Abstract: Generation of bubbles in an organic-substance production apparatus is suppressed. A gas treatment method including: an adsorption step of passing a source gas containing at least carbon dioxide and nitrogen through an adsorption unit for adsorbing carbon dioxide to reduce a carbon dioxide concentration in the source gas; a supply step of supplying the source gas whose carbon dioxide concentration has been reduced by the adsorption step to an organic-substance production apparatus; and a monitoring step of monitoring a carbon dioxide concentration and a nitrogen concentration in the source gas; wherein the adsorption step has an ability regulation step of enhancing an ability of the adsorption unit to reduce a carbon dioxide concentration in the source gas, when a total concentration of the carbon dioxide concentration and the nitrogen concentration monitored in the monitoring step exceeds a threshold value.

Abstract: A system for producing an organic substance, including: a synthesis gas generation furnace for producing a synthesis gas by partially oxidizing a waste including a carbon source; a synthesis gas purification unit connected to the synthesis gas generation furnace and purifying the synthesis gas generated in the synthesis gas generation furnace to reduce an impurity concentration in the synthesis gas; and an organic substance synthesis unit which is connected to the synthesis gas purification unit and generates an organic substance from the synthesis gas purified in the synthesis gas purification unit, wherein the synthesis gas purification unit includes a detection unit for measuring an impurity concentration in the synthesis gas.

Abstract: A gas sensor system (100) comprising at least one first field effect transistor (200) comprising first source and drain electrodes and at least one second field effect transistor (300) comprising second source and drain electrodes different from the first source and drain electrodes. Different responses of the first and second FETs to gases in an environment may be used to differentiate between the gases, for example to differentiate between 1-methylcyclopropene and ethylene in locations where fruit is stored.

Abstract: A liquid concentrator system includes a concentrator section having a gas inlet, a gas outlet, and a mixing corridor disposed between the gas inlet and the gas outlet. A liquid inlet is disposed in the mixing corridor between the gas inlet and a narrowed portion. A demister is disposed downstream of the concentrator section. The demister includes a liquid collector to remove liquid from gas flowing through the demister, and a reservoir that collects the removed liquid. A re-circulating circuit is disposed between reservoir and the mixing corridor to transport liquid within the reservoir to the mixing corridor, and a secondary re-circulating circuit includes a settling tank to separate saturated liquid and suspended solids. A custom brine mixing device is operatively coupled to the settling tank.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the status of air filters are provided. One or more thermoelectric sensors are provided to have an upstream sensing surface positioned adjacent the inlet surface of the air filter, and a downstream sensing surface positioned adjacent the outlet surface of the air filter. Sensing circuitry are connected to the thermoelectric sensors, configured to receive signals from the thermoelectric sensors and process the signals to obtain status information of the air filter.

Abstract: Installation for membrane permeation treatment of feed gas flow containing at least methane and carbon dioxide including first, second, and third membrane separation units and at least one compressor B for aspirating the second permeate, a permeate from the first membrane separation unit being fed to the third membrane separation unit, a retentate from the first membrane separation unit being fed to the second membrane separation. After measuring the aspiration pressure and methane concentration of the second permeate before it is recycled to the feed, the pressure of the second permeate is adjusted according to the measured aspiration pressure and methane concentration.

Abstract: Installation for membrane permeation treatment of feed gas containing methane and carbon dioxide that includes first, second, and third membrane separation units. The permeate from the first membrane separation unit is fed to the third membrane separation unit and the retentate from the first membrane separation unit is fed to the second membrane separation unit. The aspiration pressure of the second permeate is adjusted with a compressor according to the aspiration pressure of the second permeate before recycling thereof to the feed gas flow fed to the first membrane separation unit.

Abstract: A filter for a respiratory air analyzer includes a filter housing, a converter material, and a sensor arranged in the filter housing. The converter material is arranged in the filter housing between a gas inlet opening and a gas outlet opening. The sensor has a first electrode and a second electrode that are configured to record a characteristic of at least a part of the converter material that is arranged between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A carbon dioxide (CO2) separation membrane plant abnormality detection system includes: an entrance unit through which gas containing CO2 enters a plant including a CO2 separation membrane module; a separation membrane module; a permeation unit configured to discharge the gas with the relatively high CO2 concentration, which is discharged from the separation membrane module, to the outside of the plant; a residue unit configured to discharge the gas with the relatively low CO2 concentration, which is discharged from the separation membrane module, to the outside of the plant; a measurer configured to measure information; and a controller configured to determine the presence of an abnormality, wherein the controller determines whether the plant is in an abnormal situation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the removal of urea dust from the off-gas of a finishing section of a urea production plant. the method comprises subjecting the off-gas to quenching with water so as to produce quenched off-gas, and subjecting the quenched off-gas to scrubbing using at least one venturi scrubber. As a result, a lower pressure drop over the scrubber is attained, and a more efficient growth of urea particles, facilitating the removal thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus, systems comprising the apparatus, and methods of using and making the apparatus are disclosed, with the apparatus comprising an inlet, at least one oxygen membrane separator in communication with the inlet and in communication with an ambient airflow, with the ambient airflow comprising an ambient oxygen concentration, at least one piezoelectric pump in communication with the at least one oxygen membrane separator, and an outlet for emitting an enhanced oxygen concentration airflow.

Abstract: A pollutant reduction device and method are provided. The pollutant reduction device comprises: an exhaust gas pipe for discharging exhaust gas of a combustion engine; a cleaning water supply pipe for supplying cleaning water; a scrubber for spraying the cleaning water, which is supplied through the cleaning water supply pipe, at the exhaust gas flowing in through the exhaust gas pipe; and a cleaning water discharge pipe for discharging the cleaning water inside the scrubber and supplying the same to a ballast water tank.

Abstract: A liquid concentrator system includes a concentrator or section having a gas inlet, a gas outlet and a mixing corridor disposed between the gas inlet and gas outlet. A liquid inlet is disposed in the mixing corridor between the gas inlet and a narrowed portion. A demister is disposed downstream of the concentrator section. The demister includes a liquid collector to removed liquid from gas flowing through the demister, and a reservoir that collects the removed liquid. A recirculating circuit is disposed between the reservoir and the mixing corridor to transport liquid within the reservoir to the mixing corridor and secondary re-circulating circuit includes a settling tank to separated saturated liquid and suspended solids. A custom brine mixing device is operatively coupled to the settling tank.

Abstract: A compact and portable liquid concentrator includes a gas inlet, a gas exit and a flow corridor connecting the gas inlet and the gas exit, wherein the flow corridor includes a narrowed portion that accelerates the gas through the flow corridor. A liquid inlet injects liquid into the gas stream at a point prior to the narrowed portion so that the gas-liquid mixture is thoroughly mixed within the flow corridor, causing a portion of the liquid to be evaporated. A demister or fluid scrubber downstream of the narrowed portion removes entrained liquid droplets from the gas stream and re-circulates the removed liquid to the liquid inlet through a re-circulating circuit. Fresh liquid to be concentrated is also introduced into the re-circulating circuit at a rate sufficient to offset the amount of liquid evaporated in the flow corridor.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the disclosure correspond to, for example, a method for controlling a scrubber containing an adsorbent. The scrubber may be configured to cycle between scrubbing at least one pollutant/gas from a stream of gases with the pollutant/gas being adsorbed onto the adsorbent, and regenerating at least some of the adsorbent and thereby purging at least some of the one pollutant and/or first gas from the adsorbent via a regeneration gas flow. The method may include flowing a stream of gases through the scrubber, the scrubber including the adsorbent and adsorbing at least some of the one pollutant/gas from the stream of gases onto the adsorbent during an adsorption phase over a first time period. The method may also include purging at least a portion of the one pollutant/gas from the adsorbent during a regeneration phase over a second time period with a regeneration gas flow, and cycling therebetween.

Abstract: A CO2 recovery method includes: heating a CO2-absorbing solution that has absorbed CO2 from a gas, releasing the CO2 from the CO2-absorbing solution, and regenerating the CO2-absorbing solution, and at least one of: controlling a difference between an actual measured value and a target value of a recovery rate of the CO2 to be within a predetermined range; and controlling a difference between an actual measured value and a target value of a recovery amount of CO2 to be within a predetermined range, and controlling the CO2 recovery rate through a proportional calculation and an integration calculation based on the difference between the actual measured value and the target value of the CO2 recovery rate.

Abstract: A radio frequency system and method for monitoring an engine-out exhaust emission constituent. The system comprises a housing containing the emission constituent, one or more radio frequency sensors extending into the housing and transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals, and a control unit for controlling the radio frequency signals and monitoring changes in the emission constituent based on changes in one or more parameters of the radio frequency signals. In one embodiment, the control unit measures a rate of change in one or more of the parameters of the radio frequency signals for monitoring a rate of change of the emission constituent including for example the emission rate, accumulation rate, and/or depletion rate of the emission constituent.

Abstract: A CO2 recovery unit includes a CO2 absorber in which a gas containing CO2 contacts a CO2-absorbing solution that absorbs the CO2 in the gas; a CO2-absorbing solution regenerator that heats the CO2-absorbing solution that has absorbed the CO2, releases the CO2 from the CO2-absorbing solution, and regenerates the CO2-absorbing solution; and at least one of a CO2 recovery rate controller that controls a difference between an actual measured value and a target value of a recovery rate of the CO2 to be within a predetermined range; and a CO2 recovery amount controller that controls a difference between an actual measured value and a target value of a recovery amount of CO2 to be within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A high-pressure processing system includes a first chamber, a second chamber adjacent the first chamber, a foreline to remove gas from the second chamber, a vacuum processing system configured to lower a pressure within the second, a valve assembly to isolate the pressure within the first chamber from the pressure within the second chamber, a gas delivery system configured to introduce a gas into the first chamber and to increase the pressure within the first chamber to at least 10 atmospheres, an exhaust line to remove gas from the first chamber, and a containment enclosure surrounding a portion of the gas delivery system and the exhaust line to divert gas leaking from the portion of the gas delivery system and the exhaust line to the foreline.

Abstract: A dip tube assembly having a tubular portion and a coupler portion, the coupler configured for removable coupling with the mouth of a container storing contents therein. The coupler portion comprises a first end for connection with a tubular portion; a second end for connection with a connector assembly, wherein the connector assembly provides a pressure to the container; an outer surface and an inner surface with a thickness therebetween, wherein the inner surface defines a lumen that allows the chemical fluid to be conveyed from the chamber through the tubular portion to the connector assembly; and at least one pressure relief feature on the outer surface.

Abstract: When CO2 gas is absorbed by using an absorbent circulating in an absorption tower and an absorbent regeneration tower, a first sampling part at which a lean solution sample is collected in the vicinity of an inlet for a lean solution supply line in the absorption tower, a second sampling part at which a rich solution sample is collected in the vicinity of an outlet for a rich solution supply line in the absorption tower, and an analyzing device which analyzes the collected lean solution sample and rich solution sample are provided; the lean solution sample at the first sampling part and the rich solution sample at the second sampling part are collected, respectively, in the same time period, and concentrations of CO2 gas in the lean solution sample and the rich solution sample are measured, and then the gas absorbing/regenerating operation is controlled based on measured results.

Abstract: An engine system includes an electronically controlled compression ignition engine configured to burn diesel fuel and a high ash oil to produce an exhaust with a temperature and NOx to soot ratio as well as a controlled level of ash deposits on the particulate filter of the system. An aftertreatment system is fluidly connected to the engine and includes a diesel oxidation catalyst, a reductant supply, and a diesel particulate filter coated with a NOx reduction catalyst. The soot load density on the diesel particulate filter can be stabilized by oxidizing soot at about a same rate as the compression ignition engine is supplying soot to the aftertreatment system.

Abstract: A method for controlling an oxygen liquefaction device includes measuring a flow rate from an oxygen concentration subsystem to a liquefaction subsystem, comparing the flow rate to a flow rate setpoint, and adjusting a cycle timing of the oxygen concentration subsystem in accordance with the comparing. A device for producing liquid oxygen, includes an oxygen concentrator, a liquefaction system, that receives oxygen enriched gas from the concentrator, and condenses it to produce a liquid product. The device further includes a liquid product storage tank, a sensor, that measures a flow rate from the oxygen concentrator to the liquefaction system and a controller that adjusts an oxygen concentrating cycle time in response to the measured flow rate.

Abstract: A method for removing hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from a natural gas stream comprising methane (CH4) and H2S comprises: —cooling the natural gas stream in a heat exchanger assembly (13,16,18); —feeding at least part of the cooled natural gas stream through a feed conduit (19,21) into a cyclonic expansion and separation device (1) in which the cooled natural gas stream is expanded in a nozzle (4) and thereby further cooled to a temperature and pressure below the dew point of H2S and is separated by inducing the cooled natural gas stream to swirl in a tubular separation chamber (9) thereby inducing centrifugal forces to separate the cooled natural gas stream into a cooled low density fluid fraction, which is H2S depleted and methane enriched, and a cooled high density fluid fraction, which is H2S enriched and methane depleted; —feeding the cooled low density fluid fraction to a product gas conduit (33) which is connected to the heat exchanger assembly (14) for cooling the natural gas stream fed to the cyclonic expa

Abstract: An air cleaning apparatus capable of predicting a breakthrough time of a filtering portion is provided. Regarding a mask 1 as one example of the air cleaning apparatus, data on concentration of the poisonous gas element with which in ambient air (40) is contaminated on the upstream side of a filtering portion (3), a flow rate of the air (40) passing through the filtering portion (3), a temperature of the air (40), and relative humidity of the air (40) are input to an arithmetic processing unit (25). A breakthrough-time prediction formula in which the concentration, the flow rate, the temperature, and the relative humidity are provided as variables is programmed in the arithmetic processing unit (25), and the breakthrough time of the filtering portion (3) is calculated through the prediction formula, based on the data on the concentration and the like.

Abstract: A process and a plant for obtaining highly pure methane from biogas where biogas coming from a fermenter is compressed and fed to at least one membrane unit having a selectively permeable membrane, which provides a product gas stream containing an elevated proportion of methane and a gas stream containing a reduced proportion of methane. A quality sensor may be arranged in the outlet line for the highly pure product gas. A vacuum pump, the capacity of which can be regulated, may be connected to the low-pressure side of one of the membrane units. It is controlled by a control unit which receives its input signal from the quality sensor in the outlet line, and if the proportion of methane measured by the quality sensor falls below a certain value, the capacity of the vacuum pump is regulated so that the pressure difference at the membrane increases.

Abstract: A personal use oxygen concentrator, including; a controllable user interface including at least one of visual and audio indicators, a power supply, a housing, a controllable product gas output device, a blower, a compressor, a selective adsorption system comprising adsorption beds and gas flow control valves comprising at least one of a PSA, VPSA, or VSA oxygen producing system, a programmable controller configured to control at least one of the blower, compressor, output device, user interface, and selective adsorption system, and an integrated smoke detection system and smoke detector controller, mounted within the housing, configured to be controlled by and provide data to the programmable controller, and the programmable controller may perform predetermined control actions when smoke is detected.

Abstract: Embodiments of controlled atmosphere systems, apparatus, and methods for the same can include systems and/or methods that can include provisions for adaptive control of compressor discharge pressure. In one embodiment, variable membrane temperature can regulate compressor discharge pressure.

Abstract: A centrifugal precipitator having a housing and a rotatable driven rotor for precipitating oil mist from crankcase ventilation gas of an internal combustion engine. The housing has an inlet for gas to be deoiled, a deoiled gas outlet and an oil outlet. The housing includes a metallic main element surrounding the rotor and carrying the rotor bearing. A housing bottom is built onto the main element from below. The housing attaches with a flange to a counterflange or module of the engine. The housing flange is formed on the main element and the housing. The oil outlet runs through a first flange part of the housing bottom and this flange part has a circumferential rim. A second flange part of the main element has a collar engaging over part of its periphery behind the rim and can be clamped with the rim in between against the counterflange.

Abstract: Methods of preparing an impurity-depleted hydrogen stream, methods of analyzing content of an impurity-depleted hydrogen stream from a pressure swing adsorption process, and pressure swing adsorption apparatuses are provided herein. In an embodiment, a method of analyzing content of an impurity-depleted hydrogen stream from a pressure swing adsorption process includes providing a hydrogen-containing feed stream to a pressure swing adsorption zone. The hydrogen-containing feed stream further includes an impurity content including methane and carbon monoxide. Methane and carbon monoxide are adsorbed from the hydrogen-containing feed stream in the pressure swing adsorption zone. The impurity-depleted hydrogen stream is withdrawn from the pressure swing adsorption zone, with the impurity-depleted hydrogen stream having a residual methane content and a residual carbon monoxide content. The residual methane content of the impurity-depleted hydrogen stream is sensed.

Abstract: Environmental control units are disclosed. In an aspect, an environmental control unit for use with additive manufacturing and other VOC and particle emitting processes are disclosed. In an aspect, an environmental control unit comprising one or more filters, an air handler, a temperature control device, one or more sensors and a control unit is disclosed.

Abstract: An Environmental Control System may use an electronic particle separation system to control humidity in an aircraft. The electronic particle separation system may include a particle separator, a sensor module, and a controller configured to receive signals from the sensor module, and operate the particle separator based on the received sensor signals. In some embodiments, the controller may include a processor which may determine whether the particle separator is being operated under an ozone related condition exceeding a threshold operating condition. If one of the threshold operating conditions is exceeded, the particle separator may be turned off which may control the amount of ozone present in the aircraft.

Abstract: The invention relates to an on-site medical gas production plant (100) comprising a unit (50) for purifying gas, such as air, a first compartment (A) for storing purified gas, and a main gas line (10) fluidically connecting the gas purification unit (50) to the said first storage compartment (A). It furthermore comprises a three-way actuated valve (VA) arranged on the main gas line (10) upstream of the first storage compartment (A), and furthermore connected to the atmosphere (at 12) via a vent line (11), as well as an operating device (4) which controls at least the three-way actuated valve (VA), and at least a first gas analysis device (D1) of which a first measurement line (29) is fluidically connected (at 28) to the main line (10), upstream of the three-way actuated valve (VA), and which is electrically connected to the said operating device (4).

Abstract: Apparatus for transforming the air exchange load of a higher air exchange rate space into the air exchange load of a lower air exchange rate space, including: a housing; an air inlet and at least one air outlet formed in the housing; a passageway extending through the housing and connecting the air inlet to the at least one air outlet; a circulation fan disposed in the passageway so as to draw the air of the higher air exchange rate space into the air inlet, through the passageway, and return that air to the higher air exchange rate space through the at least one air outlet; and a filter disposed in the passageway for purging noxious substances from the air passing through the passageway, whereby to transform the air exchange load of a higher air exchange rate space into the air exchange load of a lower air exchange rate space.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a plant (100) for on-site production of medical gas, such as air or oxygen, comprising a main gas line (10) comprising, in series, a first vessel (A) for storing gas and a second vessel (B) for storing purified gas, and a secondary line (20) fluidically connected to the main line (10), downstream of the first vessel (A) for storing gas, and comprising a third vessel (C) for storing gas, the main gas line (10) and the secondary line (20) each supplying at least one gas consumer site (30), in particular a network of pipes in a hospital.

Abstract: There is provided a process for effecting permeation of at least an operative material component of an operative mixture from a higher pressure space, through a membrane, and into a lower pressure space, wherein the higher pressure space is disposed in mass transfer communication with the lower pressure space through the membrane.

Abstract: An odor control composition may be dosed to a wastewater treatment system to control hydrogen sulfide levels. The composition may include a sulfide-reducing agent and an oxidizer. Synergy between the compounds of the odor control composition may facilitate efficient reduction of hydrogen sulfide levels. The sulfide-reducing agent and the oxidizer may be present in a single odor control composition or may be dosed to the system separately.

Abstract: Regeneration of a diesel particle filter of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle is controlled according to soot mass loading and the vehicle operating condition. Regeneration modes include active regeneration and forced passive regeneration, and operating conditions include highway, town and off-road driving. One strategy may determine initiation of regeneration, and another may determine cessation. Regeneration mode may change in real time.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine detects an amount of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas in an exhaust passage, according to an electrical property across electrodes of a particulate matter sensor disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine. The term “electrical property” here refers to a property that changes with the amount of particulate matter deposited, for example, a current value of when a predetermined voltage is applied. After the internal combustion engine is started and detection of the amount of the particulate matter is completed, an element section of the particulate matter sensor is set to a predetermined temperature range. The particulate matter deposited on the element section is thereby burned and removed. The control apparatus maintains the element section in the predetermined temperature range after burning and removing the particulate matter until the internal combustion engine stops.

Abstract: A waste gas combustion method that includes providing a combustible fuel source, in which the combustible fuel source is composed of at least methane and siloxane gas. A sodium source or magnesium source is mixed with the combustible fuel source. Combustion of the siloxane gas of the combustible fuel source produces a silicon containing product. The sodium source or magnesium source reacts with the silicon containing product to provide a sodium containing glass or sodium containing silicate, or a magnesium containing silicate. By producing the sodium containing glass or sodium containing silicate, or the magnesium containing silicate, or magnesium source for precipitating particulate silica instead of hard coating, the method may reduce or eliminate the formation of silica deposits within the combustion chamber and the exhaust components of the internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A flying air purifier includes a flying unit configured to fly within a space at a first elevation. The flying unit is also configured to fly within the space at a second elevation. The flying air purifier also includes an air purifier mounted to the flying unit and configured to remove particles from air within the space at the first elevation and at the second elevation. The air purifier includes an air inlet having a first charge and an air outlet having a second charge, wherein the second charge is opposite of the first charge.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine detects an amount of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas in an exhaust passage, according to an electrical property across electrodes of a particulate matter sensor disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine. The term “electrical property” here refers to a property that changes with the amount of particulate matter deposited, for example, a current value of when a predetermined voltage is applied. After the internal combustion engine is started and detection of the amount of the particulate matter is completed, an element section of the particulate matter sensor is set to a predetermined temperature range. The particulate matter deposited on the element section is thereby burned and removed. The control apparatus maintains the element section in the predetermined temperature range after burning and removing the particulate matter until the internal combustion engine stops.

Abstract: Methods of preparing an impurity-depleted hydrogen stream, methods of analyzing content of an impurity-depleted hydrogen stream from a pressure swing adsorption process, and pressure swing adsorption apparatuses are provided herein. In an embodiment, a method of analyzing content of an impurity-depleted hydrogen stream from a pressure swing adsorption process includes providing a hydrogen-containing feed stream to a pressure swing adsorption zone. The hydrogen-containing feed stream further includes an impurity content including methane and carbon monoxide. Methane and carbon monoxide are adsorbed from the hydrogen-containing feed stream in the pressure swing adsorption zone. The impurity-depleted hydrogen stream is withdrawn from the pressure swing adsorption zone, with the impurity-depleted hydrogen stream having a residual methane content and a residual carbon monoxide content. The residual methane content of the impurity-depleted hydrogen stream is sensed.

Abstract: One aspect of the present teachings includes a separation membrane arranged in a hollow case. A particular component concentration chamber and a particular component dilution chamber are arranged in series in the hollow case. The particular component concentration chamber is capable of increasing concentration of the particular component by allowing permeation of the particular gas through the separation membrane. The particular component dilution chamber is capable of increasing concentration of the particular component by not allowing permeation of the particular gas through the separation membrane. The particular component concentration chamber and the particular component dilution chamber are configured such that only a gas containing the particular component and permeated through the separation membrane or only a gas containing the particular component not permeated through the separation membrane in one of the chambers disposed on an upstream side (i.e.

Abstract: Methods of one or more embodiments include delivering hydrogen sulphide-containing exhaust gases to a current generation device where the gases are burnt, preferably with air being supplied. The energy released during combustion is employed at least partially for current generation. One or more embodiments also include an apparatus for current generation in which supplied hydrogen sulphide-containing exhaust gases are burnt, preferably with air being supplied.

Abstract: An on board inert gas generation system for an aircraft receives air from a relatively low pressure source such as low pressure engine bleed air or ram air and passes it to a positive displacement compressor to increase the pressure thereof to be suitable for supply to an air separation module. The speed of the positive displacement compressor may be adjusted across a wide range in order to provide efficient operation in cruise and descent phases of aircraft flight. The operating speed of the compressor and/or the flow rate from the ASM to the space to be inerted may be controlled in accordance with at least one of the gas composition in the space to be inerted, the flight condition, and the ullage volume.

Abstract: A system to purge dissolved gases selectively from liquids can include a first contactor having two first contactor inlets and two first contactor outlets. The first contactor can receive liquid from a liquid source at a first inlet of the first contactor and an inert gas source at a second inlet of the first contactor, the inert gas can purge a first portion of gas from the liquid source. The first portion of purged gas exits the first contactor at a first outlet of the first contactor. The second contactor can receive input from the second outlet of the first contactor and the inert gas, the inert gas purges a second portion of the gas from the liquid source. The second portion of purged gas can exit the second contactor at a first outlet of the second contactor.

Abstract: A control apparatus for an internal combustion engine detects an amount of particulate matter contained in an exhaust gas in an exhaust passage, according to an electrical property across electrodes of a particulate matter sensor disposed in the exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine. The term “electrical property” here refers to a property that changes with the amount of particulate matter deposited, for example, a current value of when a predetermined voltage is applied. After the internal combustion engine is started and detection of the amount of the particulate matter is completed, an element section of the particulate matter sensor is set to a predetermined temperature range. The particulate matter deposited on the element section is thereby burned and removed. The control apparatus maintains the element section in the predetermined temperature range after burning and removing the particulate matter until the internal combustion engine stops.

Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system for an internal combustion engine is provided comprising an exhaust gas conduit, a particulate filter (“PF”) device, a hydrocarbon source and an electronic control module including operative logic which when implemented. The PF has a filter structure for removal of particulates in the exhaust gas and is selectively regenerated based on an amount of particulates trapped within the filter structure of the PF device. The control module is in communication with the internal combustion engine and the hydrocarbon source, and receives a regeneration signal indicating the amount of particulates trapped within the filter structure of the PF device. The electronic control module includes control logic for monitoring the internal combustion engine prior to a regeneration event. The electronic control module includes control logic for determining a plurality operating parameters of the internal combustion engine based on the monitoring.

Abstract: A system comprises: a filter for removing at least one of a contaminant or gas bubbles from a liquid photoresist to provide a filtered photoresist at an outlet of the filter. The filter has a filter vent. A trap has an inlet coupled to receive the filtered photoresist from the filter, for removing a remaining contaminant or gas bubbles from the filtered photoresist. One or more valves and one or more conduits are connected to the filter and the trap. The one or more valves are operable to reverse a direction of flow of the filtered photoresist, so that the photoresist flows from the inlet of the trap, through the outlet of the filter, to the filter vent.