Abstract: A waste collection device configured to remove magnetically-sensitive particles from the air includes a main body, a collection mechanism, an air inlet mechanism, an air exhaust mechanism, and a discharge mechanism. The main body includes a cover, an electric controller, a partition, and a cavity. The partition divides the cavity into a first cavity and a second cavity. The collection mechanism includes a plurality of dust deposition portions received in the first and second cavities. Each dust deposition portion is electrically powered and includes a plurality of dust deposition plates. The air inlet mechanism includes a first wind shield coupled to the first cavity and a second wind shield coupled to the second cavity.

Abstract: This disclosure describes embodiments of an air treatment apparatus that stimulates formation of large moisture droplets from small moisture droplets found in air flowing in power generating systems to a turbo-machine. In one example, the embodiments generate a field that promotes contact between the smaller moisture droplets. This contact can increase the size of moisture droplets to facilitate condensation of moisture out of the air.

Abstract: A method and system for treating emissions includes charging particles in an exhaust stream, producing one or more radicals, and oxidizing at least a portion of the charged particles with at least a portion of the produced radicals. At least a portion of the charged particles in the exhaust stream are then attracted on at least one attraction surface which is one of oppositely charged from the charged particles and grounded. The attracted particles are oxidized with another portion of the one or more produced radicals to self regenerate the at least one attraction surface. Downstream from where the attracted particles are oxidized, at least a portion of one or more first compounds in the exhaust stream are converted to one or more second compounds downstream from the attracting. Additionally, at least a portion of any remaining charged particles are oxidized into one or more gases.

Abstract: Dynamic filtration systems and associated methods are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, for example, a filtration system can include a filter device having a body portion positioned between first and second end portions and a filter media in a cavity defined by the body portion. The filter media can be configured to filter a predetermined substance from a ferrofluid. The filter device can further include a coil at the body portion, a first magnetic plate proximate the first end portion and a second magnetic plate proximate the second end portion. The coil can generate a first magnetic field across the body portion, and the first and second magnetic plates interact to form a second magnetic field across the body portion. The first and second magnetic fields can be configured to drive filtration of the ferrofluid.

Abstract: A system employs a closed electrolyzer vessel into which water is circulated, and an electrode plate assembly is immersed to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Only water is used as the electrolyte fluid. An air injector in the water return line injects air bubbling for enhanced dissociation of water. The electrode plate assembly is formed by one or more unit stacks of 7-plates each, including two outer cathode plates, a middle anode plate, and spaced inner plates. The generated gases are maintained in a stable condition by an electromagnetic coil assembly that separates the hydrogen gas from oxygen gas. The system can obtain 180% reduction in fuel usage in a vehicle engine, and 20 times reduction in carbon exhaust. It can obtain a 500% increase in fuel efficiency in an electrical power generator.

Abstract: A process for extracting hydrocarbons from a molecular combination is provided. The process includes heating a molecular combination to dissociate it into a particle stream of carbon cations, hydrogen cations, and oxygen anions; guiding the stream through a non-conductive conduit; moving the dissociated particle stream through a magnetic field to separate the cations from the anions; and isolating the separated cations from the anions. In one embodiment, methane is formed from carbonic acid.

Abstract: A method for the isotopic separation of at least two different isotopes of a body in gaseous form by: (a) converting into the form of a gas (SF6, UF6 or MoF6) the body of interest containing the sought isotope; (b) creating a flow of said gas at supersonic speed, of the laminar or slightly turbulent type; (c) exciting the molecules by laser; (d) inhibiting, by means of a laser, the nucleation of one of the isotopologues, thus forming less massive aggregates of said isotopologue than the aggregates formed by the molecules of the other isotopologue; (e) ionising the molecules and aggregates of said gas; (f) submitting the ionised molecules and aggregates of molecules to an electromagnetic field to make the ionised molecules and aggregates of one of the isotopologues migrate towards the outside of the flow; and (g) retrieving the part of the gas flow with the highest concentration in the sought isotope.

Abstract: Devices for treating chemical compositions of a sample and methods for use thereof are disclosed here. In one embodiment, for example, a device may include a container; an opening; a magnetic component that induces a magnetic field across a portion of the device; and a sorptive media loaded within the container. The device may further comprise a magnetizable fluid loaded within the container. The sorptive media may be configured to filter a composition from a magnetizable fluid. The magnetic field may be configured to drive filtration of the magnetizable fluid containing composition after reacting the composition in order to remove or separate constituents of the composition.

Abstract: Separation systems can utilize a combination of forces to separate constituent components of a working fluid from each other. Some separation systems utilize one or more of centrifugal and gravitational forces in the purification of hydrogen gas. Some separation systems can utilize one or more of electromotive and magnetic forces in the purification of hydrogen gas.

Abstract: This disclosure describes embodiments of an air treatment apparatus that stimulates formation of large moisture droplets from small moisture droplets found in air flowing in power generating systems to a turbo-machine. In one example, the embodiments generate a field that promotes contact between the smaller moisture droplets. This contact can increase the size of moisture droplets to facilitate condensation of moisture out of the air.

Abstract: A system and process are provided for extracting a substance from a molecular combination. The process comprises heating the molecular combination to dissociate the molecular combination into cations and anions, moving the cations and anions through a magnetic field to separate cations and anions, and isolating cations from anions with a barrier. The system comprises a non-conductive conduit for guiding an ionized particle stream, a magnetic field source for creating a magnetic field through which the ionized particle stream moves, and a barrier located in the conduit. The ionized particle stream has a velocity relative to the conduit, and the magnetic field source is oriented relative to the velocity of the ionized particle stream so that cations are separated from anions as the ionized particle stream moves through the magnetic field. The barrier is oriented in the conduit so that cations are isolated from anions after separation.

Abstract: A filter vessel for removing metal particles from exhaust, comprising a casing defining an internal chamber adapted to receive a flow of gas travelling along a flow direction; an electrostatic grid disposed in the internal chamber in intersecting relation to the flow direction, the electrostatic grid adapted to electrostatically charge metal particles in the flow of gas; a first electromagnet disposed on the casing in a downstream location along the flow direction relative to the electrostatic grid, the first electromagnet adapted to attract the electrostatically charged metal particles; a second electromagnet disposed on the casing in a downstream location along the flow direction relative to the first electromagnet, the second electromagnet adapted to attract the electrostatically charged metal particles; a controller configured to control the energization of the first and second electromagnets; and a metal particle collector for collecting electrostatically charged metal particles attracted by the first an

Abstract: Dynamic filtration systems and associated methods are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, for example, a filtration system can include a filter device having a body portion positioned between first and second end portions and a filter media in a cavity defined by the body portion. The filter media can be configured to filter a predetermined substance from a ferrofluid. The filter device can further include a coil at the body portion, a first magnetic plate proximate the first end portion and a second magnetic plate proximate the second end portion. The coil can generate a first magnetic field across the body portion, and the first and second magnetic plates interact to form a second magnetic field across the body portion. The first and second magnetic fields can be configured to drive filtration of the ferrofluid.

Abstract: A method for separation of isotopes includes vaporizing a sample having two or more isotopes of the same element. A stream of atoms is generated from the vaporized sample. One or more light waves are applied to the stream. The one or more light waves are tuned to convert one or more specific isotopes in the flowing stream to a set of one or more magnetic states. A magnetic field is applied to the stream, deflecting atoms in the stream based on their magnetic states. Isotopes are collected based on their deflections (or lack of deflection).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention operate as a mist eliminator. Here, at least one magnet is attached to a structure having metallic surfaces that engage an airstream entering an inlet system of a turbomachine. This structure is connected to the inlet system and operates as the mist eliminator. Depending on the velocity of the entering airstream, and the orientation of the magnets, the mist eliminator may repel the mist particles, which will separate from the airstream. Alternatively, the mist particles may be attracted to the mist eliminator. Here, the mist particles may separate from the airstream and then condense.

Abstract: An apparatus for magnetic pre-treating of a first or second flow of fluid (11, 12) in one supply pipe (1, 1?) to a combustion chamber (6), wherein at least one magnetic field (22) is extended through said flow of fluid (11, 12) passing through said supply pipe (1, 1?), wherein said magnetic field (22) is induced by at least one electromagnet (2) each said electro magnet comprising an electrical coil (21) provided with energy from a voltage source (3); with an electrical pulse generator (4) provided with voltage from said voltage source (3) and arranged to generate electrical pulses (p) with a desire frequency (f) to said electrical coil (21).

Abstract: A system and process are provided for extracting a substance from a molecular combination. The process comprises heating the molecular combination to dissociate the molecular combination into cations and anions, moving the cations and anions through a magnetic field to separate cations and anions, and isolating cations from anions with a barrier. The system comprises a non-conductive conduit for guiding an ionized particle stream, a magnetic field source for creating a magnetic field through which the ionized particle stream moves, and a barrier located in the conduit. The ionized particle stream has a velocity relative to the conduit, and the magnetic field source is oriented relative to the velocity of the ionized particle stream so that cations are separated from anions as the ionized particle stream moves through the magnetic field. The barrier is oriented in the conduit so that cations are isolated from anions after separation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating particles preferentially accelerates particles to a rotating collector, which then reliably conveys collected particles to a discharge with minimal re-entrainment of the particles in the fluid stream. The collector minimizes energy transfer to the fluid and maximizes separation under conditions of high particle loading, fine particle content, or both. The separator may be operated in any vertical, horizontal or oblique orientation, or within devices whose orientation varies over time.

Abstract: An electromagnetic device for accelerating electrically neutral molecules of a substance is characterized by the fact of comprising: a Treating Tube (14) in non-conducting material, into which the substance to treat is introduced; static electromagnetic circuits that surround the above Treating Tube exerting on the substance to treat electromagnetic actions which push it axially, with utilization of the dipolar electric moment of the molecules. The treating method of the molecules accelerates these molecules utilizing their weak dipolar electric moment, subjecting them to a combination of a magnetic field and an electric one or, in alternative, of a magnetic field and one at Hertz waves, alternating and isofrequential, utilizing the Lorentz force of electrology.

Abstract: A device for removing droplets in a plasma generator including a tubular traveling passage through which plasma and droplets travel under mixed state is formed, an aperture having a passing hole at an eccentric position is provided in the tubular traveling passage, and a magnetic field generator passing the plasma through the eccentric passing hole of the aperture arranged on an outer circumference of the tubular traveling passage. The plasma further passes through the eccentric passing hole of the aperture after being bent in the tubular traveling passage by a magnetic field generated from the magnetic field generator and the droplets are removed by colliding against the wall face of the aperture at the time of bending.

Abstract: This invention relates to a carbon nanotube producing system. A carbon nanotube producing system includes a reaction tube in which a metal catalyst and a carbon-containing gas are supplied and carbon nanotube grows on the metal catalyst by pyrolysis; an exhaust line along which a gas including the carbon nanotube grown on the metal catalyst is exhausted from the reaction tube; and a carbon nanotube trapping apparatus installed on the exhaust line and configured to trap the carbon nanotube grown on the metal catalyst by using a magnetic force.

Abstract: In the field of immersion lithography, it is known to provide a liquid between an optical exposure system and a wafer carrying layers of photosensitive material to be irradiated with a pattern by the optical exposure system. However, bubbles are known to form or exist in the liquid, sometimes close to a surface of the wafer resulting in scattering of light emitted from the optical exposure system. The scattering causes the pattern recorded in the layers of photosensitive material to be corrupted, resulting in defective wafers. Therefore, the present invention provides a bubble displacement apparatus comprising a drive signal generator for driving a force generator arranged to generate a force in response to a drive signal generated by the drive signal generator. The force generated urges the bubble away from the surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a filtration enhancement apparatus and an associated method. The apparatus includes a number of electromagnetic grids that are placed in series. The first grid conditions ambient particles to generate particles with both a positive and a negative charge. These charged particles are then delivered to a second and third grid wherein a low, medium, and/or high frequency alternating current is employed to force the positive and negative charged particles to collide and conglomerate with one another. The conglomerated particles are then sent into the ambient environment for subsequent filtration.

Abstract: As an apparatus to prevent the excess adsorption of oxygen molecules caused by excess supply of raw material air and the reduction in the level of generated oxygen caused by concentration of argon, which occur when a predetermined value of an oxygen supply flow rate is in a low flow rate zone, to suppress the electric power consumption and to stably drive a compressor, the present invention provides an oxygen concentrator that is a pressure swing adsorption-type oxygen concentrator equipped with; at least one adsorption bed filled with an adsorbent capable of selectively adsorbing nitrogen relative to oxygen, an air supply device to supply compressed air to the adsorption bed, a flow channel switching device to repeat at a predetermined timing an adsorption step to supply air from the air supply device to the adsorption bed to isolate concentrated oxygen and a desorption step to depressurize the adsorption bed to regenerate the adsorbent therein, and a flow rate setting device to set a volume of concentrated

Abstract: A particle inlet system comprises a first chamber having a limiting orifice for an incoming gas stream and a micrometer controlled expansion slit. Lateral components of the momentum of the particles are substantially cancelled due to symmetry of the configuration once the laminar flow converges at the expansion slit. The particles and flow into a second chamber, which is maintained at a lower pressure than the first chamber, and then moves into a third chamber including multipole guides for electromagnetically confining the particle. The vertical momentum of the particles descending through the center of the third chamber is minimized as an upward stream of gases reduces the downward momentum of the particles. The translational kinetic energy of the particles is near-zero irrespective of the mass of the particles at an exit opening of the third chamber, which may be advantageously employed to provide enhanced mass resolution in mass spectrometry.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separating particles preferentially accelerates particles to a rotating collector, which then reliably conveys collected particles to a discharge with minimal re-entrainment of the particles in the fluid stream. The collector minimizes energy transfer to the fluid and maximizes separation under conditions of high particle loading, fine particle content, or both. The separator may be operated in any vertical, horizontal or oblique orientation, or within devices whose orientation varies over time.

Abstract: This invention relates to a carbon nanotube producing system. A carbon nanotube producing system includes a reaction tube in which a metal catalyst and a carbon-containing gas are supplied and carbon nanotube grows on the metal catalyst by pyrolysis; an exhaust line along which a gas including the carbon nanotube grown on the metal catalyst is exhausted from the reaction tube; and a carbon nanotube trapping apparatus installed on the exhaust line and configured to trap the carbon nanotube grown on the metal catalyst by using a magnetic force.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gel for separating and/or purifying a gas mixture comprising a metal cation, a porous support, a gelling agent and a solvent. Associated devices are also disclosed.

Abstract: An increasing level of carbon dioxide gas in the earth's atmosphere has been determined and is generally accepted by the scientific community. The human contribution to increases in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been identified as a driving force of global climate change. The impact of global climate change might be mitigated by means to reduce or stabilize the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The invention provides a means for cleaning the atmosphere of carbon dioxide molecules by dissociation and refining the by-products into valuable fuels and other substances.

Abstract: Disclosed is a filtration enhancement apparatus and an associated method. The apparatus includes a number of electromagnetic grids that are placed in series. The first grid conditions ambient particles to generate particles with both a positive and a negative charge. These charged particles are then delivered to a second and third grid wherein a low, medium, and/or high frequency alternating current is employed to force the positive and negative charged particles to collide and conglomerate with one another. The conglomerated particles are then sent into the ambient environment for subsequent filtration.

Abstract: A linear trap which allows for charge separation and ion mobility separation in a speedy manner, and enables measurement with high duty cycle. A mass spectrometer comprises an ion source, an ion trap for trapping ions ionized by the ion source, an ion trap controller for controlling a voltage on an electrode included in the ion trap, and a detector for detecting the ions ejected from the ion trap. The ion trap controller includes a table for each mass-to-charge ratio, the table containing a frequency of the voltage used for charge separation, and a gain of the voltage for ejecting a first ion with a first charge outside the ion trap, and retaining in the ion trap a second group of ions with a second charge that is lower than that of the first charge. The ion trap controller controls the voltage based on the mass-to-charge ratio set. The mass spectrometer has significantly improved sensitivity, as compared to the prior art.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the separation of molecules having different excitation spectra, which form components of a gas. The molecules are excited by laser pulses in a way that the molecules to be separated are transferred into a state of excitation due to multi-absorption of energy quanta from laser pulses, and in which they are extracted from the gas so that they exist in a composition determined by the form of the laser pulses. According to the invention, the laser pulses are formed by an iterative process in which each laser pulse varies in its form depending on the extracted molecules' composition after their absorption of energy quanta.

Abstract: The present invention is embodied in a system for collecting biological samples from air including a collection assembly to store at least one biological sample and a separator to remove selected particles from the air prior to entry into the collection assembly. In one embodiment, the selected particles are magnetic and the separator includes at least one magnet to attract the particles from the air.

Abstract: Disclosed is a filtration enhancement apparatus and an associated method. The apparatus includes a number of electromagnetic grids that are placed in series. The first grid conditions ambient particles to generate particles with both a positive and a negative charge. These charged particles are then delivered to a second and third grid wherein a low, medium, and/or high frequency alternating current is employed to force the positive and negative charged particles to collide and conglomerate with one another. The conglomerated particles are then sent into the ambient environment for subsequent filtration.

Abstract: An example airborne conductive contaminant handling system is described. The airborne conductive contaminant handling system may include a handling circuit that is configured to selectively pass an electric current through a conductive contaminant. The airborne conductive contaminant handling system may also include an attracting circuit that is configured to attract an airborne conductive contaminant towards the handling circuit, where it can be subjected to the electric current.

Abstract: A device for separating particles according to their respective masses includes a substantially cylindrical wall of inner radius, “Rwall”, that surrounds a chamber and defines a longitudinal axis. A multi-species plasma having relatively cold ions is initiated at a first end of the chamber within a relatively small radius, “rsource”, from the longitudinal axis. A hollow cylinder having an outer radius, “Router”, is positioned at the second end of the chamber and centered on the axis. Cross electric and magnetic fields (E×B) are established in the chamber that are configured to send ions of relatively high mass on trajectories having a radial apogee, rapogee, that is greater than the cylinder's outer radius (r>Router). After reaching apogee, these ions lose energy and strike the cylinder where they are collected. Low mass ions are placed on small radius helical trajectories and pass through the hollow cylinder.

Abstract: A band gap mass filter for separating particles of mass (M1) from particles of mass (M2) in a multi-species plasma includes a chamber defining an axis. Coils around the chamber generate an axially aligned magnetic field defined (B=B0+B1 sin ?t), with an antenna generating the sinusoidal component (B1 sin ?t) to induce an azimuthal electric field (E?) in the chamber. The resultant crossed electric and magnetic fields place particles M2 on unconfined orbits for collection inside the chamber, and pass the particles M1 through said chamber for separation from the particles M2. Unconfined orbits for particles M2 are determined according to an ?-? plot ( ? = ? 0 2 + ? 1 2 / 2 4 ? ? 2 , and ? ? ? ? = ? 0 ? ? 1 8 ? ? 2 ) , where ?0 is the cyclotron frequency for particles with mass/charge ratio M, and wherein ?0=B0/M and ?1=B1/M.

Abstract: A device for separating high mass to charge particles (M1) from low mass to charge particles (M2) in a plasma includes a cylindrical wall that surrounds a chamber and defines an axis. Rectangular shaped coils are mounted on the wall to establish a magnetic field, B0, in the chamber that is aligned substantially perpendicular to the axis and which rotates about the axis. Circularly shaped coils are provided to generate a time-constant, axially aligned magnetic field, Bz, in the chamber. Passive, ring-shaped electrodes are positioned at the ends of the wall and connected to resistors which are then grounded. The rotating magnetic field, B0, rotates the plasma in the axially aligned magnetic field, Bz, which in turn, induces a radially oriented electric field, Er, in the chamber. The crossed fields (i.e. Er×Bz) cause the particles, M1, to strike the wall while the particles, M2, transit through the chamber.

Abstract: A material separator includes a chamber and electrode(s) to create a radially oriented electric field in the chamber. Coils are provided to generate a magnetic field in the chamber. The separator further includes a launcher to propagate a high-frequency electromagnetic wave into the chamber to convert the material into a multi-species plasma. With the crossed electric and magnetic fields, low mass ions in the multi-species plasma are placed on small orbit trajectories and exit through the end of the chamber while high mass ions are placed on large orbit trajectories for capture at the wall of the chamber.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing contaminants from gas streams. A first step involves selecting a contaminant to be removed from a gas stream and determining a characteristic ionizing energy value required to selectively ionize the selected contaminant with minimal effect on other contaminants in the gas stream. A second step involves applying the characteristic ionizing energy value to the gas stream and selectively ionizing the selected contaminant. A third step involves capturing the selected contaminant after ionization.

Abstract: A device for separating the constituents of a multi-constituent material includes a substantially cylindrical plasma chamber and two, axially opposed plasma injectors. The injectors convert the multi-constituent material into a multi-species plasma and inject the multi-species plasma into a core portion of the plasma chamber. Ions in the plasma diffuse from the core portion to an annular volume within the chamber where the ions are separated according to their respective mass to charge ratios. To effect separation, electrodes and coils are provided to establish crossed electric and magnetic fields in the annular volume. With the crossed electric and magnetic fields, low-mass ions in the annular volume are placed on small orbit trajectories and drift axially for capture at the ends of the plasma chamber. High-mass ions in the annular volume are placed on large orbit trajectories for capture at the cylindrical wall of the chamber.

Abstract: An isotope separator includes a cylindrical chamber having first and second ends, and a length “L.” Inside the chamber, an E×B field is applied to produce plasma rotation. The energy in the plasma rotation is chosen to be much higher than the electron temperature which is clamped by radiation. As the plasma then transits the chamber through the length “L”, the electrons cool the thermal temperature of the isotope ions while maintaining the rotation. Under these conditions, the minority and majority isotopes become substantially separated from each other before they exit the chamber. To achieve this result, E×B is determined using mathematically derived expressions and, in compliance with these parameters, the length “L” of the chamber is determined so that the plasma residence time in the chamber, &tgr;1, will be greater than the cooling time, &tgr;2 (&tgr;1>&tgr;2) necessary to affect isotope separation.

Abstract: A high throughput plasma mass filter includes a substantially cylindrical shaped plasma chamber with structures for generating a magnetic field (B) that is crossed with an electric field (E) in the chamber (E×B). An injector introduces into the chamber a multi-species plasma having ions of different mass to charge ratios. To obtain high throughput (&Ggr;), the initial density of this multi-species plasma is considerably greater than a collisional density wherein there is a probability of “one” that an ion collision will occur within a single rotation of the ion under the influence of E×B. The length of the chamber is chosen to insure heavy ions can make their way to the wall before transiting the device.

Abstract: A device and method for selectively establishing predetermined orbits, relative to an axis, for ions of a first mass/charge ratio (m1), requires crossing an electric field with a substantially uniform magnetic field (E×B). The magnetic field is oriented along the axis and the electric field has both a d.c. voltage component (∇&PHgr;0) and an a.c. voltage component (∇&PHgr;1). In operation, voltage &PHgr;0 is fixed to place the ions m1 on confined orbits around the axis when &PHgr;1 is zero. On the other hand, when &PHgr;1 is tuned to a predetermined value, the ions m1 are ejected away from the axis. With E×B established in a chamber, the ions m1 will pass through the chamber when on confined orbits (&PHgr;1=0), and they will be ejected into the wall of the chamber when on unconfined orbits (&PHgr;1=predetermined value).

Abstract: In order to produce a magnetic separator for separating particles from a fluid, comprising a collection chamber through which the fluid is arranged to flow, and a device for producing a magnetic field by means of which the particles are retained in a collector region of the collection chamber during a collection phase, whereby only a very small amount of liquid is lost when the particles retained in the collector region of the collection chamber are removed from the collection chamber after the collection phase, it is proposed that the magnetic separator comprise a sluice chamber having a closable inlet opening through which the particles collected in the collection chamber are transferable into the sluice chamber, and also having a closable extraction opening through which the particles are removable from the sluice chamber.

Abstract: A stochastic cyclotron ion filter for separating ions in a multi-species plasma according to mass uses an electrical field (E) crossed with a magnetic field (B). In particular, the electric field is stochastically generated by an amplified noise source with a band pass filter that passes only frequencies in an interval between &ohgr;1 and &ohgr;2. The filter also includes a cylindrical chamber for receiving the multi-species plasma, and coils are used to generate the magnetic field inside the chamber. In operation, the stochastically generated electric field resonates with particles in the plasma that have a cyclotron frequency &OHgr; in the frequency interval (&ohgr;1<&OHgr;<&ohgr;2). In one embodiment, an electrode is mounted at one end of the chamber, and the electrode is connected with the amplifier to establish the electrical field in the chamber.

Abstract: A cyclone or hydrocyclone for separating fluids and particles includes an electrostatic charge generator, a direct current power source, a magnet or an electromagnet for augmenting the centrifugal separation forces generated by the cyclone or hydrocyclone. The cyclone or hydrocyclone also includes a physical vibration generator or a sonic wave generator or both.

Abstract: A plasma filter for separating particles includes a hollow semi-cylindrical chamber that is enclosed by a wall. At least one plasma source is mounted in the chamber between the longitudinal axis of the chamber and the wall for generating a multi-species plasma containing light mass particles (M1) and heavy mass particles (M2). A magnetic coil is used to generate a magnetic field, Bz, in the chamber that is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis, and electrodes at each end of the chamber generate an electric field, Er, in the chamber that is oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. These crossed electric and magnetic fields rotate the multi-species plasma on a curved path around the longitudinal axis, and in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, to separate M1 from M2.

Abstract: There is provided a method of dry etching a nickel film formed on a substrate by means of plasma of an etching gas, wherein the etching gas includes at least one of CO and CO2 gases, and the substrate is designed to keep a temperature in the range of −25° C. to 40° C. both inclusive, while the substrate is being etched. For instance, the etching gas is a mixture gas including CO and CO2 gases, a mixture gas including CO, CO2 and H2 gases, or a mixture gas including CO and H2 gases. The above-mentioned method provides higher etching accuracy, higher etching rate, and less etching damage in a substrate.

Abstract: A collector cup for the collection and removal of the low-mass particles that exit from a plasma mass filter includes a cylindrical shaped wall, an internally cooled. getter plate and a plurality of internally cooled baffles. The baffles are concentrically mounted and are attached to the inside of the cylindrical wall, between the getter plate and the plasma mass filter thereby creating an enclosed volume that is defined by the getter plate, the baffles and the cylinder wall. Entryways are formed between the baffles to allow the gas formed at the baffles to enter the enclosed volume. When the ions and electrons exit from the filter, they collide with the cooler baffles, ano combine to form neutral atoms and vaporize. Once formed, the gas can pass through the entryways and into the enclosed volume where it can be condensed onto the surface of the temperature controlled getter plate.