Abstract: Durable mechanical and electronic contact is achieved between the support frame of a battery electrode and its active material A, whose electro-chemical capacity is utilizable to a very high degree, by providing the base material M.sub.1 of the support frame, which is not itself capable of being alloyed with A, with a cover layer of a metal M.sub.2 that is capable of being alloyed with M.sub.1, as well as being capable of being alloyed with A. This results in an alloy region M.sub.1.M.sub.2, within which the alloying reaction with A comes to a halt. The contact region corresponds to the scheme M.sub.1 /M.sub.1.M.sub.2.A/A. Alternatively, the active material can itself be an alloy of M.sub.2 and A, in accordance with M.sub.1 /M.sub.1.M.sub.2.A/M.sub.2.A.

Abstract: In a galvanic primary element of the system Li/H.sub.2 O.sub.2, the aqueous cathode depolarizer H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is fixated as a polyurethane gel. It can thereby be controlled and caused to react with the anode metal in accordance with the current drain requirements. This is accomplished using a ram to press the gel toward a conductor which covers the lithium anode, which may take the form of a metal grid and/or a gas diffusion electrode. The oxygen which forms in the working layer through catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide creates a gas bubble when the current is interrupted or the ram is stopped, thereby interrupting the further supply of hydrogen peroxide to the catalyst.

Abstract: By use of new ion conducting but non-electron conducting mixed crystal compounds of the type sodium zirconium phosphatosilicate as the ceramic board material for electronic circuitry it is possible to provide full integration of electronic, electro-chemical and optical components, because the boards simultaneously constitute the solid electrolyte for the miniaturized batteries serving as energy source, and for an electrochromic display system. An illustrative practical embodiment involves housing within a ceramic multi-layer structure a battery with positive electrode and negative electrode for a quartz driving circuit and an electrochromic (ECD) display controlled by an microprocessor. For the flow of current through the ECD there is used a secondary element formed of a WO.sub.3 electrode and a Na-tungstenate electrode as the counter electrode, the WO.sub.3 segments assuming a blue color due to diffusion of Na.sup.+ ions.

Abstract: A plate stack clamping element is formed of adjacent leaf springs preformed to diverge where they extend beyond the plate stack. Compression of the diverging portions creates large area contact clamping force against the plate stack.

Abstract: Galvanic high energy cells based on the aqueous system Li/H.sub.2 O.sub.2 are operated in conjunction with a fuel cell. The H.sub.2 /O.sub.2 gas mixture developed by the high energy cell is supplied first to the positive and then the negative electrode of the fuel cell. The required quantitative relationship of the two gases, corresponding to the stiochiometry of water, is provided either by adding O.sub.2 to the gas mixture, or by separating O.sub.2 by means of an O.sub.2 /O.sub.2 gas chain, operating as a cleaning cell.

Abstract: A positive electrode for galvanic high-temperature cells with solid negative electrodes based upon Li, Mg, Ca or Al is produced by sintering a heavy metal sulfide (e.g. FeS, CnS), with a heavy metal powder (e.g. Fe, Ni). In the sinter electrode the heavy metal powder present in weight percentage of about 20% to 40% forms a rigid electrically conductive framework in which the active heavy metal sulfide is embedded. The free-pore volume of the electrode is about 50%.

Abstract: The coating of the microporous separators of lead storage batteries with a highly porous glass wool mat on the side facing the negative electrode plates promotes the electrolyte exchange at these plates and also counteracts the tendency toward crumbling and toward the formation of spongy lead (mossing). The glass wool mat may be applied in the form of a plate or a slab to conventionally made separators or it may take the form of a pocket into which the negative electrode plate is inserted.

Abstract: Non-aqueous alkaline cells, particularly those with Li anodes, are effectively protected against oxidation or carbonization due to inwardly diffusing moisture by providing them with a getter material of high specific adsorbtivity for gases. For this, there are particularly useful molecular sieves of the Zeolite type, of highly active aluminum oxide, or of silica gel. For retaining the getter, there can be used as receptor media the porous separator or the solid cathode material, and if appropriate also the solid electrolyte. In addition, the getter material can form an extrudable or injectable composite polymer with the plastic of a conventional housing seal, which functions as a water vapor barrier right in the sealing region.

Abstract: In the manufacture of cells, e.g. of the system Li-Al/LiCl-KCl/FeS.sub.x, the finely divided raw materials for the electrodes and for an included ceramic separator are respectively mixed individually with the electrolyte salt, as well as with a synthetic plastic which is decomposable without residue under heat. The mixtures are rolled into plates, and the plates are heated above the decomposition temperature of the plastic after assembly. The plastic is preferably a polyhydrocarbon such as polyisobutylene and is preferably introduced by means of a solvent. It makes the powder mixtures plastifiable and suitable for rolling. This makes it possible to produce ceramic separators, which are fundamentally composed only of loose particle accumulations, in the form of plates of uniform structure and strength and to handle these in the same way as electrode plates during cell assembly.

Abstract: To produce ceramic lithium nitride as solid electrolyte for galvanic lithium cells, Li.sub.3 N powder is first stirred together with molten Li-metal serving as binder, in a noble gas atmosphere. After cooling, the mixture is pressed into a shaped body and the shaped body is then sintered in nitrogen at temperatures of about 700.degree. C. This causes the Li-binder to also become transformed into Li.sub.3 N. The binding with lithium also makes the powdery starting material suitable for rolling, and shaped bodies such as tablets can be cut out of the ductile rolled product with high precision.

Abstract: In a galvanic solid cell, for example of the Na/SbCl.sub.3 systems, the cathode space is occupied by a self-supporting porous sinter framework of solid electrolyte material, in whose pores the active cathode material is retained. A porous structure can be united with the massive solid electrolyte-separator into a unitary sinter composite of high ion conductivity, to which, if desired, there can also be joined on the anode side a porous sinter framework for receiving the alkali metal. The meltable active electrode materials are introduced by immersion into the porous portions of the sinter composite. The porous solid electrolyte structure can also be used advantageously as the separator system for cells with molten liquid electrodes, e.g. of the Na/S high temperature cell type.

Abstract: In the electrolyte space between the positive and negative electrode plates of a storage battery, there are inserted separators made of a porous plate which has pyramid-shaped protrusions and depressions formed on both sides. The protrusions, distributed in a grid-like pattern, abut with their tips against the electrode plates and provide accurate plate spacing. Between the protrusions, the separator provides pass-like passages which form channels extending along the separator surface, for the removal of gases from the electrolyte space.

Abstract: Electrochemical storage cell with liquid sodium anode and liquid sulfur cathode disposed in a multiplicity of parallel-connected anode and cathode spaces in a part made of a ceramic, ion-conducting solid electrolyte material. The solid electrolyte part comprises profiled ceramic plates which have been sintered together and form mutually parallel channels with thin partitioning walls. The anode spaces formed by the channels are open at the upper end and closed at the opposite end, and the upper ends communicate with a sodium supply. The cathode spaces are open at the upper and lower ends and communicate with a sulfur and cell reaction products supply. Metallic collectors are sunk into the cathode spaces.

Abstract: In metering viscous paste from a paste pot onto a carrier tape using a scraper, uniform coating thickness is obtained by causing the scraper to oscillate relative to the paste in a plane parallel to the carrier tape, with a speed which equals at least the tear velocity between scraper and paste. The scraper projects into the paste to a depth at which the paste does not yet firmly adhere to the carrier, and holds back the excess paste free of torn-off portions even at high tape speeds. An important application of this method is in the production of raw sinter tape in connection with the manufacture of electrodes for galvanic elements.

Abstract: A positive electrode for Li/MnO.sub.2 batteries uses as its active material .gamma.-MnO.sub.2, which differs from the structurally similar electrolytic or synthetic manganese dioxide through the absence of water and from its dehydration product, which is .beta.-MnO.sub.2, through better electrochemical utilization capability. The modified .gamma.-MnO.sub.2 is obtained by reduction of electrolytic manganese dioxide by means of hydrazine into .alpha.-MnO(OH) and by oxidation of the latter through tempering in an oxygen stream at about 280.degree. C.

Abstract: A pseudo-passive anode zinc is obtained by doping ultra-pure Zn powder with 0.1 to 0.6% by weight Ag from a silver thiosulfate solution, and then exposing it at elevated temperature to a zincate-containing hydroxide. This exhibits a lower corrosion rate than ultra-pure zinc by itself. The anodic load capacity of the doped zinc approaches that of active zinc, and the tendency towards reactivation after anodic current loading is significantly reduced.

Abstract: A manufacturing process for nickel (II) hydroxide suitable as active positive electrode material in alkaline electrochemical cells transforms solid Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 directly into Ni(OH).sub.2 using sodium hydroxide and with the least possible homogeneous solute phase of Ni.sup.2+ ions. Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 is deposited on the lower end of a diagonally upward moving conveyor belt, to which concentrated NaOH is supplied from the opposite direction. The depressions in the conveyor belt, which prevent downward sliding of the reaction product, discharge at the upper end Ni(OH).sub.2, together with easily separable NaNO.sub.3. At the lower end, the used NaOH is discharged. It can be reconcentrated, after separation of entrained NaNO.sub.3, in a vacuum evaporator and reused. The intermediate products of the process are basic nickel nitrates, for example of the composition Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2 .times.Ni(OH).sub.2 .times.6H.sub.2 O.

Abstract: A rechargeable galvanic element with constant-volume positive manganese dioxide electrode. In a rechargeable galvanic element having an alkaline electrolyte and a positive manganese dioxide electrode the volumetric change of the electrode body caused by phase transformation, which entails undesired contact losses, is largely prevented by exertion of a steady pressure upon the electrode surfaces. For a concentric electrode arrangement, this can be done with particular effectiveness. For example, the pre-pressed MnO.sub.2 electrode can be forced into a rigid cylindrical metal cage, while the annular slot enclosed by the housing cup, lid and bottom insulation is occupied by the zinc electrode. In other cases, continuous take-off contact is preferable, using pressure springs or tensioned metal mesh which extend over the flat electrodes.

Abstract: A separator for electrochemical high temperature cells having solid positive and negative electrodes and a molten liquid electrolyte formed through a poured accumulation of ceramic particles in which the electrolyte is mainly fixated. The porosity of the accumulation is especially high when there is added to the voids in the accumulation of particles also their own intrinsic porosity, to the degree that this consists of open pores. By using ion conducting particles, the ion penetration can be further enhanced.

Abstract: A recombination system for catalytic oxidation of hydrogen in storage battery gases includes a gas supply duct which makes it possible for the combustible gas flowing through it to aspirate from the ambient the necessary combustion air, following the principle of a Bunsen burner, and to entrain it to the recombination catalyst. In case of over-supply of gas, an acid separator positioned in the gas supply pipe counteracts the gas aspiration by means of its flow impedance and thereby makes the recombination system safe from overload. It can also be connected following a conventional recombiner, thereby increasing its effectiveness, by receiving the excess hydrogen from same and reacting it with the aid of the air aspiration.