Abstract: A balance system for an internal combustion engine or the like includes a counterbalance weight pivotally mounted to the crankcase and driven in a reciprocating manner by a link assembly connecting the weight to an eccentric on the crankshaft. The pivoting weight not only counterbalances the piston acceleration and deceleration forces but also cancels the torsional forces created by the weight as it pivotally moves through an arc in response to piston movement. This is accomplished by locating the center of gravity of the balance weight between the piston bore centerline and the stationary pivot of the balance weight itself. This location for the center of gravity causes a torque to be generated by a force couple created by the piston inertial force vector, the balance weight interial force vector, and the distance between them. This torque counteracts the torque generated by angular acceleration of the balance weight itself, to thereby substantially eliminate all torsional vibrations.

Abstract: A balancer shaft for use in a multicylinder engine comprises a balance weight part formed to be eccentric in relation to a rotation axis of the balancer shaft and disposed along the alignment of cylinders in a cylinder block, an elongated shaft part extending from the balance weight part along the alignment of cylinders, a driving device provided on an end portion of the elongated shaft part for transmitting the rotation of a crank shaft in the cylinder block to the balancer shaft, a first journal provided on the end portion of said elongated shaft part, a second journal provided on a central portion of the balance weight part, and a third journal provided on an end portion of the balance weight part. The first, second and third journals are supported respectively by first, second and third bearing portions provided in the cylinder block.

Abstract: A balancer mass is reciprocated linearly in the plane of the piston/cylinders of a four cylinder in-line engine by a pair of cams mounted on the crankshaft for rotation therewith. The second order vibrations can be substantially eliminated either by mounting a single balancer of the invention at the center of the crankshaft or by using a pair of balancers mounted one each at opposite ends of the crankshaft. The vibrations can also be substantially reduced by mounting a single balancer at the "free end" of the crankshaft opposite the clutch and flywheel.

Abstract: A dynamic balancing device for a press having a crankshaft, a connecting rod mounted on an eccentric portion of the crankshaft and connected to a slide at its free end. The balancing device has links mounted on the eccentric portion of the crankshaft and extending in the direction opposite the direction in which the connecting rod extends, a pair of balancing weights provided on opposite sides of the crankshaft and vertically movable; and a pair of levers having their one ends pivotally attached to the upper ends of corresponding balancing weights and having the other ends of corresponding balancing weights and having the other ends overlapped and pivotally connected with the links, the levers being pivoted on the press at their respective mid-portions.

Abstract: A balancing arrangement is provided for balancing the secondary out of balance forces of four cylinder in line engines. A gearwheel carried on the crankshaft transmits drive to a further gearwheel and each of the gearwheels is arranged to drive a balancing wheel. The balancing wheels are driven in opposite directions at twice the rotational speed of the engine. Each wheel is provided with adjustment means whereby backlash in the wheels is taken up. The arrangement is of particular application to motorcycles.

Abstract: A dynamic balancing device for a press is provided for balancing the inertia forces generated by the reciprocating parts of the press using balancing weights. A connecting rod is mounted around the crank of the drive shaft and has one end pivotally connected to the slide and the other end pivotally connected to a link. The link is connected to a pair of levers extending in opposite directions. The levers are used to move a respective pair of balancing weights 17 in opposite directions to the direction of movement of the reciprocating members of the press. The balancing weights are guided by guide pins 18 received in bores extending through the balancing weights.

Abstract: A single cylinder internal combustion engine has an inline counterbalance weight system which includes a counterbalance shaft rotatably mounted ot a crankcase and extending generally parallel to a crankshaft of the engine and transverse to and aligned with the rectilinear path of reciprocation of the piston pivotally connected to the crankshaft, and a counterbalance weight eccentrically mounted on the counterbalance shaft. The counterbalance shaft and weight are rotated in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the crankshaft. The crankshaft and the weights mounted thereon and the counterbalance weight are aligned with and disposed in symmetrical relationship to the rectilinear path of the piston.

Abstract: The rotor of a driving device comprises an output shaft with transmission wheels fixed on the output shaft. The rotor is provided with a plurality of rotor bodies and a transmission device which is interlocked with the transmission wheels. Each rotor body is equipped with a plurality of rotating body parts on a support shaft in a free rotatable manner. Balance bodies are attached to these rotating body parts through pins located at eccentric positions of these balance bodies in a manner to provide free rotation. Crank bodies, driven by the rotating bodies, are freely-rotatably equipped on the support shafts. Where the output shaft rotates by an input from an external source, the rotating bodies also rotate at the same time. In addition, the balance bodies also rotate in association with the rotation of these rotating bodies. Therefore, the crank bodies prevent a state that parts of the balance bodies protrude outwardly from the rotating bodies. Thus, the inertial force of the rotating bodies is ensured.

Abstract: An automotive engine crankshaft has a vibration balancing mass suspended from a main bearing cap on rods or bolts for an oscillatory radial movement in response to reciprocation of the mass by contoured cam wheels on the cheeks of the crankshaft, the cam wheels engaging rollers or cam follower wheels on a shaft freely rotatable in the balancing mass, the mass being restricted to a translational movement in a radial direction only, the mounting of the mass including a pivot/bushing that restricts the movement to the one translational direction only while at the same time permitting a slight rotational or pivotal movement of the mass about three axes to correct for any slight misalignment of the axis of the mass with respect to the axis of the crankshaft.

Abstract: A bifilar type pendulum automotive engine vibrational damper has at least one pendulum with an inner curved cam follower surface that is alternately engaged and disengaged from a pin type cam fixed on the pendulum carrier during low engine crankshaft operating speeds, such as during engine start up or shut-down, to force the pendulum to follow a path close to the path defined by the swinging arcuate movement of the pendulum during operation at normal engine crankshaft operating speeds, a minimal radial clearance being provided between the pendulum's curved surface and pin during the normal crankshaft operating speeds to reduce the impact of metal to metal contact between the pendulum and rollers or pendulum and carrier and resultant noise when the pendulum alternately falls inwardly against the carrier in response to gravity and then is forced outwardly due to centrifugal force.

Abstract: An engine block is provided including multiple cylinders having pistons reciprocal therein connected to separate crankshaft sections journalled from the block by connecting rods. The block also journals a countershaft to whose opposite ends the crankshaft sections are drivingly connected through the utilization of power transmitting assemblies each including a clutch assembly and releasable drive connection structure incorporating and indexing mechanism for indexing the corresponding shaft section to the countershaft in the same indexed position each time the corresponding clutch assembly is actuated. The clutch assembly of each power transmitting assembly is interposed, in the path of transmission of power from the corresponding crankshaft section to said countershaft, intermediate the crankshaft section and the corresponding drive connection structure.

Abstract: An improved lightweight and strong flywheel for a reciprocating machine having multiple cylinders. The crankshaft includes a plurality of journals offset from the axis of rotation of the crankshaft. At least one of these journals is connected to the crankshaft by means of a flywheel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a drive mechanism for connecting an input shaft to an output shaft and superimposing on the output shaft a variable oscillatory motion determined by the position of a reaction member. The drive mechanism comprises an input disc fast in rotation with the input shaft, and defining a slideway transverse to the axis of the input shaft. A sliding member is made to slide along the slideway by a block journalled within a pivotable yoke, the block being itself slidable in a second slideway defined by the sliding member. A crank pin fixed to the output shaft is connected slidably to the sliding member such that as the sliding member slides along the slideway, the phase of the output shaft is varied with respect of the phase of the input shaft. A second similar mechanism drives a weight with opposite phase in order to cancel out the reaction torque on the input shaft.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having a pair of balancing shafts carrying eccentric balancing weights and driven in a direction of counterbalancing effects of reciprocating parts. Each balancing shaft is positioned to extend in parallel with the crankshaft and supported by bearings of which upper portions are defined by deck portions formed in the cylinder block. Compact arrangements can be accomplished by the locations of the balancing shafts.

Abstract: A balancing mechanism for reducing the vibration of a piston type internal combustion engine having a crankshaft and a camshaft comprises one or more reciprocating balance weights driven by two rotating cams with at least one of said cams being driven by either said crankshaft or said camshaft.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a balancing mechanism for preventing vibration of a reciprocating piston internal combustion engine. The balancing comprises a pair of eccentric journals on the crankshaft, each having an axis spaced to the side of the crankshaft axis which is opposite the crankpin. A pair of arms are journaled on the journals and carry a counterbalance. Guide means is mounted in the crankcase for confining the counterweight to reciprocate on the cylinder axis in directions reverse to the piston motion as the crankshaft rotates.

Abstract: The balancing weights of the engine are directly mounted on the camshaft which is driven from the engine crankshaft in a counter-rotational sense, using a pair of gears and a simple toothed belt. This simple design saves both space and weight.

Abstract: An engine balancing system for a single-cylinder engine including a single primary balancer and a counterbalancer for reducing rotational vibration, wherein the single primary balancer has an axis of rotation disposed parallel to a crank shaft of the engine and is driven at the same velocity as the crank shaft in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the crank shaft. A cylinder of the engine has a center line which deviates from the center axis of the crank shaft and is displaced toward the single primary balancer.

Abstract: A ventilating system on an internal-combustion engine is described that has balancer shafts for the balancing of mass of the second degree, the balancer shafts are driven by a crankshaft via a toothed belt in a clutch housing into which fresh air is blown via an inlet opening for cooling purposes. For an improved direct cooling of the toothed belt, at least one air guiding duct is connected to the inlet opening. This air guiding duct is formed by ribs and has at least one outlet opening in the direct area of the toothed belt from which air blows out in a targeted manner onto the toothed belt.

Abstract: A mechanical mechanism, for use in an internal combustion engine for changing rectilinear movement of a piston to rotational movement of a crankshaft, is of simple construction and has a minimum number of parts. A small gear with teeth formed on its external peripheral portion is stationarily mounted to a wall of an engine, and receives a first portion of a crankshaft, the crankshaft being rotatable with respect to the gear and the wall about an axis. A second portion of the crankshaft opposite the first is also mounted for rotation with respect to a stationary member. A third portion of the crankshaft is offset from the axis. A balancing structure comprising first and second balance bodies interconnected by a collar, and is mounted so that the crankshaft third portion is received within the collar and rotatable with resepct to the collar.

Abstract: A balancing system for use in for example a motorcycle engine to balance forces generated by a piston and connecting rod arrangement connected to a crankshaft. The crankshaft supports a first gear meshing with a second internal gear supported by an intermediate member such that the intermediate member rotates in the same direction as the crankshaft. The intermediate member supports a third external gear driving one or more balance shafts. In a single balance shaft arrangement, the external gear drives the balance shaft directly. In a twin balance shaft arrangement, the external gear drives one of the balance shafts directly and drives the other balance shaft via a further gear supported by a further intermediate member.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine having an oil-retaining cylinder block and crankcase (10), a cylinder head (11), a cylinder liner (12) defining the cylinder (13) in which a piston (14) reciprocates, and a crankshaft (15) on which the piston is mounted via a connecting rod (16). The flywheel (17) is mounted on the crankshaft (15) and extends upwardly alongside the base of the cylinder liner (12) whereby the maximum radius of the flywheel is greater than the minimum distance between the rotational axis of the crankshaft and the lowermost position occupied by the base of the piston at bottom dead centre position. Thus there is provided an offset flywheel of low mass but providing a substantial moment of inertia while the overall height of the engine is be reduced without loss of horsepower.

Abstract: A balancer structure for a three-cylinder engine for eliminating the vibration in the engine especially the vibration caused by an inertia couple about an axis perpendicular to the crankshaft of the engine. A countershaft is rotated at the same speed as the crankshaft but in opposite direction. Two counterweights are secured to the crankshaft corresponding to the first and third cylinders of both ends for balancing of reciprocating masses and rotating masses. A counterweight is secured to the crankshaft for balancing of reciprocating masses. At least two balancers are secured to the countershaft at both ends thereof.

Abstract: A crankshaft of a V-6 internal combustion engine is provided with first and second end balance weights located at the front and rear end sections thereof. The crankshaft is further provided with first and second middle balance weights located near the first and second end balance weight, respectively, and a central balance weight located at the central section thereof, thereby establishing dynamic balance even between the adjacent main bearing journals of the crankshaft.

Abstract: A virtual balancing axis arrangement is described for multi-cylinder reciprocating piston machines for effectively balancing out imbalanced forces and minimizing residual imbalance moments acting on the crankshaft of such machines without requiring the use of additional parallel-arrayed balancing shafts or complex and expensive gear arrangements. The novel virtual balancing axis arrangement is capable of being designed into multi-cylinder reciprocating piston and crankshaft machines for substantially reducing vibrations induced during operation of such machines with only minimal number of additional component parts.

Abstract: The needle bar drive of a counterbalanced sewing machine comprises, in addition to a counterbalance weight connected to the driving crank, a second counterbalance weight which is driven in opposition thereto through a drive mechanism. The drive mechanism comprises an intermediate shaft which rotates at a double speed relative to the armshaft and carries and drives a third counterbalance weight.

Abstract: This invention concerns balancing reciprocatory machines, such as internal combustion engines, in which reciprocating movement of a piston or the like is translated into rotation of a crankshaft via a connecting rod. In order to provide at least a significant degree of compensation or balancing of forces causing vibration in the machine, the crankpin has a pair of heart formations fixed thereon which makes rolling contact with a pair of rain drop formations rotatable on an extension of the connecting rod. At T.D.C. the point of each of the rain drop formations fits in the cusp of the appropriate heart formation and at B.D.C. the maximum radius of the heart formations coincide with the minimum radius of the rain drop formations.

Abstract: A combustion engine has at least one balancer shaft, driven by the engine and arranged parallel to the crankshaft, to dampen engine vibrations. The balancer shaft is arranged in a separate housing, mounted on the outside of the cylinder block, to make it possible, with only minor modifications, to equip existing older engine types with balancer shafts. The housing has at least two axially-spaced bearings for the balancer shaft and is attached directly to the engine block by means of fasteners located in the area of those bearings.

Abstract: A bearing arrangement for the balance shafts for balancing second order inertia forces on an internal combustion engine, in which the balance shafts run parallel to the crankshaft on both longitudinal walls of the crankcase, and have the ends carrying the balance weights supported by means of journal bearings within the crankcase and having driven ends supported by means of roller bearings outside the crankcase in the region of a crankcase end wall.

Abstract: Disclosed is an engine for motorcycles, having first and second engine blocks disposed in a form like V on the frame of the motorcycle. Pistons reciprocatably and slidably received in the engine blocks are connected to first and second crank pins of a crankshaft through respective connecting rods. Representing the included angle between the central axes of first and second cylinders for the first and second piston by .alpha., the rotational phase of the second crank pin is offset from that of the first crank pin by an angle .pi.-2.alpha. in the opposite side of the central axis of the first cylinder to the central axis of the second cylinder. A balancer weight is attached to that portion of the crank shaft positioned opposite to the first and second crank pins and on the bisector line of the angle formed between the first and second crank pins.

Abstract: A crankshaft mounted secondary shaking force balancer for multicylinder engines and the like in which eccentrically rotating balance weights carried on the crankshaft and arranged for substantial primary balance are combined in oppositely rotating groups of weights driven by stationary ring or sun gears and associated planetary gears to provide coacting rotating forces that combine to apply directly to the crankshaft a secondary shaking force reciprocating at twice crankshaft speed and available to balance equivalent oppositely directed shaking forces developed by the crankshaft connected moving components of the engine.

Abstract: A reciprocating engine, preferably a high speed internal combustion engine, includes means for reducing vibration.The engine has at least one piston, a connecting rod connected at one end to the piston and at the other end to a crankshaft. A pair of balancing links are pivotally mounted on the crankshaft and guide links constrain the balancing links to follow paths generally normal to the crankshaft axis and in opposition to the piston.The guide links extend in opposite directions and are attached to the balancing links and to a fixed point to balance out the vibrational forces of the engine.

Abstract: An even firing 90.degree. V6 four stroke cycle engine is provided with a single line balancer having a combination of primary balance weights and secondary Oldham coupling balancers rotating opposite crankshaft rotation which, combined with crankshaft counterweights, provide complete offsetting of the engine primary rotating unbalance couple together with offsetting of a large portion of the engine secondary rotating unbalance couple and leaving a small residual secondary unbalance couple for absorption by the engine mounting system.

Abstract: In a reciprocating-piston engine including operating cylinders, a piston associated with each cylinder, a crankshaft with crankpins, and piston rods for connecting the pistons to the crankpins, a mass balancing arrangement has a balancing mass connecting rod connected to the crankshaft, a balancing mass connected to the balancing mass connecting rod, and a rocker arm for guiding the balancing mass with one end connected to the balancing mass connecting rod and with the other end connected to an extension of a piston rod beyond its connection to a crankpin. A rocker arm or a pair of rocker arms could be used with each balancing mass, depending upon the arrangement of the cylinders.

Abstract: A compression ignition engine includes a pair of axially aligned pistons which are reciprocable in a common cylinder and each connected to a crankshaft by a linkage system which includes a rocker beam. Characteristically, it is proposed that a strut by which both the rocker beam fulcrums are separated is formed integrally with engine mounting brackets on which an engine main frame is supported through an interposed layer of resilient or flexible jointing material. Also proposed is a universal joint coupling between each piston rod and its associated rocker beam.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine comprises a cylinder block having a plurality of cylinder barrels and a plurality of bearing sections for the journals of a crankshaft; a bearing beam structure and including a plurality of main bearing cap sections each of which associates with each cylinder block bearing section to form a bore for rotatably receiving the crankshaft journal, each bearing cap section being formed with first and second projections which are spaced from each other and located opposite to each other with respect to the axis of the bore, and first and second beam members which are independent from but securely connected to the first and second bearing cap section projections, respectively, by bolts, thereby greatly reducing engine noise emission and improving the productivity of the engine.

Abstract: A half speed balancer for unbalanced mechanisms such as internal combustion engines comprises an Oldham coupling device with a central coupler that orbits in a curved (usually circular) path at a frequency twice the speed of the coupling rotation. The balancer substitutes for an equivalent rotating eccentric weight when driven at only half the rotational speed thus causing reduced bearing friction and noise and may be used in multiples like eccentric weights to offset various unbalance conditions.

Abstract: An engine balancer for a four cylinder engine for balancing secondary unbalance forces. The balancer is a Lanchester balancer having cylindrical counterweights with provisions for aligning the counterweights, the gears and the crankshaft in the assembly on the engine.

Abstract: A torsional balancer device for a rotary shaft such as for a piston engine comprises a rotationally symmetrical member which is adapted to be connected to the rotary shaft to be balanced. A rotationally symmetrical seismic mass is rotatably mounted so as to be closely spaced from the rotational member and a viscous damping agent is within the small gaps between the seismic mass and the symmetrical member.A plurality, preferably an odd number, of curved, substantially closed spring elements have closely spaced ends which are connected respectively to the rotational member and the seismic mass. The spring elements define closed curves which may be circular or elliptical in shape. The rotationally symmetrical member may comprise a hermetically sealed annular housing and the seismic mass and damping agent may be enclosed within the housing.

Abstract: A piston type positive displacement device includes a crankshaft turned as a consequence of piston reciprocation. A counterweight is provided to balance the cyclical forces generated by the reciprocating piston. The counterweight is linked to the crankshaft, slides in a slideway, and includes a wagging member which wags as it reciprocates. The counterweight surrounds its own bearing so as to reduce the height needed to accommodate the system. It can also provide improved engine smoothness because of a potentially greater movement of inertia.

Abstract: A single cylinder internal combustion engine has a piston which drives a crankshaft and flywheel through a connecting rod and has a counterweight arrangement which balances forces produced by the moving engine elements. The counterweight arrangement includes a weight on the crankshaft and two weights on the flywheel which fully balance the forces produced by rotating motion of the engine parts and partially balance the forces produced by reciprocal motion of the engine parts. Two balance shafts are provided which are parallel to and driven synchronously with the crankshaft. The balance shafts have respective first weights thereon which complete the balance of forces produced by the reciprocating motion of engine parts and have respective second weights thereon which balance the moment of the first weights with respect to the axis of the cylinder.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine provided with a mass balance unit of the second order. The mass balance unit includes two balancing shafts with each of the balancing shafts being provided with balancing weights. The balancing shafts are arranged on respective sides of the crankshaft of the engine and extend in parallel thereto. The balancing shafts are driven with a chain by a sprocket wheel seated on the crankshaft with one of the shafts being directly driven for rotation in the direction of rotation of the crankshaft and the other rotating, through the interposition of a pair of gear wheels, in a direction in opposition to the direction of rotation of the crankshaft. The directly driven balancing shaft with sprocket wheel is mounted on an inside of the lid covering an opening of the crankcase of the engine. The other balancing shaft is supported on a bearing cover for the crankshaft and the driving is effected from a sprocket wheel attached to a crank web of the crankshaft.

Abstract: A balancing mechanism in a conventional, multicylinder engine consisting of a mass linked to the static portion of the engine and dynamically linked to the engine crankshaft in such a manner as to establish an arcuate oscillation of the mass on rotation of the crankshaft for producing a primary harmonic shaking force and a secondary harmonic shaking force in the direction of greatest travel of the mass, and a secondary harmonic shaking force in a direction at right angles to said first-mentioned direction with these harmonic shaking forces adapted to balance other shaking forces developed within the engine. A crank-and-rocker mechanism is utilized in the balancing mechanism and the angular disposition thereof may be related to the position of maximum value of the engine harmonic shaking forces as distinguished from the dead center position of the engine.

Abstract: A drive aggregate for a heat pump includes a common cylinder block which combines a heat pump compressor and an internal combustion engine driving the compressor. Bearings mounted in the cylinder block support a common crankshaft which serves both the engine and the compressor and which is formed of a first crankshaft part and a second crankshaft part. The two crankshaft parts (engine-side and compressor-side crankshaft parts) have adjoining end portions which are mutually non-rotatably interconnected. The bearings comprise a first and a second end bearing. The second end bearing supports both adjoining end portions, whereas the first end bearing supports the other end of the first crankshaft part. Between the first and the second end bearings there is situated at least one intermediate bearing which is split for permitting lateral installation thereof on the first crankshaft part.

Abstract: A torsional vibration damper of the type having an inertia ring secured to a hub, the hub being coupled to the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. Elastomer members are sandwiched between the hub and inertia ring. The improvement of this invention relates to a radially inwardly extending tongue carried by the inertia ring, a portion of which is sandwiched by the elastomer members. A viscous shear liquid is carried by an annular internal cavity of the hub, the radially innermost portion of the tongue immersed in the shear liquid.

Abstract: Mechanism for counterbalancing a crankshaft, connecting rod and piston assembly. Carried by the shaft are the typical or conventional counterbalancing mass means. The invention provides additional counterbalancing mass means which are rotatable relative to the shaft and relative to the regular counterbalancing means in a manner to counterbalance through 360.degree.. The additional counterbalancing means are driven by a gear means coaxial with the shaft and additional driving planetary gear means mounted on a shaft which planetates, the planetary gear means not rotating about their axes. The additional counterbalancing mass means are driven at a speed twice that of the regular counterbalancing masses. The conventional counterbalancing masses and the additional counterbalancing masses take relative positions throughout the 360.degree. to counterbalance at all positions.

Abstract: The invention is a reciprocating mechanism for use in piston driven compressors and in internal and external combustion engines. The design comprises a piston and connecting rod which is driven by a crank with an intervening transfer linkage for extending and contracting the crank radius during each revolution of the crankshaft.

Abstract: As a counterbalance for an internal combustion engine a counterbalanceweight (7) driven by a crankshaft (2) of the engine by means of a non slipping drive is pivoted on a shaft (6) and combined with the driven part (8) of the non slipping drive. As a stretching or tensioning arrangement for the transmission means (9) of the non slipping drive, the shaft (6) supporting the counterbalanceweight (7) is provided with an eccentrically arranged journal pin (10) pivoted and lockable in the housing (1) of the engine.

Abstract: An engine balancer for a four cylinder in-line internal combustion engine. The balancer is mounted centrally under the crankshaft and driven by a drive gear adjacent the nodal point of torsional vibrations on the crankshaft. The balancer is for secondary forces on the engine and the drive reduces feed of torsional vibrations to the engine balancer from the crankshaft.

Abstract: This invention is an apparatus for partial balancing of the free inertia forces and inertia moments of a reciprocating piston-crankshaft engine which is comprised of a pair of eccentrically weighted balancing masses mounted on an axial end of the engine. The balancing masses are mounted on drive pulleys which can be driven in opposite directions by a toothed-belt with teeth on both sides which is connected to the crankshaft. The balancing masses are arranged so that their centrifugal force components extending parallel to the cylinder axes are added and the centrifugal force components extending perpendicular to the cylinder axes cancel each other out and the axes of rotation of the pulleys are offset relative to each other in the direction of the cylinder axes.