Abstract: Disclosed is a display panel including: a display layer for performing display; a flexible substrate for holding or carrying the display layer; a transparent electrode formed on the flexible substrate; and a metal film formed on the flexible substrate, electrically connected to the transparent electrode and made of a material different from that of the transparent electrode. Also disclosed is a method of producing a display panel including the steps of: forming a transparent electrode of a predetermined form on a flexible substrate; forming a metal film of a predetermined form on the flexible substrate so that the metal film is electrically connected to the transparent electrode, the metal film being made of a material different from that of the transparent electrode; and holding or carrying a display layer with the flexible substrate carrying the transparent electrode and the metal film, the display layer being provided for performing display.

Abstract: A multi-layer phase retarder is a laminated member of a phase retarder satisfying 1.05≦&agr;<1.3 and &bgr;<1, and a phase retarder satisfying 1<&agr;<1.05 and &bgr;>1 with following proviso. The retardation in the normal direction by a light beam of a 400 nm wavelength is R1, the retardation in the normal direction by a light beam of a 550 nm is R2, the retardation in the perpendicular direction in the state tilted by 40 degrees with respect to the normal direction with the slow axis as the rotation axis is R3, and R1/R2 is &agr; and R3/R2 is &bgr;. An elliptical polarizer is alaminated member of the multi-layer phase retarder, and a polarizer. A liquid crystal display device includes the multi-layer phase retarder, or the same and a polarizer at least on one side of a liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: In a projection type color liquid crystal display apparatus, a polarization conversion section receives a luminous flux from a light source to convert the luminous flux into a unified luminous flux having a single linearly-polarized direction. A color separation section receives the unified luminous flux to selectively reflect a plurality of color components of the unified luminous flux individually at different angles. Convex lenses of a microlens array converge the reflected color components into different pixels of a liquid crystal element.

Abstract: An active-matrix addressing LCD panel is provided, in which a bypass can be readily formed for a broken one of the source/drain bus lines without degrading any display characteristic and without increasing the number of man-hour. A TFT-array substrate of the panel has gate bus lines and source/drain bus lines extending perpendicular to each other, pixel areas defined by the gate and source/drain bus lines, TFTs formed near respective intersections of the gate and source/drain bus lines in the corresponding pixel areas, pixel electrodes formed in the respective pixel areas, and light-shielding layers formed in the respective pixel areas. Each of the source/drain bus lines is overlapped with a corresponding one of the light-shielding layers at first and second locations.

Abstract: Is disclosed a liquid crystal display having a gate bus line arranged in a first direction on a substrate, a data bus line arranged in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction on the substrate, the data bus line defining a space for an unit pixel of the LCD together with the gate bus line, a counter electrode formed in the unit pixel space of the LCD and having at least three first part extended in the second direction, and a pixel electrode having at least two second parts, the second part extended between the first parts of the counter electrode and disposed in the second direction, the second part slanting to one side of adjacent first parts thereto, so that an intensity of an electric field at one portion of the unit pixel space is different at another portion of the unit pixel space. Accordingly, a color shift of the LCD is prevented.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a reflective LCD apparatus to obtain a wider view angle and a desired black view. A reflective LCD apparatus according to the invention comprises a phase difference film (retardation film), a liquid crystal layer and a reflector for reflecting incident light.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a reflective plate having lightweight functioning as a substrate and a reflective LCD using the same.

Abstract: A directional display comprises a display arrangement such as a spatial light modulator and a rear parallax barrier illuminated by a suitable backlight. The spatial light modulator and the parallax barrier cooperate to produce Fresnel diffraction which results in spatially non-uniform brightness across viewing windows of the display. Also, where the spatial light modulator has pixels of non-constant vertical aperture, further variations in the intensity profile at the windows occurs. In order to compensate for this, a mask is provided, for instance between the parallax barrier and the backlight. The mask cooperates with the parallax barrier to produce an intensity pattern having variations which are the inverse of the variations in intensity pattern produced by the parallax barrier and the spatial light modulator. The variations are superimposed and substantially cancel each other out so as to result in viewing windows which have substantially uniform light intensities.

Abstract: A light controlling film is disclosed, comprising a polymerized polymer network varying spatially in a direction normal to the film surface, where the polymerized polymer network is a crosslinked high molecular weight polymeric material mixed with a low molecular weight nematic material exibiting cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) order, wherein wherein an electric field impressed in the film controls the reflection of circularly polarized light.

Abstract: Regarding a liquid crystal device having a structure in which electrodes formed on a pair of substrates are subjected to conductive connection using a conductive member, the outer dimensions can be reduced despite the use of the conductive member, and a complicated pattern design including cross wiring and the like can be employed for the electrode patterns formed on the pair of substrates. A liquid crystal device is formed by joining a first substrate 2a comprising first electrodes 7a and external joining elements 8 and a second substrate 2b comprising second electrodes 7b by an annular sealing member 3. The sealing member 3 includes a conductive section 3b having the function of conductive connection and a non-conductive section 3a having no function of conductive connection, and the second electrodes 7b on the second substrate 2b are individually subjected to conductive connection to the terminals 8 on the first substrate 2a via the conductive section 3b of the sealing member 3.

Abstract: An LCD having the liquid crystal in at least a portion of the interpixel region displaced by a spacer material. The spacer material has a low dielectric constant relative to the liquid crystal, thus further impeding the formation of a bend deformation in the liquid crystal in the interpixel region when pixels on opposite sides of the spacer material are operating in the inversion mode. This elimination of the bend deformation in the interpixel region eliminates the reverse tilt disclination.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display comprising: a lower substrate having a plurality of gate bus lines being parallel each other and data bus lines being parallel each other to define pixels together with the gate bus lines, a thin film transistor provided at each intersection of the data bus line and the gate bus line, a pixel electrode formed in the pixel and connected to the thin film transistor, and a counter electrode formed in the pixel and forming electric field together with the pixel electrode; an upper substrate opposed to the lower substrate to be separated apart; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the lower substrate and the upper substrate, and homeotropic alignment layers formed on the lower substrate and the upper substrate; wherein, the pixel is divided into a plurality of electric field-formed spaces by the counter electrode and the pixel electrode, and the electric fields formed in the respective spaces are formed as diagonal lines with respect to the gate bus lines and the data bus lines thereb

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell having a first substrate with a rubbed layer provided thereon, a second substrate with a photo-aligned layer provided thereon, and a liquid crystal material provided between the substrates.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a normally white super twisted nematic (NW-STN) display comprising a super twisted nematic (STN) display cell and a compensation layer, characterized in that the compensation layer is a twisted liquid crystalline polymer and has an optical retardation (OR) which is 10 to 50% of the OR of the display cell in the off-state, and wherein the absolute value of the twist angle of the compensation layer is between 150° and 10° and is at least 90° smaller that the absolute value of the twist angle of the STN display cell. Preferably, the compensation layer of the NW-STN display is temperature matched with the STN display cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display and a method of operating such liquid crystal display in which display operation is performed by changing a director of said liquid crystal molecules mainly in a plane parallel to first and second substrate forming a liquid crystal display panel. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal display panel have a negative anisotropy of permittivity. The liquid crystal display comprises: a first common electrode disposed on the side of said first substrate; an insulating layer formed on the first common electrode; at least one pixel electrodes each of which is formed on the insulating layer and has a plurality of opening portions; a second common electrode disposed on the side of the second substrate.

Abstract: A tiled display may include subpixels that may be partially occluded by an overlaying matrix. The matrix hides the joints between adjacent tiles. The partial occlusion of one subpixel of a pixel may result in chromatic shifts and/or luminance reduction. The partially occluded subpixel may be compensated for by providing an extra light producing subpixel of the same color on the opposite side of the matrix opening.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus provides an improved light utilization efficiency and improved collimation. The illumination apparatus has a light guide, a collimating unit provided at least on one side of the light guide for collimating rays incident on the light guide, and a light source disposed in the vicinity of the collimating unit and surrounded by a reflector. Preferably, in order for the light guide to be able to emit collimated light uniformly from its emission surface, the light guide has inclined reflecting irregularities or stepwise reflecting plates which are provided directly or via an air gap on a back surface opposite to the emission surface thereof, wherein the inclined reflecting plates are specular-finished at least on the inclined portions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a optically compensated splay mode liquid crystal display. The device includes: lower and upper substrates opposed with intervening a selected distance and having driving electrodes in their inner surfaces respectively and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the lower and the upper substrates and having a plurality of liquid crystal molecules, wherein no voltage is applied to the driving electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in a bend state, and wherein a voltage above a critical voltage is applied to the driving electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in a splay state which makes a symmetry of up and down with respect to a middle layer of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: This invention provide a liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal layer between two substrates each of which has an electrode, wherein the liquid crystal layer concomitantly has at least two micro-regions, and the electrode on one of the substrates has an opening, in the region of which there is provided a second electrode for controlling the initial orientation of the liquid crystal. The liquid crystal display has improved properties such as high contrast, quick response and excellent properties for an angle of visibility and can be manufactured without troublesome steps such as a photoresist step.

Abstract: The present invention discloses A transflective liquid crystal display device including a first substrate having a color filter; a second substrate having: a)a gate electrode formed on the second substrate; b) a first insulating layer formed on the exposed surface of the second substrate while covering the gate electrode; c) a semiconductor layer formed on the first insulating layer and over the gate electrode; d)a source electrode overlapping one end portion of the semiconductor layer; e) a drain electrode overlapping the other end portion of the semiconductor layer and spaced apart from the source electrode; f) a second insulating layer formed on the exposed surface of the first insulating layer while covering the source and drain electrode, having a first contact hole formed on a portion of the drain electrode; g) a pixel electrode formed on the second insulating layer and electrically connected with the drain electrode through the first contact hole; h) a third insulating layer on the pixel electrode and