Abstract: Electro-optically operated transmitters containing a wave guide liquid crystal beam steering device in series of fine beam steering devices as well as electrically switchable mirror are disclosed. The wave guide beam steering device is constructed on a planar lightwave circuit that contains a plurality of liquid crystal switching elements intersecting a plurality of optical wave guides and one main wave guide that has a curvature for light propagation. The transceiver is capable of continuously steering multiple beams of light into separate independent directions with a field-of-regard close to 4?. The resulted optical transmitter device is motionless, polarization sensitive or insensitive, stable within the operational spectral region, and stable versus temperature. When an optical receiver is integrated, the transmitters become transceivers. The invention also includes the methods for manufacturing the wave guide beam steering device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the post-treatment of titanium dioxide, in order to produce particularly weather-resistant titanium dioxide pigments with good optical properties. The method is characterized in that, together with the hydrous oxides of tin and zirconium, at least one other from the group comprising aluminium, silicon and titanium is additionally precipitated onto the particle surface. The post-treatment components are added to the aqueous TiO2 suspension either in the acidic range (pH value of 3 at most) or in the alkaline range (pH value of 10 at least). The pH value is subsequently set to between 6 and 8. Final tempering of the pigment at elevated temperatures from over 125° C. to up to 500° C. can improve the tone b. The pigment is particularly suitable for use in paints, coatings and plastics.

Abstract: Data corresponding to biological tissue or lesions imaged in a remote location are communicated automatically to a central location, where the data are analyzed using data and algorithms stored securely at the central location. A result of the analysis is communicated from the central location to the remote location. Payment to an entity associated with the central location is made for each image or set of images.

Abstract: A novel practicable type of gaseous optical gain medium for efficiently generating intense, highly monochromatic, continuous-wave (CW) or pulsed, coherent light beams is disclosed. Gain results from nonlinear optical pumping of a gas of ?-type “three-level” atoms, coherently phased (“dressed”) via application to the medium of two monochromatic laser beams tuned to the resonance frequencies ?0 and ??0. Nonlinear optical pumping of the “dressed-atom” gas is accomplished through the combined action of two separate physical processes: (1) A low pressure gaseous discharge, occurring continuously within the vessel containing the gain medium, produces intense narrow-band fluorescence at ?0 and ??0 through the process of electron impact excitation (EE).

Abstract: An imaging device having many detector elements is used to construct multiple images of the surface of a specimen in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using signals from different elements of the imaging device as the specimen is scanned a single time in the SEM.

Abstract: Vacancies and dopant ions are introduced near the surface of a semiconductor wafer. The dopant ions which diffuse by an interstitialcy mechanism have diffusivity greatly reduced, which leads to a very low resistivity doped region and a very shallow junction.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for accounting for dark current in the output of an imaging array is presented. A dark current monitor on the monolithic semiconductor imaging array is provided. The dark current monitor may be darkened pixels of the imaging array, darkened pixels of another array, or a temperature monitor and associated circuitry necessary to calculate relative dark current from the monitored temperature.

Abstract: When rays of light converge inside a photosensitive material at angles larger than 70 degrees, one polarization of the light may fail to produce the desired image contrast in conventional exposure media. This invention describes means of suppressing the effects of the undesired polarization by using a class of photosensitive media that are insensitive to that polarization and more sensitive to the polarization conveying the desired image contrast as well as by means of optical configurations relevant in the context of semiconductor manufacturing using photolithography.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating titanium tetrachloride and the hydrolyzed reaction products of titanium tetrachloride from the exhaust gases generated during the chlorination of raw materials containing titanium by treating the exhaust gases with a first aqueous hydrochloric-acid solution of titanium oxychloride, where, in the first separation stage (2), small droplets of hydrochloric-acid titanium oxychloride solution (3) are flowed with the exhaust gas flow, and larger droplets of hydrochloric-acid titanium oxychloride solution are flowed counter current to the exhaust to remove the smaller droplets and ensure that virtually no droplets are carried to a second separation stage. In the second separation stage, a second titanium oxychloride solution is injected into a second reactor (9), the second solution having a lower titanium oxychloride concentration than that injected in the first separation stage.

Abstract: The invention relates to a titanium dioxide pigment mixture comprising a pigment having high greying stability (pigment type A) and a pigment having increased SiO2 and Al2O3 content in flaky precipitation (pigment type B). Said mixture provides, for example in paper, a high level of opacity for sufficient greying stability. If necessary, the light-fastness of the paper can be further increased by means of known production-conditioned measures on pigment type B.

Abstract: A material for protection against injurious ambient light composed of a binder mixed with non metallic reflective flakes is disclosed.

Abstract: When rays of light converge inside a photosensitive material at angles larger than 70 degrees, one polarization of the light may fail to produce the desired image contrast in conventional exposure media. This invention describes a material which may be applied to a semiconductor wafer surface which ensures that the photosensitive material is exposed principally by light polarized parallel to the semiconductor wafer surface.

Abstract: A passive RF tag is disclosed in which the tag contains a tag oscillator for determining the modulation frequency of modulating the backscatter signal, and the tag oscillator frequency is stabilized when the tag modulates the backscatter signal.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for measuring the infrared vibrational spectral characteristics of each of a large number of biological entities such as cells, and from the measurements statistically determining the presence of anomalies such as cancer.

Abstract: A multistage voltage multiplying circuit for single chip passive RF tags is provided, wherein the parasitic capacitance of the diodes of each stage of the voltage multiplying circuit is much less than the parasitic capacitance of the diodes of the preceding stage.

Abstract: The interior surfaces of the holes in holey optical fibers has adsorbed optically material which may be detected by propagating laser light down the axis of the fiber and detecting Raman, Infrared, or visible fluorescence or absorption.

Abstract: Nickel and lead ions are eliminated from an acidic concentrated iron(II) salt solution by adding an alkali sulfide and precipitating nickel and lead sulphides.

Abstract: Vacancies and dopant ions are introduced near the surface of a semiconductor wafer. The dopant ions which diffuse by an interstitialcy mechanism have diffusivity greatly reduced, which leads to a very low resistivity doped region and a very shallow junction.

Abstract: A photolithography method and apparatus for producing minima of light intensity corresponding to a point in a phase shift mask is described. The phase shift in the light produced by the mask varies in a spiral fashion around the point so that the phase shift measured along lines drawn across the surface of the mask which pass through the point have a 180° jump at the point, and lines passing around the point have no jumps between 130° and 230°, and most preferably no jumps between 100° and 260°.

Abstract: A method of measurement of topographic features on a surface of a substrate is presented, wherein a focused beam of particles falls onto the surface of the substrate, and backscattered particles are detected with a particle detector. An opaque material is interposed between the surface and the detector, and the position of the shadow of an edge of the opaque material on the detector is recorded. The relative position of the edge and the surface of the substrate is then determined, and the topography of the surface determined as the particle beam and the substrate are moved with respect to one another.