing data of the leakage amount per unit time with the upper limit value for leakage of a good product which is set by a setting device, and generating a failed product detected signal when the leakage amount exceeds the upper limit value for leakage of a good product.

Abstract: A pipe testing tool in the form of an elongated tubular member positionable within a pipe and which includes spaced, radially expandable sealing rings to contact the inner surface of the pipe and define at test section. The tool includes a through bore to carry pressurizing fluid which is used to cause the sealing rings to expand and then to pressurize the test section for leakage testing. A radial conduit from the through bore provides communication with a movable cylinder to compress the sealing rings and an escape chamber is provided to permit pressure release of trapped air between the cylinder and the sealing rings. The radial conduit is preferably spaced at least two conduit diameters away from a threaded portion to reduce stress concentrations and thereby avoid failure of the tool due to flexing during handling and use thereof.

Abstract: Propagating buckle chambers, vessels or jugs are employed as in-line plugs in a pipeline. In order to test connectors before flooding the pipeline, the chambers, vessels or jugs are set to trigger at a pressure higher than test pressure.

Abstract: Apparatus for monitoring the escape of steam from the tubes of a power station boiler or the like employs a microphone located externally to the combustion space to sense an increase in combustion space noise level. At least one long narrow listening tube leads from the combustion space and has at its end an elbow to which is sealed a microphone assembly that senses the noise in the combustion space. Preferably a diaphragm is interposed between the microphone assembly and listening tube that seals the end of the listening tube while transmitting sound substantially unattenuated. The diaphragm is a plastics sheet compressed between washers that have an undulating line of contact. Noise from escaping steam at a frequency of 4-8 KHz may be detected with a gain of typically -20 db. The signal from the microphone assembly is amplified and processed by means to indicate the level of sound in the combustion space.

Abstract: A hydrostatic pipe testing tool for use in oil field in cooperation with the bar string has upper and lower mandrel tools substantially identical and comprising a cylindrical collar threadably connected to a cylindrical piston and coaxially alligned with it so the central bores of the collar and the piston fluidly communicate with each other. A shaft integrally attached to the piston has a sleeve slidably mounted thereon. Two resilient sealing elements are spaced by three steel spacer rings and mounted circumferentially and slidably on the sleeve. Another sleeve is provided for attaching the shaft and the first sleeve to a bar string. The filling port of enlarged diameter is made perpendicularly in relation to the central bore in the piston portion of the mandrel and a filling jet is disposed at 45.degree. angle in relation to the central bore. A plurality of O-rings define fluidly sealed chambers for facilitating testing of the tubing within a well bore.

Abstract: A plug for sealing a sewer or drain conduit and for simultaneously filling the conduit so that the drainage system may be inspected for leaks. A tubular bulb made of an elastomeric material has fluid under pressure supplied to its internal cavity from one end. The bulb expands laterally of its longitudinal axis to thereby seal the conduit in which it is located. Thereafter, a spill over valve coupled to the other end of the bulb releases fluid from the bulb while maintaining the expanded size of the bulb and the sealing engagement between the bulb and the conduit. The bulb may have an external waffle surface to enhance sealing and reduce the likelihood of bulb rupture from sharp pipe edges. The spill over valve includes external channels through which fluid may pass upon sufficient expansion of the overlying bulb. Embodiments are disclosed which include a second bulb for sealing a branch conduit.

Abstract: A leak detecting method utilizes a pressure vessel for holding gas under ssure and a transparent chamber partly filled with liquid. A conduit defines a gas pathway from the vessel to a location within the chamber which is beneath the surface of the liquid. A fitting is provided for connection to a system which is to be tested and a further conduit connects the fitting through a first valve to a location within the liquid chamber, and through a second valve with the interior of the vessel. The fitting is connected to a system to be tested, and the first valve is closed. The system is pressurized to fill the conduit means and allow gas entering the conduit means to pass through the second valve into the interior of the vessel. The second valve is enclosed, thus isolating the vessel from the system. After a pause to allow leakage in the system to lower the pressure, the first valve is open and if gas bubbles in the liquid, then leakage has occurred.

Abstract: A method of testing for leaks in tubing and tube joints comprises placing within the tube to be tested a tool having spaced seals so that the seals are arranged on opposite sides of the joint to be tested in engagement at a constant pressure against the internal surface of the tubing. A search fluid such as 1 to 2% helium in air is passed through the tool under pressure and then out from the tool into the annular space between the outside surface of the tool and the inside surface of the tubing between the two seals. The presence of any helium is detected by means of a helium detector for example a mass spectrometer which has a probe extending to a gas trap surrounding the joint to be tested.

Abstract: An hydraulically inflatable anchoring device for use in pipelines. A woven fabric of braided steel cable is employed as the outer cover of the device, being expanded and maintained against the inside of a pipeline by inflation of an elastomeric bladder within. The anchoring device is configured in the shape of a dumbbell, with a center section of lesser diameter than the ends, in order to facilitate movement through curved sections of pipe. The woven fabric is wrapped around the ends of the anchoring device and clamped in the interior thereof, so as to provide a greater length of fabric for frictional engagement with the wall of the pipe.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for hydrostatically testing the seal integrity against leakage of the sealing face surface of the end of a pipe is disclosed. A test pad is engaged against a sealing face surface of a pipe and urged into tight contact with said sealing face surface. Fluid is applied under pressure to the juncture between said test pad and said sealing face surface to determine the seal integrity against leakage of the sealing face surface.

Abstract: A hydraulic chuck device for use with the inside of a tube. Included is a body defining a chamber and a piston slideably mounted in said chamber. An axially centered stem means is mounted at one of its end on said piston and has a passage along its axis, while sleeve means slideably cover said stem means and are mounted on said body. Collet means are operably connected to said stem means and said sleeve means such that relative movement of one with respect to the other causes activation of said collets. First fluid means are connected to said piston to cause relative movement between said stem and said sleeve, and second fluid means are connected to said stem means for passage of fluid through said passage of said stem means into the inside of said tube.

Abstract: In the embodiment shown, the Plug comprises an elongate body which has a throughgoing passage formed therein and an external ramp surface. A plurality of jaws are independently engaged with the body, and constrained thereon, for movement along the ramp surface to cause the jaws to extend and grip the inside surface of a to-be-tested tube. The body is externally threaded and receives an internally-threaded nut which is used to move the jaws along the ramp surface. One end of the body has land surfaces formed thereon to accommodate a quick-disconnect coupling thereat of a tube. The opposite end of the body has an expandable seal, for sealingly engaging the inside surface of the to-be-tested tube. The seal comprises a nosepiece, centrally bored, with a hexagonal socket formed therein, and a hollow shaft, externally threaded, which threadedly engages an internal thread formed in the mating end of the body.

Abstract: To locate a leak in a length of pressure-assisted oil-filled electric power cable, the static fluid pressure is measured at the two ends of the length and the flow into or out of the cable is measured at one end for at least two different pressure supply conditions giving different flow rates while maintaining zero flow rate at the other end of the cable. The measurements are then repeated with zero measured flow rate at said other end. From these measurements, the relationship between flow rate at each end of the cable and the pressure drop between the ends due to flow can be determined and this enables the position of the leak to be calculated. Apparatus for making the necessary measurements is described.

Abstract: A system for externally testing a pipe joint connection utilizes a well known oil field apparatus with minor modifications to perform an important test of the hydraulic integrity of the pipe joint. A pair of hydraulically operated blowout preventor rams are connected by means of a pipe of sufficient length to accommodate the enclosure of a pipe joint connection. The connecting pipe forming the enclosure is aligned with the pipe opening in the rams. Thus the assembly is comprised of upper and lower rams with a pipe therebetween forming a test chamber. The lower rams are inverted so that the rams are closed, the connecting pipe forms a sealed chamber. A port is provided in the connecting pipe to permit fluid under pressure to be passed into the chamber when the rams are closed about pipe being tested. The test assembly is connected by a flange below the lower ram to the wellhead.

Abstract: A combined well head housing test tool and well head leak isolation tool is disclosed. Annular seals to test the integrity of well head housing sealing surfaces are energized by pressurized fluid delivered through a dart in the center bore of a tool mandrel and through a radial port of the mandrel to a piston actuator which acts on the seals to energize them. Test fluid under test pressure is separately delivered to a chamber of the tool in communication with the seals through a port formed internally in a combined nut and seal support unit.

Abstract: A moisture sensing device for application to water pipes and the like utilizes a pair of closely spaced electrical conductors partially positioned in an elongated flexible insulating member which can be adhesively affixed to a water pipe or the like with the spaced partially exposed electrical conductors in oppositely disposed relation to the pipe. An alarm actuating circuit is connected with the spaced conductors and arranged to initiate an alarm when moisture bridges the closely spaced conductors.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for internally applying fluid pressure in order to determine the leak resisting characteristics of pipe, by gravitating a pipe into an elongated upwardly opening trough filled with a noncompressible fluid, such as water. The pipe is supported submerged within the trough and below the liquid level thereof such that opposed seals can be lowered into the trough, reciprocated towards one another and into engagement with the opposed ends of the filled pipe. Hence, the seals isolate the pipe interior after the pipe has been filled with the non-compressible fluid. The internal pressure of the pipe is increased and held for a finite period of time, thereby determining the rate at which the noncompressible fluid escapes from the pipe interior. The seals are released from the pipe ends, the fluid drained from the pipe and back into the trough, and the tested pipe is then removed from the apparatus.

Abstract: Methods for testing the sealing integrity of seals of joints being added to an underwater pipe string and of each previously laid joint in the pipe string each time a joint is added to the string. The seal testing methods can be accomplished in two ways; dynamically, by pumping the sealed pipe until flow stops if the seal is perfect; or statically, by sealing the pumping unit discharge and measuring the pressure in the sealed pipe.

Abstract: A crack indicator based on a piping system consisting of cold-embrittling plastics pipes imbedded in a gas container insulation. A warning gas is subjected to an excess pressure in the piping system. In the event of a crack or other damage to the insulating material, a leak is produced in the piping system at this point so that warning gas flows out into the tank interior. In this case, an indicator responding to the issuing warning gas produces an alarm signal. The alarm emitter can consist, for example, of an analysis instrument for the specific gas. However, an indicator based on a pressure measuring system which is connected upstream of the piping system and produces an alarm signal when a predetermined pressure difference is exceeded is simpler.

Abstract: A fitting for mounting to the ends of smooth wall tubes, particularly, expanded end tubes and beaded or barbed end tubes. The fitting grips behind the expansion or beaded end on the tube and seals on the tube outer diameter. The fitting also has a pressure assist design that furnishes increased sealing and gripping action with increase in sealing pressure.

Abstract: A combined test and isolation tool for sub-sea well equipment is used particularly for testing the integrity of internal sealing surfaces of sub-sea well head housings and also for testing casing hangers and their seals. The same tool is run on drill pipe in a sub-sea well to isolate a casing hanger seal from components of the well blow-out preventer to determine accurately and with finality where a detected leak originates. The use of the tool enables costly well head housings, casing hangers and seals normally discarded following a single usage to be reused with safety and efficiency and at a great savings in cost.