Abstract: Using diversified raw materials as mixed oxide ore, steel scrap, iron sulfide ores steel and steel alloys are produced. Elements not required in steel composition are separated and recovered as individual elements. Liquid steel is cooled by performing endothermic gaseous reaction in direct contact with steel and cast in required forms. Continuously cast products go directly to rolling process with appropriate finishing treatments. CO2, N2, H2S and SO2 produced in the mill are gainfully utilized. Direct water is not used in steel making process. All by-products are gainfully utilized and pollution problems are solved.

Abstract: A method of pyroprocessing mineral ores, such as iron ore. The method includes receiving a preheated product stream of iron-containing pellets at an infeed end of a rotary kiln and introducing an oxidizing gas into the tumbling bed toward the infeed end of the rotary kiln. Additionally, a combustible fuel is introduced through ports above the tumbling bed such that combustion of the introduced fuel increases the temperature of the product stream toward the infeed end. The increase in the temperature of the product stream allows the intensity of the flame from the centerline burner to be decreased, resulting in a reduction in the production of NOx. The apparatus for introducing both the oxidizing gas and fuel into the rotary kiln are common with each other.

Abstract: Metal-containing ores are extracted by a process and apparatus which avoid contaminating the product with fuel gas components. In a rotary kiln, a heat shock-resistant ceramic pipe is subjected to indirect high temperature heating, thereby allowing the extraction reaction to be conducted without heat producing fuel gases.

Abstract: Metal-containing ores are extracted by a process and apparatus which avoid contaminating the product with fuel gas components. In a rotary kiln, a heat shock-resistant ceramic pipe is subjected to indirect high temperature heating, thereby allowing the extraction reaction to be conducted without heat producing fuel gases.