Abstract: The invention comprises a multi-vessel reaction apparatus useful for reacting phosphate rock and sulfuric acid in which the reaction slurry undergoes intra- and inter- vessel circulation (preferably through a draft tube). The solution portion of the slurry in a first vessel or set of vessels (the "dissolver") is preferably maintained at at lower sulfate ion concentration and the solution portion of the slurry in the second vessel or system of vessels (the "crystallizer") is preferably maintained at a positive sulfate ion concentration. Also preferred are means for maintaining the second vessel or set of vessels at a reduced pressure. Most preferred is that means be included in at least one said vessel for incorporating a crystal modifier (e.g. a sulfonic acid, a sulfonic acid salt, tall oil fatty acids or alkoxylated or esterified tall oil fatty acids) in the crystallizer. The system can be used in the anhydrite, hemihydrate or gypsum types of processes.

Abstract: A single retort and accumulator structure includes two heating zones for successively removing volatile material from dried crushed coal so that the resultant calcined char has less than about 7 weight percent volatile material and is suitable as a raw material for producing formcoke. In the first zone (carbonizing zone) heat carrying solids are introduced with crushed coal to heat the powdered coal to a temperature in the order of about 800.degree. F. to 1000.degree. F. and produce a carbonized char containing about 10% to 20% by weight of volatile material. The resultant carbonized char is fed onto a trommel, or rotating cylindrical or tapered screen, and the char passes through the screen into a calcining fluidized bed zone. The fluidized bed is maintained by upwardly directed jets of an oxygen containing gas and steam. The temperature of the fluidized bed zone is in the vicinity of about 1200.degree. F. to 1600.degree. F.

Abstract: Deposits in a carbon black reactor are reduced by passing feed oil, quench water and/or liquid fuel to the reactor through a magnetic field prior to introduction into the reactor.

Abstract: An apparatus for quenching glowing coke in a coke-quenching container or car, comprises a housing with spaced front and rear vertical walls and vertical end walls at each end having respective entrance and exit openings for the quenching car. The housing also has a ceiling portion adjacent the upper end of a vertically elongated gas chamber defined within the housing and it communicates adjacent the rear wall with an upwardly extending flue. In order to ensure that any sensing devices in the flue are not influenced by the direct radiation from the glowing coke of the quenching car positioned in the chamber, the device includes a baffle extending outwardly from the rear wall and covers a cross-sectional area in the quenching chamber, but leaves a free gas flow cross-section for the flow of quenching gases which is as large as the area covered by the baffle.

Abstract: This flow-control apparatus for an oxidation ditch comprises a barrier which divides a channel of an oxidation ditch into an intake channel and a discharge channel, at least one submerged turbine which pumps mixed liquor from the intake channel, and at least one discharge duct which connects each turbine to the discharge channel and passes beneath the barrier. Compressed air is supplied to each turbine and/or to each discharge duct. Activated sludge is fed to the anoxic portion of the ditch and/or to each turbine which provides complete mix and propels the mixed liquor in plug-type flow through the channels of the oxidation ditch. By selectively and independently controlling turbine speed and amount and/or feed location of compressed air, the timed aerobic/anoxic ratio for the ditch can be controlled in accordance with independent parameters, such as seasonal temperatures.

Abstract: Abrasion-proof coke forms are produced from bituminous coal, brown coal, or peat in the form of briquets, by preheating the briquets, dehydrating or predrying them, carbonizing them and then cooling them in at least three separate stages in which the briquets are dehydrated indirectly by subjecting them to indirect temperature conditions, producing a temperature gradient in the briquets. The briquets are automatically fed into a shaft tower which includes an upper drying shaft portion made up of a plurality of stacked radiators which include tube elements for the passing of a heating fluid, such as steam, therethrough and which define vertical shaft passages through which the briquet forms are passed downwardly and into a carbonizing shaft which has separate gas channels for directing heating gases therethrough and to a heating flue and which subsequently includes a lower cooling zone through which the briquets pass and then into a discharge channel where they are delivered for classification.

Abstract: A device for sealing the cambers of coke ovens adjacent the roof of the oven and above an oven door frame which is located at the transition between fireclay brickwork and silica brickwork each of which has joints between the courses thereof is located between anchor plates which support each side of the door frame. The door frame includes a vertical back portion which intersects a horizontal top portion. During the formation of the brick a cast iron bridge is positioned so that a vertical part is arranged directly behind the door and is advantageously sealed to the rear base of the door frame by a gasket or asbestos cord. The anchor plate carries an upper horizontal portion which is disposed beneath the fireclay brick at the transition between the fireclay and the silica brickwork and supports the fireclay brick. In addition, another horizontally extending part of the cast iron bridge is positioned into the silica brickwork between adjacent courses located near the top of such brickwork.

Abstract: Sodium sulfate crystals, also known as salt cake, are obtained as a side stream in the manufacture of chlorine dioxide by the reduction of sodium chlorate with chloride ions in an aqueous, acidic medium containing sulfate ions. The sodium sulfate crystals are contained in a mother liquor saturated with sodium sulfate and contaminated with chloride ions. The process provided by the present invention purifies the salt cake crystals by separating the crystals from the mother liquor without evaporation of the mother liquor until a critical dryness level is achieved and then the remaining mother liquor is evaporated to result in purified salt cake crystals having substantially reduced chloride ion content.

Abstract: A system for the preparation of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock and sulfuric acid, includes in combination a first reaction vessel containing a first slurry comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, monocalcium phosphate and phosphoric acid, a second reaction vessel containing a second slurry comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, circulation means including a draft tube disposed centrally in each of said vessels and an agitator positioned axially in each of said vessels within said draft tube, a first conduit interconnecting said first and second reaction vessels for conducting said first slurry from said first reaction vessel to said second reaction vessel, a second conduit interconnecting said vessels for conducting said second slurry from said second reaction vessel to said first reaction vessel, an inlet pipe for introducing phosphate rock and phosphoric acid to said first reaction vessel, and wherein a vent is connected to said inlet pipe to permit escape of gases and, thus, increasing the rate of fl

Abstract: A system for the preparation of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock and sulfuric acid, includes in combination a first reaction vessel containing a first slurry comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, monocalcium phosphate and phosphoric acid, a second reaction vessel containing a second slurry comprising calcium sulfate hemihydrate, circulation means including a draft tube disposed centrally in each of said vessels and an agitator positioned axially in each of said vessels within said draft tube, a first conduit interconnecting said first and second reaction vessels for conducting said first slurry from said first reaction vessel to said second reaction vessel, a second conduit interconnecting said vessels for conducting said second slurry from said second reaction vessel to said first reaction vessel, an inlet pipe for introducing phosphate rock and phosphoric acid to said first reaction vessel, said inlet pipe connected with the interior of said draft tube in said first vessel and wherein a vent is connect

Abstract: The method of producing blast furnace coke by (1) compacting a finely divided coal wherein at least about 60% by weight of the coal has a diameter of less than about 1/8 inch to form a coal compact, which compact immediately after removal from the compacting means comprises at least about 20% by weight of particles having a particle size of less than 1/4 inch in diameter; (2) breaking the thus formed compact such that the bulk density is sufficiently increased to be capable of conversion into coke suitable for use in large blast furnaces upon carbonization thereof; and (3) carbonizing the broken compact to thereby produce blast furnace coke having a minimum hardness of about 68 and a minimum stability of about 55. The compacting is preferably performed at a pressure equivalent to that achieved by passing the finely divided coal between rolls at a pressure applied to the coal of between about 20 and about 60 tons per lineal inch.

Abstract: Apparatus for the float zone refining of large semiconductor crystals. Additional support in the form of lightweight pins is provided for the growing monocrystalline rod to hold the rod on the proper vertical axis. The pins protrude from the telescoping inner wall portion of the refining enclosure. This telescoping enclosure portion allows the pins to be in synchronous motion with the monocrystalline rod and also reduces the overall height of the apparatus.

Abstract: A method of generating gas and coke dust by means of rapid degasification and rapid vaporization, with simultaneous extensive desulfurization, of coal ground into dust. In a first step, one portion of coal is subjected to complete or partial vaporization. In a second step, which immediately follows the first step, another portion of coal is subjected to degasification in the same or in associated reaction chambers. In the degasification, the solid and gaseous products obtained during the vaporization which are at a higher temperature level than that of the degasification step, transfer heat directly to the coal introduced into the degasification step, thus for covering the heat required for the degasification.

Abstract: The invention relates to the destruction of foams that are produced in various industrial processes, especially in the degassing and/or removal of monomers from plastics dispersions, by the use of porous filter elements without using moving mechanical foam-destroying devices and/or without the addition of chemical foam-destroying agents.

Abstract: A horizontal coke oven battery construction in which a pusher is mounted to extend into the batteries from one side and push coke out of the batteries on the opposite side, comprises a plurality of coke oven batteries disposed in a row. A first waste gas flue extends along the pusher side of the batteries and a second waste gas flue extends along the coke side. A stack flue at one end of the batteries is connected to the first and second waste gas flues. The construction includes means for directing the heating gases into each oven battery during operation so that, in respect to the pusher and coke size, approximately one-half of the batteries is heated by upward burning and the other half is heated by downward burning. For example, all odd numbered batteries may be heated in the same direction and all even numbered batteries heated in the same direction.

Abstract: Quartz is grown from a quartz seed material by depositing electrodes onto the seed, heating the seed to about 500 degrees C. while applying an electric field along the Z-axis of the seed of a strength of about 2 kV/cm for about 72 hours, maintaining the electric field while the seed is cooled to room temperature, removing the electrodes from the cathode surface of the seed, etching the seed, placing the seed in an autoclave and hydrothermally growing quartz.

Abstract: A device for the rapid machine composting of sewage sludge including a rotary drum and having a feeding device extending longitudinally of the drum for feeding material to be composted into the drum. Air, heat and moisture are supplied to and discharged from the sludge compost and the composted material is discharged from the drum. A pre-mixing device for the sludge to be composted is located outside the rotary drum and includes a mixing vessel. Material to be composted is delivered to the mixing vessel as is composted sludge from the drum.

Abstract: A contactor for liquids with gases, solids or liquids which can also serve as an entrainment separator for separating liquids from gases and solids from gases, includes a housing providing an inlet at one end and an outlet at the opposed end, means to introduce a mist or spray of liquid and positioned between said inlet and an adjustable surface (preferably planar) providing a face facing the inlet and the means for introducing said liquid, and an opposed face, an annular deflector beneath the planar surface attached to the housing and extending inward of the housing and positioned relative to the planar surface to provide an opening between the planar surface and annular deflector, means to adjust the position of the planar surface relative to the annular deflector, a tube attached to the opposed face of the planar surface and extending downward of the inlet, a funnel providing a downward extending spout positioned below the tube, means providing flow of liquid in the funnel past the tube and to the spout, a

Abstract: The present pressure rod for a coke discharge apparatus is constructed of hollow sectional components or tubular members interconnected with one another, whereby a lightweight structure is achieved. The hollow sectional components or tubular members are interconnected in such a manner that a coolant may flow through the structure of the pressure rod. Flexible coolant supply conduits for the inflow and outflow of coolant are connected to the hollow sectional components of the pressure rod.

Abstract: Natural gas mixture containing suspended tarry particles and water as contaminants are purified by systems providing upward passage of such contaminated gas mixtures through interparticulate spaces in a vertically extending stable filter bed composed of hard lapilli-sized solid masses having internal vesicles connected to peripheral surfaces characterized by peripherally open glassy surfaced vesicles, said masses partially immersed in a volume of methyl alcohol.