Abstract: A method for making killed steel that permits use of high-carbon manganese without increasing the carbon content of the steel to an unacceptable level. During tapping from the furnace into the ladle, a carbon-containing manganese, and advantageously a high-carbon manganese, is first added to the molten steel, followed thereafter by addition of a strong deoxidizer. The carbon-containing manganese addition reduces the free oxygen content in the molten steel such that less of a strong deoxidizer is subsequently needed to achieve the remainder of the desired oxygen reduction.

Abstract: A process that produces pozzolanes, synthetic blast furnace slags, belite, or alite clinkers, as well as pig iron alloys, from oxidic liquid slag. The oxidic liquid slag is reduced above an iron bath in a reactor containing submerged tuyeres. Carbon is blown through the submerged tuyeres and into the iron bath to maintain the iron bath at a carbon content of between 2.5 wt % and 4.6 wt %.

Abstract: A direct smelting process and a fixed, ie non-rotatable, metallurgical vessel for producing metal from a metalliferous feed material is disclosed. The process is a molten bath-based process which includes injecting solid feed materials with a carrier gas into the molten bath via one or more downwardly extending lance/tuyere (11) and causing gas flow from the molten bath at a flow rate of at least 0.30 Nm3/s/m2 at the interface between the metal layer (15) and the slag layer (16) of the molten bath (under quiescent conditions).

Abstract: A process for blowing oxygen-containing gas, with and without solid material, on a metal melt in a metallurgical vessel, a process for generating a burner flame and corresponding devices. The inventive process and lance suitable for such process provides, without structural conversion and by a simple design, various different process steps in the treatment of metal melts in a metallurgical vessel while increasing the insertion rates of the individual media. This is accomplished using a multifunctional lance in which the process of blowing oxygen with and without solids, and the generation of a burner flame may be performed independently from one another. The individual supply lines are connected in a corresponding manner depending on the respective process step. In the process for blowing oxygen-containing gas, vibrations are excited in the gas flow in a relatively simple manner.

Abstract: A multiple stage process for obtaining Ni units from Ni laterite ores and sulfur-bearing Ni concentrates during production of nickel-alloyed iron, nickel-alloyed steel or nickel-alloyed stainless steel in a reactor equipped with top- and bottom-blowing means. Dried Ni laterite ore is charged into an iron/slag bath mixture containing dissolved carbon and a metalloid reductant such as aluminum or silicon. The laterite ore is melted while heat is generated by oxidation of the metalloid and carbon in the reactor. After the laterite ore is melted, top-blowing of pure oxygen and bottom-blowing of an oxygen-containing gas are ceased. Bottom injection of an inert stirring gas is begun. A sulfur-bearing Ni concentrate and aluminum are added to the bath.

Abstract: A method of decarburizing refining molten steel containing Cr in such a manner that oxygen gas, inert gas or a mixture of inert gas and oxygen gas is blown to the surface of bath of molten steel containing Cr in a refining chamber and to a position below the surface of the steel bath. Inert gas is blown to the surface of the steel bath, and oxygen gas, the inert gas or a mixture of oxygen gas and inert gas is blown below the surface of the steel bath in a portion of or all of an overall period in which the concentration of C in the molten steel is in a range of 1 wt % and 0.05 wt %. Slag and molten steel are stirred so as to cause Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the slag and C in the molten steel to positively take part in a reaction represented by expression (1) below:Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 +3C.fwdarw.

Abstract: A three-stage process for obtaining metallic Cr units insitu during the production of stainless steel. Raw chromite ore or a concentrate produced from chromite ore is mixed with a carbonaceous reductant and slagging agents are added to an iron bath (24) for smelting and refining in a refining reactor (10). During the first stage, partially metallized chromite is smelted by carbon in the reactor that is top-and bottom-blown with oxygen and oxygen-containing gases respectively to produce a chromium alloy bath having a carbon content well below saturation. In the second stage, the alloy bath is decarburized by being bottom stirred with the oxygen-containing gas to the final bath carbon specification. In the third stage, the alloy bath is reduced by a metalloid reductant such as silicon or aluminum and again bottom stirred but with a non-oxidizing gas to achieve a high chromium yield.

Abstract: A process for obtaining Ni units from sulfur-bearing nickel concentrate during refining a nickel-alloyed steel or a stainless steel. Sulfur of the concentrate is transferred to and held within the slag by controlling slag composition and temperature, degree of mixing of the slag with the bath by an inert gas and aluminum level in the bath. The extent of desulfurization by the slag, the slag weight and the steel sulfur specification determine the amount of concentrate that can be added to the bath. The ratio of the slag weight to the iron bath weight should be in the range of 0.10-0.30 and the bath temperature is maintained between 1550.degree.-1700.degree. C. The slag basicity is controlled between 1.0 and 3.5, the composition of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 in the slag is maintained between 15-25 wt. % and the composition of MgO is maintained between 12-20 wt. %.

Abstract: A process of continuous metal refinement comprising feeding molten metal to a reaction chamber, introducing gaseous and solid oxidants, adding bulk materials, fully converting the metal and slag into a foamy emulsion, creating, in the reaction chamber, an increased pulsating pressure and a considerable deviation of a system from thermodynamic equilibrium by way of creating a self-organizing system of chemical reaction with gas evolution and taking off the emulsion into a refining sump at the critical speed of egress of two-phase liquid, separating the metal and slag in said refining sump and withdrawing the gas through a high layer of emulsion at a definite rate.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing molten pig iron is disclosed which comprises:forming a packed bed of coke in a vertical furnace having a charging port in an upper portion thereof for charging raw materials and discharging gases, one or more primary tuyeres in its lower portion, and one or more secondary tuyeres in a wall of the furnace at a level above the primary tuyere, the packed bed of coke extending higher than the level of the primary tuyere;forming a packed bed of scrap and iron ore atop the packed bed of coke to a level which extends above the secondary tuyere; andblowing an oxidizing gas through the primary tuyere and the secondary tuyere to melt and reduce the scrap iron and iron ore.

Abstract: A process of production of chromium containing molten iron generally comprises two steps. In a first step, top and bottom-blown reduction for reducing chromium is performed with charging carbon containing material and slag forming agent from the top of a converter for melting stainless scrap and for rising temperature of molten iron bath. In a second step which is performed subsequently to the first step, top and bottom-blown injection with charging chromium oxide and carbon from the top of the converter for reduction of chromium.