Abstract: An integrated circuit memory device may include an integrated circuit substrate, and a multi-bit memory cell on the integrated circuit substrate. The multi-bit memory cell may be configured to store a first bit of data by changing a first characteristic of the multi-bit memory cell and to store a second bit of data by changing a second characteristic of the multi-bit memory cell. Moreover, the first and second characteristics may be different. Related methods are also discussed.

Abstract: A phase change memory structure with multiple resistance states and methods of forming, programming, and sensing the same. The memory structure includes two or more phrase change elements provided between electrodes. Each phase change element has a respective resistance curve as a function of programming voltage which is shifted relative to the resistance curves of other phase change elements. In one example structure using two phase change elements, the memory structure is capable of switching among four resistance states.

Abstract: An electrically conductive composite material includes metallic nanostrands distributed throughout a matrix constructed of a polymer, ceramic, or elastomer. The nanostrands may have an average diameter under four microns and an average aspect ratio over ten-to-one. Larger fibers may also be included to enhance electrical conductivity or other properties. The nanostrands and/or fibers may be magnetically oriented to enhance electrical conductivity along one direction. A pressure sensor may be formed by utilizing an elastomer for the matrix. Electrical conductivity through the composite material varies in proportion to deflection of the elastomer. A composite material may be applied to a surface as an electrically conductive paint. Composite materials may be made by cutting a blank of the nanostrands to the desired shape, inserting the matrix, and curing the matrix. Alternatively, a suspension agent may first be used to dispose powdered nanostrands in the desired shape.

Abstract: A memory device comprises a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell comprising a memory cell material that has an initial resistance that is determined in response to an applied programming current in a programming operation, the resistance of the memory cell varying from the initial resistance over a time period following the programming operation, and each memory cell being connected to a conduction line of the memory device that is used to apply the programming current to program the resistance of the corresponding memory cell in the programming operation and that is used to apply a read current to read the resistance of the corresponding memory cell in a read operation. A modification circuit modifies the resistance of a memory cell of the plurality of memory cells selected for a read operation to return its resistance to near the initial resistance prior to a read operation of the memory cell.

Abstract: A microelectronic programmable structure and methods of forming and programming the structure are disclosed. The programmable structure generally includes an ion conductor and a plurality of electrodes. Electrical properties of the structure may be altered by applying a bias across the electrodes, and thus information may be stored using the structure.

Abstract: Non-volatile memory devices with two stacked layers of chalcogenide materials comprising the active memory device have been investigated for their potential as phase change memories. The devices tested included GeTe/SnTe, Ge2Se3/SnTe, and Ge2Se3/SnSe stacks. All devices exhibited resistance switching behavior. The polarity of the applied voltage with respect to the SnTe or SnSe layer was critical to the memory switching properties, due to the electric field induced movement of either Sn or Te into the Ge-chalcogenide layer. One embodiment of the invention is a device comprising a stack of chalcogenide-containing layers which exhibit phase change switching only after a reverse polarity voltage potential is applied across the stack causing ion movement into an adjacent layer and thus “activating” the device to act as a phase change random access memory device or a reconfigurable electronics device when the applied voltage potential is returned to the normal polarity.

Abstract: There is provided a method for preparing dendrimer-modified magnetic fine particles wherein such particles can be made within a shorter time and more inexpensively than in the above-stated prior art processes and lot-to-lot variations in properties are lessened. The method for preparing dendrimer-fixed magnetic fine particles comprises the steps of providing magnetic particles having a functional group at a surface thereof, providing a dendrimer having a functional group at a base end portion thereof and synthesized to a desired generation and binding the functional group of the magnetic particles and the functional group of the dendrimer directly or indirectly through a crosslinking agent.

Abstract: There is provided a biomaterial having a functionalised surface which comprises bi-functional semi-dendrimers. The biomaterial may be ceramic, metallic and/or polymeric. It will usually be in the form of a solid, but could be a semi-solid or hydrogel. There is also provided a method of making a biomaterial having a functionalised surface which comprises bi-functional semi-dendrimers, said method comprising adsorbing, grafting or synthesising in situ bi-functional semi-dendrimers onto the surface of a biomaterial. There is further provided a biomedical device which is coated with or formed from a biomaterial having a functionalised surface which comprises bi-functional semi-dendrimers. The biomedical device may be a medical implant, for example, such as a stent, artificial hip joint or replacement heart valve. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a bi-functional semi-dendrimer structure suitable for biomaterial functionalisation according to the present invention.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, at least a portion of the phase change material including a first crystalline phase is converted to one of a second crystalline phase and an amorphous phase. The second crystalline phase transitions to the amorphous phase more easily than the first crystalline phase. For example, the first crystalline phase may be a hexagonal closed packed structure, and the first crystalline phase may be a face centered cubic structure.

Abstract: The leakage current and power consumption of phase change memories may be reduced using adaptive word line biasing. Depending on the particular voltage applied to the bitline of a programmed cell, the word lines of unselected cells may vary correspondingly. In some embodiments, the word line voltage may be caused to match the bitline voltage of the programmed cell.

Abstract: The application relates to a composition comprising a hyperbranched polymer attached to a core and a biologically active moiety. The biologically active moiety is attached to the core by means of a substantially non-enzymatically cleavable linker L. The composition can be used to deliver the biologically active moiety to its target.

Abstract: A phase-change memory device includes a semiconductor substrate, a bit line and a word line arranged on the semiconductor substrate to intersect each other, and a phase-change material strip interposed between the bit line and the word line and extending lengthwise in a direction that is substantially parallel to at least a portion of the word line.

Abstract: The present invention comprises compositions and methods for delivery systems of agents, including therapeutic compounds, pharmaceutical agents, drugs, detection agents, nucleic acid sequences and biological factors. In general, the nanotherapeutic compositions of the present invention comprise a platform comprising a colloidal metal, a targeting ligand such a tumor necrosis factor, a stealth agent such as polyethylene glycol, and one or more diagnostic or therapeutic agents for delivery. The invention also comprises methods and compositions for making such nanotherapeutic compositions and for the treatment of cancer.

Abstract: In a memory device, a transistor may be formed on a substrate, and a first electrode may be electrically connected thereto. A phase change material film may be vertically formed on the first electrode, and a second electrode may be formed on the phase change material film.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a non-volatile memory having memory cells each having a memory point and a selection transistor having a control terminal connected to a word line, a row decoder for supplying word line selection signals, and at least one generator for supplying memory cells with an erase or programming voltage or current. Word line drivers are interposed between the row decoder and the word lines, and are arranged for applying to a word line selected by the row decoder control pulses, the profile of which corresponds to a profile of an erase or programming voltage or current pulse. Application is for particularly but not exclusively to phase change memories.

Abstract: An electronic system for selectively detecting and identifying a plurality of chemical species, which comprises an array of nanostructure sensing devices, is disclosed. Within the array, there are at least two different selectivities for sensing among the nanostructure sensing devices. Methods for fabricating the electronic system are also disclosed. The methods involve modifying nanostructures within the devices to have different selectivity for sensing chemical species. Modification can involve chemical, electrochemical, and self-limiting point defect reactions. Reactants for these reactions can be supplied using a bath method or a chemical jet method. Methods for using the arrays of nanostructure sensing devices to detect and identify a plurality of chemical species are also provided.

Abstract: A phase change memory structure with multiple resistance states and methods of forming, programming, and sensing the same. The memory structure includes two or more phrase change elements provided between electrodes. Each phase change element has a respective resistance curve as a function of programming voltage which is shifted relative to the resistance curves of other phase change elements. In one example structure using two phase change elements, the memory structure is capable of switching among four resistance states.

Abstract: Immunostimulatory polymers that contain certain sequence-dependent immunostimulatory RNA motifs and methods for the use of such immunostimulatory polymers and compositions containing such polymers are provided according to the invention. The sequence-dependent immunostimulatory RNA motifs and the polymers incorporating such motifs are potent and selective inducers of TLR7 and the TLR7-associated cytokine IFN-?.

Abstract: The present invention provides a metal cluster-carrying metal oxide support wherein a metal cluster obtained by use of a dendrimer is prevented from migrating to the surface of support and being sintered, and a process for production thereof. The process for producing the metal cluster-carrying metal oxide support of the present invention comprises (a) coordinating a first metal ion to a dendrimer 10, (b) reducing the first metal ion coordinated to the dendrimer to precipitate a cluster 6a of the first metal in the dendrimer, (c) further coordinating a second metal ion 8 to the dendrimer, and (d) drying and firing the solution containing this dendrimer on a metal oxide support 9, wherein the oxide of the second metal is the same as the metal oxide constituting the metal oxide support, or a metal oxide capable of forming a composite oxide with the metal oxide constituting the metal oxide support.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a semiconductor memory device, including, a semiconductor substrate, a phase-change element formed on the semiconductor substrate, the phase-change element including a phase-change film and electrode films, a joule heat portion contacting with the electrode film, the phase-change film being formed around the joule heat portion, and a radiation-shield film suppressing dissipation of thermal radiation emitted from the joule heat portion.

Abstract: A variable resistance memory device includes a substrate, a plurality of active lines formed on the substrate, are uniformly separated, and extend in a first direction, a plurality of switching devices formed on the active lines and are separated from one another, a plurality of variable resistance devices respectively formed on and connected to the switching devices, a plurality of local bit lines formed on the variable resistance devices, are uniformly separated, extend in a second direction, and are connected to the variable resistance devices, a plurality of local word lines formed on the local bit lines, are uniformly separated, and extend in the first direction, a plurality of global bit lines formed on the local word lines, are uniformly separated, and extend in the second direction, and a plurality of global word lines formed on the global bit lines, are uniformly separated, and extend in the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new high-functionality, highly branched or hyperbranched polylysines, to processes for preparing them, and to their use.

Abstract: A process for modifying at least one dendron that is intended to form part of a dendrimer is disclosed. One reacts at least one reactable unsaturated group in a chemoselective manner to form a less unsaturated group. Also disclosed is a process for modifying dendrimers in a similar manner.

Abstract: In the present invention, an inorganic reactant is, or reactants are, localized with respect to a dendritic polymer by physical constraint within or by a non-covalent conjugation to the dendritic polymer. The localized inorganic reactant or reactants is/are subsequently transformed to form a reaction product which is immobilized with respect to the dendritic polymer. This immobilization occurs on a nanoscopic scale as a consequence of the combined effects of structural, chemical and physical changes without having covalent bonds between the product(s) and the dendritic container and results in new compositions of matter called dendritic nanocomposites. The resulting nanocomposite material can be used to produce revolutionary products such as water soluble elemental metals, with specific applications including magnetic resonance imaging, catalytic, magnetic, optical, photolytic and electroactive applications.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel phosphorus-containing dendrimers having a core, at least one generation and an external layer consisting, completely or partly, of identical or different units, the said units satisfying the following formula (I): in which R1 and R2, which may be identical or different, are alkyl, alkoxy or aryl groups. These dendrimers are used for extracting actinides and lanthanides from aqueous solutions containing them.

Abstract: A method of storing and dispensing a fluid includes providing a vessel configured for selective dispensing of the fluid therefrom. A polymerized polymeric material is provided within the vessel. The fluid is contacted with the polymerized polymeric material for take-up of the fluid by the polymerized polymeric material. The fluid is released from the polymerized polymeric material and dispensed from the vessel.

Abstract: In accordance with some embodiments, a phase change memory may be formed in which the thermal conductivity in the region outside the programmed volume of phase change material is reduced. This may reduce the power consumption of the resulting phase change memory. The reduction in power consumption may be achieved by forming distinct layers of phase change material that have little or no mixing between them outside the programmed volume. For example, in one embodiment, a diffusion barrier layer may be maintained between the two distinct phase change layers. In another embodiment, a face centered cubic chalcogenide structure may be utilized.

Abstract: An improved fragrance delivery system capable of providing controlled release of fragrance molecules in various consumer products is composed of a polymer having covalently bound fragrance moieties that are releasable in the form of fragrance molecules. Certain embodiments comprise globular polymer particles in which unbound fragrance molecules are occluded, absorbed and/or adsorbed. Certain other embodiments incorporate fragrance monomer units, which achieve reduced residuals upon complete release of the fragrance.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a first electrode and a second electrode. The integrated circuit includes a first resistivity changing material between the first electrode and the second electrode and a second resistivity changing material between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first resistivity changing material and the second resistivity changing material have different crystallization speeds.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a dendrimer complex usable for transfection of a cell and including a nucleic acid to be transfected non-covalently bound to a triazine dendrimer vector. According to another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of transfecting a cell by contacting the cell with a dendrimer complex as described above. After the contact, the dendrimer complex enters the cell. According to a third embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of making a triazine dendrimer complex for cell transfection by covalently bonding a series of triazine monomers to a central monomer through a series of reactions to form a triazine dendrimer, then non-covalently bonding a nucleic acid to the dendrimer to form a triazine dendrimer complex operable to transfect a cell.

Abstract: A branched nanostructure, includes at least one of (a) a stem and at least two levels of branches; or (b) a stem connected to three of more branches; or (c) a nanowire nanostructure comprising a stem and two or more branches; or (d) a stem connected to two or more branches, where the stem and the branches comprise a different material composition or structure.

Abstract: There is provided a biomaterial having a functionalised surface which comprises bi-functional semi-dendrimers. The biomaterial may be ceramic, metallic and/or polymeric. It will usually be in the form of a solid, but could be a semi-solid or hydrogel. There is also provided a method of making a biomaterial having a functionalised surface which comprises bi-functional semi-dendrimers, said method comprising adsorbing, grafting or synthesising in situ bi-functional semi-dendrimers onto the surface of a biomaterial. There is further provided a biomedical device which is coated with or formed from a biomaterial having a functionalised surface which comprises bi-functional semi-dendrimers. The biomedical device may be a medical implant, for example, such as a stent, artificial hip joint or replacement heart valve. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a bi-functional semi-dendrimer structure suitable for biomaterial functionalisation according to the present invention.

Abstract: Amide compounds, amide polymers, compositions including amide compounds and amide polymers may be used to bind target ions, such as phosphorous-containing compounds in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. In some cases, amide compounds and amide polymers may include a core derived from an amide polyol and an organic polyacid or ester.

Abstract: A microelectronic programmable structure and methods of forming and programming the structure are disclosed. The programmable structure generally include an ion conductor and a plurality of electrodes. Electrical properties of the structure may be altered by applying a bias across the electrodes, and thus information may be stored using the structure.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing higher generation 1?3 C-branched polyamide dendrons. The combination of commercially available acryloyl chloride with 1?3 C-branched amines, e.g., di-tert-butyl 4-[2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-4-aminoheptanedioate, resulted in generally high yields of acryl amides, which upon treatment with other reagents, generated the desired higher generation dendrons. These second and third generation dendrons were fully characterized and compared to the samples prepared from a convergent synthesis.

Abstract: A method of forming a nanostructure having the form of a tree, comprises a first stage and a second stage. The first stage includes providing one or more catalytic particles on a substrate surface, and growing a first nanowhisker via each catalytic particle. The second stage includes providing, on the periphery of each first nanowhisker, one or more second catalytic particles, and growing, from each second catalytic particle, a second nanowhisker extending transversely from the periphery of the respective first nanowhisker. Further stages may be included to grow one or more further nanowhiskers extending from the nanowhisker(s) of the preceding stage. Heterostructures may be created within the nanowhiskers. Such nanostructures may form the components of a solar cell array or a light emitting flat panel, where the nanowhiskers are formed of a photosensitive material.

Abstract: Described is a super elastic epoxy hydrogel that is easy to manufacture and can be engineered for various performance enhancements of the polymer. Also described are methods of enhancing the performance of this hydrogel and other hydrogels. Various polymer hydrogel composites, structures, and their uses are included, such as the actuator element comprising the hydrogel of the invention depicted in FIG. 2.

Abstract: The invention provides devices and methods for end and side derivatization of carbon nanotubes. Also facile methods to attach moieties and nanoparticles on the side walls and both ends are described. The invention provides hybide materials for analytical, and optoelectronic purposes as well as materials applications. Materials have improved properties in the areas of tensile, electrical and thermal conductivity.

Abstract: Magnetic nanostructures comprised of an assembly of magnetic nanorods held together by dipole forces in a dendritic pattern and their method of manufacture. The dendritic magnetic nanostructures are prepared at room temperature by applying a magnetic field to a reverse micelle system wherein at least one salt of a magnetic metal is being precipitated within the core of the reverse micelle.

Abstract: A powder can be produced by immersing microparticles (2) in a first solution (4) which contains coupling molecules (5), and then in a second solution (10) which contains the nanoparticles (12), thereby producing microparticles (2) with nanoparticles (12) attached thereto. The particles form powder particles (14) which allow nanoparticles (12) that are smaller than approximately 5 [mu] to be applied to a component by cold gas spraying.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the improvement of organic electroluminescent devices, in particular blue-emitting devices, by using compounds of the formula (1) or formula (2) as dopants in the emitting layer or as hole-transport material in a hole-transport layer.

Abstract: Structures and methods for the fabrication of ceramic nanostructures. Structures include metal particles, preferably comprising copper, disposed on a ceramic substrate. The structures are heated, preferably in the presence of microwaves, to a temperature that softens the metal particles and preferably forms a pool of molten ceramic under the softened metal particle. A nano-generator is created wherein ceramic material diffuses through the molten particle and forms ceramic nanostructures on a polar site of the metal particle. The nanostructures may comprise silica, alumina, titania, or compounds or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Dendrimeric compounds and polymers are also provided wherein the dendrimer core is derived from the Michael reaction products. The branching pattern of the core and the multiplicity of the Michael addition lead to flexibility in designing and synthesizing dendrimeric materials. The Michael addition products are from a reaction between primary amines and activated ?,?-unsaturated compounds exemplified by diethyl methylenemalonate (DEMM). In various embodiments, the reaction proceeds with high yields in the absence of strong base or Lewis acid catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Depending on the state of steric hindrance in the amine, the reaction products are a double Michael addition product or a so-called vicarious Michael addition reaction product.

Abstract: An implant for a human or animal body, comprising a surface having reduced thrombogenic properties, whose surface has a wetting angle of ?, where ??80°. Also disclosed is a method for producing an implant and the use an implant to reduce the dose or concentration in administration of a concomitant systemic medication with one or more anticoagulant active ingredients before, during or after implantation of the implant in a human or animal body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a contraceptive composition including an effective amount of a dendrimer compound including one or more naphthyl disulphonic acid surface groups, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the dendrimer compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient and/or diluent therefor. The contraceptive composition may also exhibit antimicrobial activity. The invention also relates to a method of selectively reducing or preventing conception in a female animal, including a human, which method includes administering to the animal an effective amount of a contraceptive composition which composition includes an effective amount of a dendrimer compound including one or more naphthyl disulphonic acid surface groups, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the dendrimer compound; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient and/or diluent therefor.

Abstract: The invention pertains to the field of membrane protein immobilization onto supports. It relates to a product comprising a support and at least one membrane protein attached to the surface thereof, characterized in that said membrane protein is attached to said support using an amphiphilic molecule with which said membrane protein is complexed. It also relates to a process for preparing such product, as well as to various applications in the fields of diagnosis, drug design and biotechnologies. It further relates to a kit, together with a functionalized amphiphilic molecule, for preparing a product according to the invention comprising a support and an amphiphilic molecule, wherein the amphiphilic molecule and the support interact through a hydrophobic bond, an ionic bond, a specific bond or a covalent bond.

Abstract: Use of a polylysine, polyamidoamine or polypropylenimine dendrimer having naphthyl disulphonate terminal groups as a topically applied agent in prophylaxis or treatment of sexually transmitted diseases.

Abstract: Composite particles of a semiconductor particle such as a metal chalcogenide within a crosslinked, cored dendrimer are described. Additionally, methods of making the composite particles and compositions that contain the composite particles are described.

Abstract: Described herein are compositions and methods useful for the purification of water using dendritic macromolecules. The process involves using dendritic macromolecules (dendrimers) to bind to contaminants, and a filtration step to produce water from which contaminants have been removed or modified. Examples of dendrimers that may be used in the process include cation-binding dendrimers, anion-binding dendrimers, organic compound-binding dendrimers, redox-active dendrimers, biological compound-binding dendrimers, catalytic dendrimers, biocidal dendrimers, viral-binding dendrimers, multi-functional dendrimers, and combinations thereof. The process is readily scalable and provides many options for customization.

Abstract: A series of AB-type amphiphilic dendritic polyesters have been prepared divergently, in which two hybrids were coupled via the copper(1)-catalyzed triazole formation.