Abstract: A split-axis transmission hybrid system may include two planetary gear sets to provide two parallel torque paths from an input axis to an output axis. A secondary power source may be coupled to either the input axis or the output axis to provide torque to the system. Thus, the split-axis transmission hybrid system may provide the ratio preselection capability and the low power losses of a dual-clutch transmission and the ratio-changing control and smoothness of a traditional powershift automatic transmission, while also providing the improved efficiency and enhanced drivability of a hybrid power source arrangement.

Abstract: A vehicle control device includes an engine that is a power source of a vehicle, an electrical storage device, a starting device connected to the electrical storage device and configured to consume electrical power to start the engine, and a power steering device connected to the electrical storage device and configured to consume electrical power to generate an assist torque, wherein an engine stop control of causing the engine to be in a stopped state is executable during travelling of the vehicle, and the engine stop control is prohibited in at least one of time of turning of the vehicle, time of steering of the vehicle during travelling, and time of generating an assist torque during travelling.

Abstract: A vehicle is presented. The vehicle may include a vehicle body frame; a drive wheel suspended from the vehicle body frame; a drive motor for driving the drive wheel; a battery for supplying electric power to the drive motor; a floor panel constituting a floor surface of the vehicle; and a battery support plate having a battery placement surface on which the battery is placed; wherein the battery support plate and the floor panel are supported on the vehicle body frame; and the battery placement surface is positioned below an upper surface of the floor panel.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle is provided. The hybrid vehicle may comprise a vehicle body frame; a metal-made heat radiation plate having a flat plate portion of a substantially plate shape, the flat plate portion having obverse and reverse flat surfaces; a first electric component provided on one of the obverse and reverse flat surfaces of the flat plate portion. Further, the surface of the flat plate portion on which the first electric component is provided is greater in area than an electric component mounting section to which the first electric component is mounted.

Abstract: Many plug-in electric vehicles include a high voltage battery for outputting electrical power to a traction motor in order to propel the vehicle. Storing a plug-in electric vehicle in cold or hot ambient temperatures can cause the high voltage battery to become performance limited. If the vehicle has a battery thermal system, then plugging in the vehicle to an external power supply when not in use can help keep the battery at a temperature where performance will not be limited. To educate a driver and increase the probability of avoiding performance limits, a user interface may convey a reminder message advising or alerting the driver to plug the vehicle in to an external power supply at the end of a drive when the ambient temperature is extreme.

Abstract: A control system for a hybrid vehicle controls the various operating modes of the hybrid vehicle. Operating modes of the hybrid vehicle include an electric-only power mode, a series hybrid mode, a series hybrid dual-power mode, and a parallel hybrid tri-power mode. The control system selects one of the operating modes for the hybrid vehicle based on one or more inputs and comparisons. Examples of inputs for the control system include a gear-mode, a present battery storage capacity, a present velocity of the hybrid vehicle, and the previous operating mode of the hybrid power system. The control system may also take into account whether a user has selected the electric-only power mode. The control system may also control the operations of one or more components of the hybrid vehicle while operating in one of the operating modes.

Abstract: A device controls charging a battery with power supplied from a power supply located outside of a vehicle through a charge cable. The device includes a first microcomputer and a second microcomputer. The first microcomputer is configured to turn on a charge mode signal upon detecting a change in a pilot signal output through the charge cable, and to turn off the charge mode signal when a charge completion signal output from the second microcomputer is turned off. The second microcomputer is configured to charge the battery through the charge cable when the charge mode signal is turned on, and to turn off the charge completion signal when the charging is complete. When the charge completion signal is turned on at the time of the first microcomputer turning off the charge mode signal due to sudden fluctuations, the charge mode signal is turned on again.

Abstract: An engine start control apparatus/method for a series hybrid vehicle is provided. The vehicle includes an engine, a motor/generator, a battery unit chargeable with electric power generated by the motor/generator, and a traction motor operable to receive electric power from the battery unit or motor/generator. A demanded power level is determined based on a sensed vehicle speed level and a sensed accelerator pedal position. A discharge capacity level of the battery unit is determined in terms of a power level available from the battery unit. The engine starting procedure is initiated upon the determined demanded power level reaching a predetermined relationship with the determined discharge capacity level so that the motor/generator is enabled to generate electric power before the determined demanded power level reaches the determined discharge capacity level.

Abstract: Disclosed is a technique for controlling transition between an electric vehicle (EV) mode and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) mode in a hybrid vehicle. More specifically, the technique includes first determining a drive mode of the hybrid vehicle by monitoring an average vehicle speed and an accelerator position sensor. Next, an engine on map value is determined for entering into the HEV mode and a hysteresis map value is determined for controlling the transition between the EV mode and the HEV mode based on a battery's state-of-charge (SOC), the average vehicle speed, and the drive mode; Based on the above steps, the technique determines whether the hybrid vehicle should transition between the EV mode or the HEV mode based on a driver's requisite torque calculated by monitoring the accelerator position sensor and a gear position sensor and on the determined engine on map value and hysteresis map value.

Abstract: The disclosed vehicle smoothly generates the torque requested by the driver. The vehicle includes an elapsed time measurement unit, a torque limit value deciding unit, and an electric motor torque control unit. The elapsed time measurement unit measures the time elapsed since the vehicle has started moving in an EV mode, in which travel or starting is performed only with the drive force of an electric motor. The torque limit value deciding unit decides a torque limit value of the electric motor by means of the time elapsed since starting and the acceleration opening amount originating from the driver's instructions. The electric motor torque control unit controls the electric motor so as to limit the torque of the electric motor to or below the limit value. The disclosed control method can be used in hybrid vehicles.

Abstract: A torque management strategy for an HEV having an engine operating with a fixed throttle position to better manage NVH while the vehicle is stationary or decelerating and the engine is generating more torque than a requested torque uses excess engine torque to charge the battery until the requested torque is below a torque loss threshold. Partial fuel injector cut off is avoided to reduce or eliminate associated NVH by adjusting a misfire torque limit to the expected or estimated engine torque produced during operation at the fixed throttle position until the requested torque results in complete fuel cut off to all cylinders.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a battery, an electric power reception unit receiving electric power from an electric power transmission unit external to the vehicle, and a motor generator driven by the electric power supplied from the battery and the electric power supplied from the electric power reception unit. The control device calculates the first electric power that can be output from the battery, calculates the second electric power that can be charged from outside based on the transmittable electric power of the electric power transmission unit and the chargeable electric power of the electric power reception unit, obtains the sum of the first electric power and the second electric power as electric power suppliable from a power supply, and performs drive control of a motor generator based on the electric power suppliable from a power supply.

Abstract: A system for periodically charging an electrically powered automated guided vehicle includes a charging station positioned adjacent a predetermined route of the automated guided vehicle. The charging station includes a charging arm which is selectively movable between a stowed position and a charge position in which the charging arm engages with the automated guided vehicle to perform a charging operation. The charging station is dimensioned and positioned so as to be positioned underneath a bottom surface of a platform connected to the automated guided vehicle and between a side edge of the platform and the automated guided vehicle.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle driving apparatus includes a clutch control device and an automatic transmission control device that are connected to mutually communicate. The clutch control device sends a request to wait gear shift to the automatic transmission control device while front clutch operation is in preparation. The automatic transmission control device that receives the request to wait gear shift determines whether priority is given to engaging or disengaging the front clutch or to shifting gears of the automatic transmission. The automatic transmission control device that is determined to give priority to the front clutch operation sends out a gear shift in stand-by state signal to the clutch control device while maintaining the automatic transmission in a gear shift prepared state. The clutch control device that receives the gear shift in progress signal restrains the front clutch from engaging or disengaging while maintaining the front clutch in an operation prepared state.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a hybrid electric locomotive includes electric motors, a first engine and a second engine mounted in a vehicle main body for driving generators, a third engine mounted in the vehicle main body, having a smaller capacity than those of the first engine and the second engine, for driving a generator, at least one electric device mounted in the vehicle main body, and a storage battery which is connected to the first engine, the second engine, the third engine, and the electric device.

Abstract: When the actuator drive torque of a hydraulic pump is lower than a switching torque ?0, a controller closes a solenoid switching valve and makes a rotary electric machine function as a generator. With the increase in the actuator drive torque, the controller controls a pressure compensated flow control valve so that the flow rate of hydraulic fluid supplied from the hydraulic pump to a rotary hydraulic device decreases. When the actuator drive torque is higher than the switching torque, the controller opens the solenoid switching valve, makes the rotary electric machine function as an electric motor, and controls the pressure compensated flow control valve so that the hydraulic fluid discharged by the hydraulic pump is not supplied to the rotary hydraulic device. Consequently, shocks due to flow rate fluctuation are prevented when operational states of the rotary hydraulic device and the rotary electric machine are switched.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and automotive vehicles are provided for providing routing for an automotive vehicle from a first location to a second location. The automotive vehicle is configured to operate using a primary energy source and a secondary energy source. An energy indicator is configured to provide a measure of available energy from the primary energy source onboard the automotive vehicle. A processor is coupled to the energy indicator, and is configured to ascertain characteristics of a plurality of segments connecting the first location and the second location, and to select an optimized route between the first location and the second location using the measure of available energy and the characteristics of the plurality of segments.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling an electric motor. An electric motor apparatus has an electric motor with motor stator windings, a battery, battery control module coupled to the battery and configured to monitor and detect a state of the battery, and a motor control unit coupled to the battery and the batter control module and being configured to select an operation of the electric motor based on a signal from the battery control module representing the state of the battery. The motor control unit selects a normal motor control operation, a power dissipation motor control operation, or a discharge operation. During the power dissipation motor control operation, power from brake torque is dissipated in the motor stator windings of the electric motor.

Abstract: In a hybrid vehicle control apparatus, the hybrid vehicle including an engine is driven by a supply with fuel from a fuel tank; and a motor drives drive wheels of the vehicle by a supply of electric power at least from a battery, an interval of time required until a time at which the supply with fuel is to be carried out or at which a fuel quantity becomes zero, with the present time as a starting point, is estimated, an interval of time required until the time at which fuel is deteriorated, with the present time as the starting point, is estimated, and a switching to a fuel consumption promotion mode is carried out in a case where a timing at which the supply with fuel is to be carried out or at which the fuel quantity becomes zero is after the timing at which fuel is deteriorated.

Abstract: Provided is a power structure of a hybrid system. In particular, the power structure of a hybrid system includes a planetary gear part including a sun gear, a carrier, and a ring gear, a first motor connected with the sun gear, a second motor connected with the ring gear, an engine and a brake connected with the carrier to drive a hybrid car by two motors at the time of EV traveling, thereby improving traveling performance and increase an EV region without increasing the motor size, thereby improving fuel efficiency.

Abstract: The invention relates to an air-fuel ratio control apparatus of a hybrid power unit that selectively executes a first mode in which a ratio of a period during which an internal combustion engine is operated is relatively small, and a second mode in which the ratio of the period during which the internal combustion engine is operated is relatively large. This air-fuel ratio control apparatus executes a target air-fuel ratio correction when a difference among air-fuel ratios in a plurality of combustion chambers exists or is greater than a predetermined difference. An air-fuel ratio correction amount that is a correction amount for the target air-fuel ratio by the target air-fuel ratio correction is set according to whether operational control of the internal combustion engine according to the first mode is being executed or whether operational control of the internal combustion engine according to the second mode is being executed.

Abstract: A hybrid drive system for aircraft, in particular helicopters, with at least one energy generating module having an internal combustion engine and a generator that can be powered by the latter to generate electrical energy, and at least one electric motor for powering a drive means of the aircraft.

Abstract: A charge utilization control system for an electric vehicle includes a controller, an electric motor connected to the controller, a battery connected to the electric motor and an internal combustion engine connected to the controller. The controller is adapted to minimize electric charge stored in the battery as the electric vehicle approaches a charging destination for the battery.

Abstract: A powertrain system includes an electric machine mechanically coupled to an internal combustion engine mechanically coupled to a transmission. A method for operating the powertrain system includes determining an engine stall threshold rate during engine operation in a low load condition. A time-rate change in an accessory load is controlled by the electric machine operating in an electric power generating mode in response to the engine stall threshold rate during the engine operation in the low load condition.

Abstract: Regenerative braking and regenerative suspension in hybrid electric or all electric vehicles provides for an increased range by exploiting the energy previously provided to propel the vehicle to regenerate electricity to recharge the battery (or batteries) of the vehicle. Whilst suited to city and urban environments where vehicles are braking frequently there is no regeneration during prolonged propulsion of the vehicle. According to embodiments of the invention electricity generation is provided for the electricity storage during normal propulsion of the vehicle or whenever the engine/motor is on. Embodiments are presented that may be localized or distributed within the vehicle and associated with elements of the vehicle that provide rotary motion during propulsion of the vehicle.

Abstract: A process for operating a hybrid vehicle in an internal-combustion-engine-driven mode and/or in an electric-motor-driven mode, wherein, on a route section to be traveled and considered for driving in the electric-motor-driven mode, a change to the electric-motor-driven mode will take place only when a threshold value is exceeded which represents, or correlates with the efficiency advantage achievable on the route section by a change from the internal-combustion-engine-driven mode to the electric-motor-driven mode. Starting from the instantaneous position of the hybrid vehicle, the route is examined in an anticipatory manner with respect to such a route section, wherein the threshold value is adapted when such a route section was recognized and a driving through the route section in the electric driving mode would likely lead to a lowering of the state of charge of an electric energy accumulator into a critical state of charge range.

Abstract: The invention relates to an actuation system for a drive unit of a motor vehicle, having has a drive control unit which is assigned to the drive unit and which has a function level and a function monitoring level. A (4), a first data transmission device (5) which is arranged in the function level (3), of the drive control unit and is connected to a separate external control unit via a first communication path via which a predefined setpoint torque (Msoll) can be forwarded from the external control unit to the first data transmission device. In addition, the drive control unit also has a second data transmission device which is likewise additionally connected to the external control unit via a second communication path. The same predefined setpoint torque can also be forwarded from the external control unit to the second data transmission device via the second communication path.

Abstract: A housekeeping circuit configured to facilitate powering multiple loads is contemplated. The housekeeping circuit may include a transformer to regulate voltage output for using in powering the loads. A trickle circuit may be included to facilitate setting a minimum loading on the transformer. The minimum loading may be beneficial in insuring proper regulation of the transformer.

Abstract: A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle powertrain includes an internal combustion engine and an electric vehicle traction motor, an engine lubrication oil pump in fluid communication with a lubrication oil flow circuit for the internal combustion engine, an electric oil pump drive motor drivingly connected to the lubrication oil pump, and a powertrain control module. The powertrain control module is configured to start the electric oil pump drive motor immediately upon the initial start of the vehicle.

Abstract: The power management apparatus provided in a vehicle includes: a switch 6 for bringing a state between the first and second electric power storage devices 1 and 2 into a non-conduction state during a normal operation and switching the state therebetween to a conduction state when a failure of the power converter 4 is detected; and a power management section 7 for controlling the motor-generator 3 so that a difference between voltages of the first and second electric power storage devices 1 and 2 is equal to or smaller than a predetermined voltage difference before the switch 6 is operated to perform switching from the non-conduction state to the conduction state.

Abstract: A method of operating a hybrid powertrain including an engine, an electric motor and a high voltage battery includes preventing fuel flow to the engine when the high voltage battery includes a state of charge at or above a pre-defined upper limit, and when the hybrid powertrain is operating in a second fueling condition in which fuel flow to the engine is preferably maintained. The engine is rotated with torque supplied by the electric motor to maintain rotation of the engine without producing any engine torque.

Abstract: A rear protection structure is provided for a vehicle which is equipped with an engine and a rear wheel-driving motor each as a traveling-driving power source of the vehicle and in which the rear wheel-driving motor is arranged between left and right rear wheels and of the vehicle, and a fuel tank for the engine and the rear wheel-driving motor are arranged adjacent to each other in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. A rear suspension supporting the rear wheel-driving motor has a suspension member with an octothorpe-like shape, and the rear wheel-driving motor and high-voltage lines connected to the rear wheel-driving motor are arranged within a space enclosed by the suspension member.

Abstract: A telematics-navigation device detects that a hybrid vehicle propelled by at least two energy sources is traveling to a destination not provided to the vehicle (i.e., an unknown destination). As the vehicle travels to the destination, the device identifies a road segment between a current position of the vehicle and a next road junction that vehicle is traveling towards. A control unit determines an optimization strategy for managing the energy sources of the vehicle as the vehicle travels the road segment. The control unit executes the determined strategy.

Abstract: An engine includes variable valve mechanisms capable of causing an intake valve and an exhaust valve to stop. An ECU estimates poisoning states of catalysts, and executes and prohibits stopping of the valves based on the poisoning states. When stopping of the valves is prohibited during a fuel-cut operation, the ECU drives a crankshaft of the engine by means of a motor to idle the engine. Thus, even in a hybrid vehicle in which the engine is stopped during a fuel-cut operation, a sufficient amount of oxygen can be rapidly supplied to the catalysts by utilizing a pumping action of pistons, and the catalysts can be caused to recover from rich poisoning efficiently.

Abstract: An electric vehicle includes a wheel-driving motor, a motor inverter that supplies electric power to the wheel-driving motor, a pump that delivers a cooling medium to at least one of the motor inverter and the motor, a capacitor that stores a counter electromotive force generated by the pump, and a pump inverter that supplies electric power to the pump to drives the pump. When a vehicle controller receives a signal indicating a collision of the vehicle, the vehicle controller stops a supply of electric power from the pump inverter to the pump and connects the pump inverter to the capacitor. The pump inverter converts AC power generated by the counter electromotive force of the pump into DC power to store the DC power in the capacitor.

Abstract: A monitoring system is for an electric vehicle and an electric vehicle supply equipment. The electric vehicle supply equipment is structured to communicate with the electric vehicle to charge the electric vehicle. The monitoring system includes a monitoring component structured to monitor communication and monitor energy or power flow between the electric vehicle supply equipment and the electric vehicle, a storage component cooperating with the monitoring component to store information corresponding to the monitored communication and the monitored energy or power flow between the electric vehicle supply equipment and the electric vehicle, and a power supply structured to power at least one of the monitoring component and the storage component.

Abstract: A configurable energy management system for recharging an electric vehicle. An in-vehicle renewable energy source generates electrical energy for recharging an in-vehicle energy storage device. The at least one off-vehicle renewable energy source provides electrical energy to the vehicle for recharging the in-vehicle energy storage device. A vehicle communication module transmits and receives data. An integration module integrates in-vehicle energy parameter data, in-vehicle renewable energy parameter data, off-vehicle renewable energy parameter data, user parameter data, and web-based data. A user interface device communicates user parameter data to the integration module. The user parameter data includes a prioritization of preferential parameters in re-charging the in-vehicle energy storage device.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and vehicles are provided that provide for estimating a range of a vehicle with a rechargeable energy storage system (RESS). A sensor unit is configured to measure one or more input values pertaining to the RESS. A processor is coupled to the sensor unit, and is configured to determine an amount of energy available from the RESS using the input values and to obtain a time of day. An estimate of the range for the vehicle is determined based on the time of day and the amount of energy available.

Abstract: An in-vehicle power supply device includes an electric generator, a main power supply, a DC/DC converter, a power storage unit connected with the electric generator via the DC/DC converter, and a controller for controlling the DC/DC converter. The DC/DC converter is operable to store, in the power storage unit, regenerative electric power generated by the electric generator, and to discharge the stored regenerative electric power from the power storage unit to the main power supply and the load. The controller is operable to stop the DC/DC converter when a charging-status value indicating a charging status of the power storage unit is not larger than a predetermined lower limit value. The controller is operable to activate the DC/DC converter when the charging-status value is larger than the lower limit value and the vehicle ends deceleration.

Abstract: A control unit for use in a vehicle including an internal combustion engine, an electric motor, a battery that supplies electric power to the electric motor, and a transmission that transmits a driving force from at least one of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor to drive shafts prohibits a gear change in the transmission at least while the vehicle is cornering when a cornering of the vehicle is detected by a cornering detection device and permits an assist increase by the electric motor with the gear change in the transmission kept prohibited when a storage state of the battery satisfies a first storage condition. Consequently, a smooth re-acceleration can be realized during a cornering of the vehicle which involves acceleration and deceleration thereof.

Abstract: A purge control implementation determination unit determines whether or not to implement purge control in accordance with predetermined implementation conditions. If it is determined to implement the purge control, a purge control unit actually implements the purge control. A throttle opening degree upper limit switching unit switches an upper limit value of an opening degree of a throttle based on a determination result of the purge control implementation determination unit. A throttle opening degree control unit controls the opening degree of the throttle so as not to exceed the upper limit value set by the throttle opening degree upper limit switching unit.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle may include a linear engine controlled by HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) combustion in an operation section where an engine power may be used for generating electricity after being started and reaching up to a predetermined RPM, and a motor-combined generator engaged to the liner engine and starting the linear engine and charging a battery by converting an entire engine power of the linear engine generated by the HCCI combustion into electricity generation power.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for controlling a two electric tandem motor apparatus for use in a Hybrid electric drive vehicle. Described is the method used in an exemplary embodiment by a Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) to control the selective use of two electric machines “locked” to one another for maximum power or “unlocked” for steady state and limited acceleration driving. Also described is the VCU control of the dual nature of the generator portion that can be locked/unlocked from the engine but also locked/unlocked from the drive motor.

Abstract: The rotors of a helicopter are powered by electric motors. The electrical energy required for this purpose is produced by a motor-generator unit, which comprises one or more internal combustion engines. The motor-generator unit can be secured under the cabin floor. This yields a hybrid helicopter that can set the rotational frequency of the rotors within a large interval.

Abstract: A battery system includes a plurality of battery modules electrically coupled together in series. The battery system also includes a first electronic control unit (ECU) configured to act as a master ECU. The master ECU is electronically coupled to a first one of the plurality of battery modules. The battery system further includes a plurality of slave ECUs, wherein each slave ECU is electronically coupled to one of the other of the plurality of battery modules. The master ECU is configured to control whether electrical power is provided to each of the plurality of slave ECUs.

Abstract: An electric vehicle includes: a wheel drive motor; an inverter that supplies electric power to the motor; a pump that delivers refrigerant to the motor and the inverter; and a controller that controls the pump. When a main switch of the vehicle is at an ON position, the controller limits the pump output at or below a predetermined pump output upper limit value, and, when the main switch is switched to an OFF position while travelling, the controller drives the pump at an output higher than the pump output upper limit value irrespective of the pump output upper limit value.

Abstract: To provide an engine controller of a hybrid vehicle that can perform a forced driving operation of an engine by performing the same inspection procedure as that of a vehicle using only an engine as a drive source even in the hybrid vehicle. The engine controller includes an operation control unit (ECM) that performs forced driving control of the engine to maintain an operation in a predetermined state suitable for an inspection if a determination that the inspection of the engine by a forced driving operation is requested is made, and an operation state determination unit (EVCM) that determines whether the cold start condition is satisfied or unsatisfied based on information containing at least with or without change from the disconnected state to the connected state of the battery. If the cold start condition is satisfied, the forced driving control of the engine is performed by the operation control unit.

Abstract: A limited protection method for charging/discharging current of hybrid electric vehicle battery and a device and a system thereof is disclosed. Said method includes: receiving a power requirement and determining an original torque based on the power requirement; judging a charge/discharge state of the battery and acquiring a limited torque from an actual current and a predefined torque; comparing said original torque with the limited torque to select the smaller one as a final output requirement. The embody of the invention can achieve the real-time limited protection for charge/discharge current of hybrid electric vehicle battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hybrid drive-train of a motor vehicle (1) equipped with a mechanical all-wheel drive, said drive-train comprising a combustion engine (5) which can be drive-connected to two axles (5) by means of a transmission (6), and a transversally installed electric machine arrangement (10). In order to improve the hybrid drive-train, particularly with regard to an operational mode that is highly dynamic, the electric machine arrangement is arranged approximately central in relation to the transverse direction of the vehicle.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and vehicles are provided pertaining to the determination of a temperature of a vehicle motor having an ignition when the ignition is turned on following a period of time in which the ignition had been turned off. A memory stores a function having a boundary condition that comprises a prior temperature from when the ignition was turned off. A processor is coupled to the memory. The processor is configured to determine an amount of time for which the ignition has been turned on and determine the temperature of the motor using the function if the amount of time for which the ignition has been turned on is less than a predetermined threshold.