Abstract: A refrigeration cycle provided with a compressor, a condenser, a pressure reduction and expansion means, an evaporator, and an internal heat exchanger for exchanging heat between the refrigerant at the exit side of the condenser and the refrigerant at the exit side of the evaporator, wherein the refrigeration cycle uses R1234yf as the refrigerant and the amount of heat exchange by the internal heat exchanger is greater than or equal to a specific value that has been determined beforehand by a simulation or an experiment. When a currently used refrigerant is changed to a new refrigerant R1234yf, the refrigeration cycle can be operated with a refrigeration ability as same as or greater than that of refrigeration cycles using a conventional refrigerant R134a.

Abstract: A projection device is configured by connecting a projectile supporting part to a spring supporting frame with multiple coil springs. The projectile supporting part is pulled while deforming the coil springs; a projectile is projected by accelerating the projectile supporting part, supporting the projectile, with restoring forces of the coil springs; and the projectile is collided with a test piece supported by the test piece supporting base. Thereby, it is possible to check a state of collision of the projectile with the test piece or how the test piece is damaged thereby. Since the projectile is projected with the restoring forces of the deformed coil springs, the collision test apparatus is simple and compact in structure, low-cost, and easy-to-handle in comparison with projection of a projectile with compressed air.

Abstract: A projection device is configured by connecting a projectile supporting part to a spring supporting frame with multiple coil springs. The projectile supporting part is pulled while deforming the coil springs; a projectile is projected by accelerating the projectile supporting part, supporting the projectile, with restoring forces of the coil springs; and the projectile is collided with a test piece supported by the test piece supporting base. Thereby, it is possible to check a state of collision of the projectile with the test piece or how the test piece is damaged thereby. Since the projectile is projected with the restoring forces of the deformed coil springs, the collision test apparatus is simple and compact in structure, low-cost, and easy-to-handle in comparison with projection of a projectile with compressed air.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing a ?-lactam compound of the following Formula (3), which comprises the step of reacting a compound of the following Formula (1) with a trialkyl phosphite represented by the formula (R5O)3P (wherein R5 represents an ethyl group, etc.) in an amount of 2 to 5 moles per mole of the compound and the step of heating the resulting reaction mixture in a diluent, wherein said method is characterized by having the step of completely removing unreacted trialkyl phosphite from the reaction mixture prior to the step of heating. (wherein X represents S, etc., Y represents N, etc., n represents 0 or 1, R1 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc., R2 and R3 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl or heterocyclic group, etc., and R4 represents an alkenyloxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, etc., provided that R1 and R2 may together form a ?-lactam ring, etc.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a blade member for an airplane which is simple in structure, and moreover is excellent with respects to weight, aerodynamic performance, cost, strength and durability. A vane of a double-slotted flap includes: an outer skin area surrounded by a first outer skin, a second outer skin, a leading edge and a trailing edge each having a predetermined wall thickness. Front and rear reinforcing areas are provided that extend in a span direction within the outer skin area and are connected to the first outer skin and the second outer skin. The outer skin area and the reinforcing areas are integrally formed by wire electrical discharge-machining. The first outer skin and the second outer skin respectively have thickened portions thicker than the other portions, and the trailing edge is formed to have a thickness which is approximately zero. This blade member can be simplified in structure, leading to reductions in the number of parts, number of assembling steps and weight.

Abstract: A water cloud evaluating device includes a partition member for partitioning an outer space of the vehicle lighting fixture into a front space and a rear space, vehicle outside environment simulation setting means and vehicle inside environment simulation setting means. In the bench test, the water cloud evaluation is made in the artificial environment close to the state where the vehicle lighting fixture is mounted on the actual vehicle. The partition member is formed with an opening portion in a sheet that is easily cuttable by a knife or the like. A water spray unit, an illumination unit and an air flow generating unit are made movable as the simulation setting units comprising both the simulation setting means.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide novel pyrrole derivatives and processes for producing the derivatives, and to provide novel pyrrole derivatives (intermediates) which may be used as a starting material for the pyrrole derivatives and processes for producing the derivatives (intermediates). The pyrrole derivatives may be characterized by being represented by the formulae [1] and [2] wherein R1 and R2 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-10 hydrocarbon group and Z represents an organic group; and the process for producing the compound represented by the formula [1] may be characterized by separating Z from the compound represented by the formula [2].

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing a ?-lactam compound of the following Formula (3), which comprises the step of reacting a compound of the following Formula (1) with a trialkyl phosphite represented by the formula (R5O)3P (wherein R5 represents an ethyl group, etc.) in an amount of 2 to 5 moles per mole of the compound and the step of heating the resulting reaction mixture in a diluent, wherein said method is characterized by having the step of completely removing unreacted trialkyl phosphite from the reaction mixture prior to the step of heating. (wherein X represents S, etc., Y represents N, etc., n represents 0 or 1, R1 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc., R2 and R3 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl or heterocyclic group, etc., and R4 represents an alkenyloxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, etc., provided that R1 and R2 may together form a ?-lactam ring, etc.

Abstract: A water cloud evaluating device includes a partition member for partitioning an outer space of the vehicle lighting fixture into a front space and a rear space, vehicle outside environment simulation setting means and vehicle inside environment simulation setting means. In the bench test, the water cloud evaluation is made in the artificial environment close to the state where the vehicle lighting fixture is mounted on the actual vehicle. The partition member is formed with an opening portion in a sheet that is easily cuttable by a knife or the like. A water spray unit, an illumination unit and an air flow generating unit are made movable as the simulation setting units comprising both the simulation setting means.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a blade member for an airplane which is simple in structure, and moreover is excellent with respects to weight, aerodynamic performance, cost, strength and durability. A vane of a double-slotted flap includes: an outer skin area surrounded by a first outer skin, a second outer skin, a leading edge and a trailing edge each having a predetermined wall thickness. Front and rear reinforcing areas are provided that extend in a span direction within the outer skin area and are connected to the first outer skin and the second outer skin. The outer skin area and the reinforcing areas are integrally formed by wire electrical discharge-machining. The first outer skin and the second outer skin respectively have thickened portions thicker than the other portions, and the trailing edge is formed to have a thickness which is approximately zero. This blade member can be simplified in structure, leading to reductions in the number of parts, number of assembling steps and weight.

Abstract: A laser diode chip (110) is placed in the vicinity of the center of a sub-mount (120) under the condition that the distance (b) between an edge on an output side of the sub-mount (120) and the front face of the laser diode chip (110) meets the formula, (b)<(a)/tan(&thgr;/2), wherein the (a) is the distance between the upper surface of the sub-mount (120) and the lower surface of an active layer (140) of the laser diode chip (110) and the &thgr; is the angle of the spread in the vertical direction of the laser beam emitted from the active layer (140).

Abstract: A photocoupler semiconductor device comprises a light receiving device (12) for generating electric current; a control circuit (16); and a constant current circuit (14) having a resistor (20′) for detecting the generated current to provide the control circuit (16) with a current command. The resistor (20′) allows the electric current to increase with the amount of current received.

Abstract: A surface acoustic wave device (e.g., filter or convolver) is designed to increase an electromechanical coupling factor K2 and is basically configured by a substrate, a buffer layer, a piezoelectric layer and an electrode layer. Herein, the substrate is made of a bulk material (e.g., SrTiO3), which allows growth of a perovskite compound crystal being expressed by a general chemical formula of SrZO3 (where Z denotes an element such as Zr and Sn whose valence is 4). The buffer layer is formed on the substrate and is made of the perovskite compound crystal (e.g., SrZrO3, SrSnO3), which has good lattice matching with KNbO3. The piezoelectric layer is made of a KNbO3 single crystal and is formed on the buffer layer with a thickness of 500 nm or so. The electrode layer is formed on or below the piezoelectric layer. An interdigital transducer consisting of input and output electrodes is formed by patterning using photolithography technique being effected on the electrode layer, which is made of a metal material (e.

Abstract: A charging control system for use with a battery charger for charging a battery array which is constituted by battery cells includes charging control units corresponding individually to the battery cells. Each unit includes a voltage-regulator circuit for generating a reference voltage corresponding to the fully charged voltage of the battery cell and a comparator for comparing the inter-electrode voltage of the battery cell with the reference voltage. When the inter-electrode voltage has reached the fully charged voltage, the comparator cooperates with an amplifier to turn ON a field-effect transistor of a bypass circuit of the unit, to thereby divert the charging current from to the battery cell to the bypass circuit. The amplifier receives a feedback voltage indicating the bypass current and operates to keep the bypass current constant, thereby preventing overcharging of the battery cell.

Abstract: A battery charger includes charge control circuits each connected in parallel with an associated one of serially-connected battery cells. Each charge control circuit includes a switching device; a comparator, having a hysteresis characteristic determined by two threshold voltages, e.g., a safe charging voltage and an optimum charging voltage, for comparing the battery voltage with one of the threshold voltages selected according to a changing direction of the battery voltage; a reference voltage source for generating a reference voltage corresponding to either one of the threshold values; and a driving circuit for receiving a comparator output to render the switching device conductive or cutoff. When the battery voltage falls between the threshold voltages, the switching device becomes conductive to cause a constant current to flow from the battery cell to the switching device.

Abstract: Method of desilylating a silylether compound by reacting a silylether compound of the general formula (I): ##STR1## or a salt thereof with an amine hydrogen fluoride salt or a pyridine hydrogen fluoride salt in an organic solvent to produce a compound of the general formula (IV): ##STR2## According to this method, silylether compounds that are labile under strong acidic or basic conditions can be desilylated efficiently using inexpensive reagents.

Abstract: A sound absorbing material which comprises a base layer 1 having a porosity of 5 to 50% by volume and a decorative layer 3 having a porosity of 5 to 50% by volume integrally, and which is obtained by sprinkling inorganic particles 4 containing colored particles in an amount of at least 1% by volume which are coated with a weather-resistant transparent resin so as to form a first particle layer which is to form the decorative layer 3 in the sound absorbing material, sprinkling uncolored inorganic lightweight particles 2 which are coated with a thermosetting resin on the first particle layer so as to form a second particle layer which is to form the base layer 1 in the sound absorbing material, and carrying out thermal compression integral molding of the first particle layer and the second particle layer simultaneously, is lightweight and inexpensive, and is provided with an attractive external stone-grain-like appearance, without impairing the sound absorbing ability of the material.

Abstract: A method for controlling an engine for a model and a device therefor capable of improving throttle response. Feed of fuel to the engine is increased during acceleration of the engine and decreased during deceleration thereof. This permits a rotational speed of the engine to be smoothly and rapidly varied, to thereby reduce vibration of the engine and prevent knocking and breathing of the engine. Also, adjustment of a trim provided on a side of a controller leads to adjustment of a needle valve, so that the adjustment may be facilitated.

Abstract: A charging voltage distribution apparatus dedicated to a charging apparatus for charging batteries connected in series comprises bypass circuits 15A and 15B connected in parallel with each of batteries B1, B2, etc. and a control circuit (consisting of circuit elements 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and switches) for controlling amount of current to be routed into the bypass circuits 15A and 15B according to the voltage of a battery connected to the bypass circuits 15A and 15B. When the voltage of the battery exceeds a predetermined value, the control circuit makes the current to be routed into the bypass circuits 15A and 15B. When the batteries B1, B2, etc. connected in series have voltages exceeding the predetermined value, current is routed into the bypass circuits 15A and 15B. When the batteries have voltages lower than the predetermined value, charging current is fed for charging.

Abstract: A plurality of battery charging modules C, equal in number to a plurality of batteries B connected in series, are connected in series form a column of battery charging modules 6. Output terminals 7, 8 of this column 6 serve as the connecting terminals for a beginning terminal 2 and an ending terminal 3 of the series-connected column of batteries 1. A connecting point between consecutive batteries B connects to a junction point between consecutive battery charging modules C. This configuration enables the column of battery charging modules 6 to be connected with the column of batteries 1 and results in a set of parallel connections between the battery charging modules C and the corresponding batteries B.