Abstract: A diagnostic system to aid in diagnosing conditions underneath a subject's skin that predict intravascular device failure is provided. The diagnostic system includes an ultrasound unit that uses ultrasonic energy to obtain images underneath the subject's skin surrounding the insertion site of an intravascular device. The ultrasound unit is in electronic communication with a computing device that collects and stores data generated by the ultrasound unit. The computing device utilizes machine learning or artificial intelligence techniques to identify conditions underneath the subject's skin that predict intravascular device failure, and through a user interface, indicates to the user that subcutaneous conditions predictive of intravascular device failure are present.

Abstract: A robot control system and a method for updating camera calibration is presented. The method comprises the robot control system performing a first camera calibration to determine camera calibration information, and outputting a first movement command based on the camera calibration information for a robot operation. The method further comprises outputting, after the first camera calibration, a second movement command to move a calibration pattern within a camera field of view, receiving one or more calibration images, and adding the one or more calibration images to a captured image set. The method further comprises performing a second camera calibration based on calibration images in the captured image set to determine updated camera calibration information, determining whether a deviation between the camera calibration information and the updated camera calibration information exceeds a defined threshold, and outputting a notification signal if the deviation exceeds the defined threshold.

Abstract: A force sensor includes: a sensor sheet having a first surface and a second surface on an opposite side to the first surface; a substrate facing the first surface; a first adhesive layer interposed between the substrate and the sensor sheet and made of an anisotropic conductive material; and a plurality of array electrodes interposed between the substrate and the first adhesive layer and separated from each other. The first surface of the sensor sheet is bonded to the first adhesive layer. The first adhesive layer has conductivity in a thickness direction and has insulation properties in a planar direction along a plane.

Abstract: A gripping device is provided for grasping an object. The device includes a frame, an axial threaded screw, an actuator, an armature, a plurality of links, and a plurality of arms. The frame has proximal and distant ends to hold the screw. The actuator connects to the screw at the proximal end. The armature threads onto the screw. The links radially extend from the armature. Each link terminates in a ball tip. Each arm includes a lever bounded by a proximal hinge and a distal claw. The lever contains a plate to slide therealong. The plate has a socket that receives the ball tip. The hinge pivotably connects to the proximal end of the frame. The actuator turns the screw, thereby translating the armature aft towards the distal end of the frame. The armature carries each link to pull its ball tip aft, thereby causing each arm to radially contract its claw around the object.

Abstract: A gripper mechanism includes a stator and a pair of mobile grippers moveably coupled to the stator via a linear bearing, the stator comprising a housing and a permanent magnet mounted within the housing, the mobile gripper comprising a support portion, a coil mounted on the support portion, and a gripper finger coupled to the support portion. The gripper mechanism further includes at least one magnetic locking mechanism comprising at least a first permanent magnet mounted on one of the stator and the mobile grippers, and a complementary soft magnetic material portion or magnet mounted on the other of the stator and the mobile grippers.

Abstract: A computer-assisted device includes a first articulated arm and a control unit coupled to the first articulated arm. The first articulated arm is configured to support an end effector. The control unit is configured to determine a virtual coordinate frame, the virtual coordinate frame being of an imaging device for capturing images of a workspace of the end effector, and the virtual coordinate frame being detached from an actual imaging coordinate frame of the imaging device; receive, from an input control configured to be manipulated by a user, a first instrument motion command to move the end effector; and drive the first articulated arm to move the end effector relative to the virtual coordinate frame based on the first instrument motion command.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a technology for grasping an object while adjusting a grasping force according to stiffness of the object measured by a tactile sensor module, especially to a robot-hand, which includes a tactile sensor module for measuring a normal force applied when grasping an object, a phalange sensor module having an actuator to generate a driving force and configured to measure a rotational displacement of a motor, and a hand back control unit for operating the actuator by generating a desired displacement signal to control a grasping force so that a grasping motion is stably and accurately achieved by applying a minimum grasping force to soft object with no sliding and minimized deformation, wherein the desired displacement signal is generated based on stiffness which is calculated from the normal force data and the rotational displacement data.

Abstract: A robot control method includes: obtaining force information associated with feet of the robot; calculating a zero moment point of a COM of a body of the robot based on the force information; updating a position trajectory of the robot according to the zero moment point of the COM of the body to obtain an updated position of the COM of the body; obtaining posture information of the robot; updating a posture trajectory of the robot according to the posture information to obtain an updated pose angle; performing inverse kinematics analysis on the updated position of the COM of the body and the updated pose angle to obtain joint angles of legs of the robot; and controlling the robot to move according to the joint angles.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein provide various examples of automatically processing surgical videos to detect surgical tools and tool-related events, and extract surgical-tool usage information. In one aspect, a process for automatically tracking usages of robotic surgery tools is disclosed. This process can begin by receiving a surgical video captured during a robotic surgery. The process then processes the surgical video to detect a surgical tool in the surgical video. Next, the process determines whether the detected surgical tool has been engaged in the robotic surgery. If so, the process further determines whether the detected surgical tool is engaged for a first time in the robotic surgery. If the detected surgical tool is engaged for the first time, the process subsequently increments a total-engagement count of the detected surgical tool. Otherwise, the process continues monitoring the detected surgical tool in the surgical video.

Abstract: In one aspect the invention relates to a sorting system (SortS) for sorting processed parts (P) from a workpiece (W), which has been processed by a laser processing machine (L), in particular a laser sheet processing machine, comprising:—A working table (WT) for supporting the workpiece (W) with the processed parts (P), which have been processed by the processing machine (L),—A fleet of interacting legged mobile robots (MR) for sorting the processed parts (P) in a collaborative manner to a target destination.

Abstract: Systems and methods for determining a pose of an object held by a flexible end effector of a robot are disclosed. A method of determining a pose of the object includes receiving tactile data from tactile sensors, receiving curvature data from curvature sensors, determining a plurality of segments of the flexible end effector from the curvature data, assigning a frame to each segment, determining a location of each point of contact between the object and the flexible end effector from the tactile data, calculating a set of relative transformations and determining a location of each point relative to one of the frames, generating continuous data from the determined location of each point, and providing the continuous data to a pose determination algorithm that uses the continuous data to determine the pose of the object.

Abstract: A medical robotic system includes an entry guide with articulated instruments extending out of its distal end. A controller is configured to command manipulation of one of the articulated instruments towards a state commanded by operator manipulation of an input device while commanding sensory feedback to the operator indicating a difference between the commanded state and a preferred pose of the articulated instrument, so that the sensory feedback serves to encourage the operator to return the articulated instrument back to its preferred pose.

Abstract: A robot arm includes a grip part which is structured to be separated from an end effector attached to the robot arm. When the grip part is gripped by the user and shifted, the robot arm shifts tracking the grip part. Further, the grip part includes contact sensors, and a tracking control method is switched according to the value of the contact sensors.

Abstract: A robot hand has a plurality of fingers including a contact sensing finger that senses contact with an object. A base provided with the fingers detects a resultant reaction force that is the combination of reaction forces from the fingers. When no resultant reaction force is detected, the plurality of fingers are moved toward the object, and when the contact sensing finger comes into contact with the object, a force that drives the fingers is switched to a force corresponding to a grasp force. When the contact sensing finger has not come into contact with the object but a resultant reaction force is detected, the driving of the fingers is terminated and the position of the base is corrected by moving the base in a direction in which the resultant reaction force having acted thereon is not detected any more.

Abstract: A multisensory interface for a tele-robotic surgical control system. The invention allows the surgeon to use natural gestures and motions to control the actions of end effectors in the robotic surgical apparatus. Multiple feedback mechanisms are provided to allow the physician a more intuitive understanding of what is being controlled, along with a greater situational awareness. Prior art robotic end effectors are inserted into the patient through a small incision—as is already known in the art. The invention presents an improved method of controlling these effectors.

Abstract: Machines for manufacturing photovoltaic modules and methods for manufacturing photovoltaic modules can include tape handling components.

Abstract: A tactile sensor unit is provided, which includes a substrate; a coat formed on the substrate; and a cantilever beam structure having one end fixed to the substrate and curved to rise in such a direction that the other end of the cantilever beam structure is farther from the substrate than the one end. The tactile sensor unit detects a load applied to the coat. The cantilever beam structure is capable of resonating at a first resonant frequency and a second resonant frequency which is different from the first resonant frequency. The tactile sensor unit further includes a computation section for calculating a directional component of the load based on a change ratio of the first resonant frequency obtained in accordance with a change in the load and a change ratio of the second resonant frequency obtained in accordance with the change in the load.

Abstract: Provided is a multi-fingered type hand device that facilitates arrangements of wirings connecting driving members which drive fingertips and the like of a robot with members which control the driving members. The multi-fingered type hand device 1 includes a wrist portion 10, a base portion 20, and a plurality of finger mechanisms 30, the wrist portion 10 having therein a wrist sensor 12, at least one of the plurality of finger mechanisms 30 having therein a fingertip sensor 321, the base portion 20 including a frame-shaped frame portion 21, a tactile sensor 25, a first substrate 23 that controls outputs of the wrist sensor 12, the fingertip sensor 321, and the tactile sensor 25, and a second substrate 24, the first substrate 23 and the second substrate 24 being disposed opposite to each other so as to sandwich the frame portion 21 from the upper and lower.

Abstract: An active gripper for a haptic device including a parallel kinematics structure providing at least three degrees of freedom including three translational degrees of freedom, wherein the gripper comprises a first contact surface being adapted for contact by a first portion of a hand of a user, a second contact surface being adapted for contact by a second portion of the user's hand, which hand's second portion being moveable in relation to the hand's first portion, and a moveable member arranged between the first contact surface and the second contact surface and being adapted to actively move the first contact surface and the second contact surface in relation to each other.

Abstract: A robotic finger that includes multiple phalanges, each phalange configured to be compliantly actuated. The robotic finger also includes compliant touch sensors that, in combination with the compliant actuation, provides the robotic finger with two levels of compliance. The two levels of compliance enable the robotic finger to gently conform to and manipulate objects.

Abstract: A control device that controls grip of an object is disclosed. The control device includes: detecting means for detecting a slip of the object and outputting a slip detection value; change-value calculating means for calculating, on the basis of the slip detection value, a change value for changing a command value, which sets gripping force for the object, to magnitude for resting the object; suppression-value calculating means for calculating, on the basis of the slip detection value, a suppression value for suppressing the command value to necessary minimum magnitude for resting the object; and setting means for setting the magnitude of the command value on the basis of the change value and the suppression value.

Abstract: Method and system for telematic control of a slave device (402) includes a hand control (101) type control interface which includes a hand grip (102) having an elongated body (202). One or more sensors (208) are provided for sensing a physical displacement of a trigger (212) disposed on the hand grip. An actuator or motor (206) is disposed in the hand grip that is responsive to a control signal from a control system (401) for dynamically controlling a force applied by the trigger to a user of the hand control interface.

Abstract: An apparatus in an example comprises a manipulator, a force sensor, a signal modulator, and a visual indicator. The manipulator is employed by a user. The force sensor determines a force signal from a force applied by the manipulator on a part of an environment of the user. The signal modulator is adjustable by the user to select a switch point for the visual indicator based on relative fragility of the part of the environment. The signal modulator employs the force signal and the switch point to control the visual indicator for the user.

Abstract: Provided is a charging apparatus for a moving robot including a charging terminal that is connected to a terminal for charging a battery of the moving robot; a power supply unit that supplies a charging voltage for charging the battery of the moving robot; a power switching unit that outputs a detection signal, depending on whether a voltage is applied from the charging terminal or not, and switches a current flow between the power supply unit and the charging terminal in accordance with an input control signal; and a control unit that responds to the detection signal so as to output the control signal.

Abstract: An areal gripper for targeted picking-up, handling and putting down of objects. The areal gripper includes a foil and air-tight frame. The foil includes an elastically deformable, air-permeably perforated first layer, with a first outer surface and a first inner surface, and an elastically deformable, air-impermeable second layer with a second outer surface and a second inner surface. The first inner surface and the second inner surface face each other and are spaced from one another through individually arranged elastically deformable spacers formed between the first inner surface and the second inner surface. The frame laterally surrounds the foil and includes at least one elastically deformable frame section. The frame is connected to circumferential edges of the first layer and the second layer in a circumferentially air-tight manner. The foil or the frame includes at least one connection for a pressure supply to create an underpressure in the intermediate spaces.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a master-slave robot includes a force correction section detecting unit that detects a section at which force information from at least one of force information and speed information is corrected, and a force correcting unit that corrects the force information at a section detected as a force correction section by the force correction section detecting unit. A small external force applied to a slave manipulator is magnified and transmitted to a master manipulator, or an excessive manipulation force applied to the master manipulator is reduced and transmitted to the slave manipulator.

Abstract: A system is capable of controlling the movements of a hand so as to ensure a further stable grasp of an object. In a state wherein an object is in contact with a plurality of finger mechanisms and a palm portion by being grasped by the hand, the load to be applied to the object from each of the plurality of finger mechanisms can be adjusted. Thus, the position of the load center on the palm portion can be displaced so as to be included in a target palm area. Further, the load to be applied to the palm portion can be adjusted so as to fall within a target load range.

Abstract: A robotic device includes a first link portion, a second link portion that moves relative to the first link portion, a first contact load detecting portion that detects a contact load in a contact area of the first link portion, a second contact load detecting portion that detects a contact load in a contact area of the second link portion, and a first link portion control target setting portion that sets a control target for the first link portion. The first link portion control target setting portion sets the control target for the first link portion such that the difference between the detection value of the contact load of the first contact load detecting portion and the detection value of the contact load of the second contact load detecting portion decreases.

Abstract: The invention relates to a surgery assistance system for guiding a surgical instrument. The surgical instrument (3) is fastened lo an arm system (10, 12, 14), the tip (S) of the surgical instrument (3) can be moved in a controlled manner by means of the arm system (10, 12, 14) in a Cartesian patient coordinate system (PKS), one of the three spatial axes (x, y, z) of the Cartesian patient coordinate system (PKS) extends through the surgical opening or the trocar point (T) receiving the surgical instrument (3). Advantageously, the angle of inclination (w) of the surgical instrument (3) is determined with respect to the spatial axis (z) of the Cartesian patent coordinate system (PKS) extending through the trocar point (T), the angle of inclination (w) so determined is compared with a predetermined set angle of inclination (ws) for the purpose of guiding the tip (S).

Abstract: A combination of a haptic device and a computer-assisted medical system is used for interactive haptic positioning of a medical device coupled to the haptic device. A reconfigurable haptic object facilitates the positioning of the medical device and/or the haptic device. The haptic object may be modified in response to application of a force against the haptic object by a user of the haptic device pushing the haptic device against the haptic object. Preferably, the haptic object moves in the direction of the force applied by the haptic device. The medical device may be guided to a desired pose relative to a target area from its current position. The user may approach the target area from its current position and still be provided with haptic cues to enable the user to guide the medical device to the target area.

Abstract: An embodiment of a haptic gripper system includes a slave gripper device, a master gripper device, and a gripper motor controller. The gripper motor controller includes a slave encoder loop, a master encoder loop, and a haptic loop. The haptic loop is configured to receive a slave motor encoder loop output signal and a master motor encoder loop output signal, determine a difference signal between the slave motor encoder loop output signal and the master motor encoder loop output signal representative of a difference between a first relative angular position of a slave gripper motor and a second relative angular position of a master gripper motor, and provide a slave motor control signal to a slave motor control signal input, and provide a master motor control signal to the master motor control signal input.

Abstract: Tactile sensors are disclosed that mimic the human fingertip and its touch receptors. The mechanical components are similar to a fingertip, with a rigid core surrounded by a weakly conductive fluid contained within an elastomeric skin. The deformable properties of the finger pad can be used as part of a transduction process. Multiple electrodes can be mounted on the surface of the rigid core and connected to impedance measuring circuitry within the core. External forces deform the fluid path around the electrodes, resulting in a distributed pattern of impedance changes containing information about those forces and the objects that applied them. Strategies are described for extracting features related to the mechanical inputs and using this information for reflexive grip control. Controlling grip force in a prosthetic having sensory feedback information is described. Pressure transducers can provide sensory feedback by measuring micro-vibrations due to sliding friction.

Abstract: A robot control method and apparatus estimates an error based on information of an object obtained using a motor drive current sensor, a force sensor or a tactile sensor mounted at a robot hand and information of the object obtained using an optical sensor and compensates for the error. The robot control method and apparatus includes measuring information of an object using an optical sensor or calculating information of the object input by a user, moving a robot hand to the object based on the information of the object, controlling the thumb and fingers of the robot hand to contact the object based on the information of the object, determining whether the thumb and fingers have contacted the object through a motor drive current sensor, a force sensor or a tactile sensor, and grasping the object depending upon whether the thumb and the fingers have contacted the object.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a robot hand with a connection part that undergoes stretching deformation according to object shape and a method for controlling a robot hand; the key technical point pertains to a robot hand with a connection part that undergoes stretching deformation according to object shape, comprising: a variable connection device (100) that provides a contact face that enables pressing and contacting a moving target (10) and has a structure wherein a connection part (100a) in contact with said moving target (10) enables stretching deformation; a connection length controller (200) that interfaces with a drive part such as a motor (201) or pump to stretch and deform the connection part (100a) of said variable connection device so that the connection part (100a) of said variable connection device undergoes conversion between a closed-loop state wherein it is continuous with the surface of said moving target (10) or divided into a plurality of sections to be pressed and contacted, and an ope

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a fixed point stabilization device for a legged mobile body having a generating mechanism for generating a fixed point. The present disclosure also provides a fixed point stabilization device for a legged mobile body comprising a stabilizing device for stabilizing the fixed point in accordance with a leg grounding position of the legged mobile body. The fixed point is generated by inputting a predetermined constant torque to a joint of a leg of the legged mobile body on the basis of the energy balance in the legged mobile body, leg switching, and a leg swinging motion. The fixed point is stabilized globally by keeping the leg grounding position of the legged mobile body constant using a stopper.

Abstract: A stress sensing device senses a shear force and a pressing force. The stress sensing device includes a support body, a support film, first and second piezoelectric parts and an elastic layer. The support body has an opening defined by a pair of straight parts perpendicular to a sensing direction of the shear force and parallel to each other. The support film having flexibility closes off the opening. The first piezoelectric part is disposed over the support film and straddling an inside portion and an outside portion of the opening along at least one of the straight parts of the opening as seen in plan view. The second piezoelectric part is disposed to the inside portion of the opening and set apart from the first piezoelectric part as seen in the plan view. The elastic layer covers the first piezoelectric part, the second piezoelectric part, and the support film.

Abstract: A robot structure, suited especially for minimally invasive surgery, comprises two robot elements interconnected by a hinge. Using a force transmission the movable robot element of said robot structure, notably comprising two gripping elements, can be moved. A sensor element is provided for picking up forces occurring. To reduce the influence of motional forces, said force transmission is connected with a base element of said sensor element such that motional forces transmitted by said force transmission element are supported at the base element.

Abstract: In a legged mobile robot control system having leg actuators each driving the individual legs and arm actuators each driving the individual arms, an external force acting on the right arm is detected, operation of the right arm actuators is controlled to produces a handshake posture, and operation of the leg actuators is controlled based on the detected external force acting on the right hand during handshaking, thereby improving communication capability by enabling it to shake hands with humans and to maintain a stable posture during the handshaking.

Abstract: It is often desirable to define objects with respect to images of an anatomy displayed using an image guided surgery system. For non-trivial objects, or those with complicated two or three dimensional forms, it may be difficult to present information in a manner that is simple for a user to understand. The local distance to a surface of interest, such as the surface of the defined object, or to a desired position, the local penetration distance of the surface of interest, or haptic repulsion force, often provides the most useful information for augmenting the interaction of the user with the image guided surgery system. The scalar value of the local distance may be conveyed to the user by visual, audio, tactile, haptic, or other means.

Abstract: A robot hand able to change the manner of holding an object while force applied from a plurality of finger mechanisms to the object is adjusted without using an auxiliary finger mechanism. When force F3 is applied to object w from a certain finger mechanism 13 among the plurality of finger mechanisms 11 to 13 is changed, the operation of each finger mechanism is controlled such that a “contact” of each of the finger mechanisms 11 to 13 in the object w and an “application force vector” from each of the finger mechanisms 11 to 13 to the object w satisfy a “stable gripping condition”. The “stable gripping condition” is a condition in which (1) the sum of each of forces and moments applied from the plurality of finger mechanisms 11 to 13 to the object w becomes zero, and (2) a slip index fr becomes minimum.

Abstract: In a control system of a legged mobile robot having a body and legs connected to the body and driven by a leg actuator, there is provided an operation controller which generates gaits based on an external force, more specifically gaits for walking by taking a hand of a human being or with the hand being taken by the hand of the human being and controls operation of at least the leg actuator based on the generated gaits. With this, it becomes possible to control the robot to come contact with a human being to establish communication therewith, while enabling to keep a stable posture during the contact.

Abstract: A combination of a haptic device and a computer-assisted medical system is used for interactive haptic positioning of a medical device coupled to the haptic device. A reconfigurable haptic object facilitates the positioning of the medical device and/or the haptic device. The haptic object may be modified in response to application of a force against the haptic object by a user of the haptic device pushing the haptic device against the haptic object. Preferably, the haptic object moves in the direction of the force applied by the haptic device. The medical device may be guided to a desired pose relative to a target area from its current position. The user may approach the target area from its current position and still be provided with haptic cues to enable the user to guide the medical device to the target area.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tactile sensory system consisting of set of sensors that work by measuring impedance among plurality of electrodes. The electrodes are deployed on a substantially rigid structure that is protected form the direct contact with external objects by overlying deformable structures. These mechanical structures have similarities to the biological relationships among the distal phalanx, overlying finger pulp and covering skin and nail. Signal information is extracted form these sensors that is related to canonical physical representations used to describe stimuli to be sensed.

Abstract: A robot simulation device is provided. It includes a virtual robot working environment in which a virtual robot has a task of transferring a virtual object from a start point to a goal point, the simulation device determining the path of travel. A task simulation is executed in response to the virtual robot working environment and the path of travel. The task simulation determines a robot activity region where the virtual robot can operate and an interference region where the virtual robot encounters obstacles. Thereafter the device creates a desired executed simulation in which the virtual robot can operate without encountering obstacles.

Abstract: In a robot arm controlling device, a mechanical impedance set value of the arm is set by an object property-concordant impedance setting device based on information of an object property database in which information associated with properties of an object being gripped by the arm is recorded, and a mechanical impedance value of the arm is controlled to the set mechanical impedance set value by an impedance controlling device.

Abstract: The item-carrying system comprises: a robot comprising: a gripping portion for gripping an item; external force detecting means for detecting an external force applied to the gripping portion; opening-degree detecting means for detecting an opening-degree of the gripping portion; autonomous movement means; and receiving/passing motion deciding means for deciding a motion of the robot in an item receiving/passing operation, wherein the receiving/passing motion deciding means comprises: means for determining to start receiving an item that causes the gripping portion to start a receiving motion if the external force detecting means has detected an external force not less than a first predetermined value, when the gripping portion is not gripping an item; and means for determining the completion of a receiving motion on the basis of at least one of an external force and an opening-degree during the receiving motion.

Abstract: In a robot hand , at least one finger link thereof is configured to comprise a first member , a second member adhered to a surface of the first member and a third member covering at least the second member and a rigidity of the second member is made smaller than the rigidities of the first member and the third member. With this, the flexibility of the finger is improved by the second member, thereby increasing the contact area between the third member and a held object, so that the object can be securely held.

Abstract: A target position detection apparatus for a robot includes: a robot including an arm configured to be freely moved in at least two directions of X and Y axes, the arm having a wrist axis provided at a distal end of the arm and configured to be freely moved in a horizontal direction, and the wrist axis being provided with an end effector; and a control unit adapted for driving a memory to store a teaching point therein and controlling an operation of the robot such that the end effector will be moved toward the teaching point stored in the memory.

Abstract: A system and method of grip force feedback for use with a prosthetic device is provided in the present invention. The system can include a prosthetic hand having a plurality of digits for use with the prosthetic device. A force sensor can be provided to produce a force signal and the force sensor is configured to be associated with the plurality of digits for the prosthetic hand. In addition, a force feedback controller can receive the force signal from the force sensor. A force feedback actuator is also in communication with the force feedback controller. The force feedback actuator can provide feedback vibrations to a user of the prosthetic device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tactile sensor capable of obtaining information for a plurality of degrees of freedom at each point on a surface. An optical tactile sensor is provided with a sensing part and a photographing device, the sensing part comprising a transparent elastic body and a plurality of groups of markers provided inside the elastic body, each marker group being made up of a number of colored markers, with markers making up different marker groups having different colors for each group. The elastic body has an arbitrary curved surface. The behavior of the colored markers when an object touches the curved surface of the elastic body is obtained as image information of markers by photographing device. The sensor further comprises a force vector distribution reconstructing device for reconstructing forces applied to said surface from information as to the behavior of markers that is obtained from said image information of markers.