Abstract: The present invention provides methods for screening for voltage gated (VG)-selective inhibitors, novel VG-selective inhibitors, compositions containing the same, methods for inhibiting calcium entry into electrically non-excitable cells with said VG-selective inhibitors, methods for preventing proliferation of electrically non-excitable cells with said VG-selective inhibitors as well as methods of treating autoimmune diseases, preventing graft rejections, preventing apoptosis and treating cancer with the same.

Abstract: A phase shifting method uses a special interferometer in which the illuminating beam is divided into two or more components and the mask is irradiated from both sides. The pattern to be transferred onto the wafer (the mask) is generated on an optically transmissive substrate by appropriately combining reflective, transparent and absorptive areas. The optical paths of the beams illuminating the back side and the front side of the mask (that will be called transmitted and reflected beams respectively) are chosen so that the phase of the two beams is different by approximately an odd multiple of .pi. radians at the surface of the mask. The combined beams are projected onto the target wafer by suitable optics. The phase difference between the illuminating beams reduces the edge blurring that results from diffraction effects.

Abstract: For the acquisition of data for determining the duration and chirp (frequency modulation) of a single ultrashort laser radiation pulse said pulse is split into two partial pulses which are each conducted through one of two TREACY compressors having different group delay dispersions and then recorded in succession on the same time basis with a streak camera.

Abstract: In a circuit arrangement for carrying out light intensity measurements, comprising an input terminal (5), an output terminal (6), a first and a second photodiodes (D.sub.1, D.sub.2) for receiving light emitted by an optical light source (S) and a first and a second operational amplifiers (1, 2) for receiving output current signals of the first and second photodiodes (D.sub.1, D.sub.2) generated under influence of the emitted light, the novelty lies in further comprising a four branch bridge circuit including in two adjacent branches the first and second photodiodes (D.sub.1, D.sub.2) coupled to a common point by their respective poles of the same sign and oppositely to them in the further two adjacent branches two bridge resistors (R.sub.1, R.sub.

Abstract: The invention relates to the novel 2,6-bis(chloromethyloxy-carbonyloxymethyl)pyridine of the formula (I) ##STR1## as well as a process for the preparation of this compound, which is a useful intermediate in the preparation of the anti-atherosclerotic 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine bis(N-methylcarbamate) (pyridinolcarbamate) and other drugs.According to the invention, the compound of the formula (I) is prepared by reacting 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine of the formula (II) ##STR2## with chloromethyl chloroformate of the formula (III) ##STR3## in a polar-aprotic, water-immiscible organic solvent, in the presence of a basic substance between about -30.degree. C. and +10.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 stands for hydrogen or the group COR.sup.2, whereinR.sup.2 stands for a straight or branched chained alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl or m-phenoxy-benzyl, cycloalkyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms optionally substituted with one or more straight or branched chained alkyl or alkenyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl or naphthyl.The compounds of formula (I) are prepared according to the invention by(a) reacting esters of formula (II) ##STR2## wherein X stands for chlorine or bromine andR.sup.2 has the same meanings as defined above with a phenol alkali metal salt and(b) if desired converting the diphenyl ethers so obtained to a specific compound of formula (I), m-phenoxybenzyl alcohol by the hydrolysis of the ester group.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of propargyl ammonium chlorides of the Formula I ##STR1## by alkaline decomposition of the d-tartarate of the 1-isomer of an amine of the Formula II ##STR2## and subsequent reaction of the amine of the Formula II with a halide of the Formula IIIX--CH.sub.2 --C.tbd.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl;R.sup.2 is hydrogen, phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl, furylalkyl where the alkyl is C.sub.1 to C.sub.6, or phenylalkyl where the alkyl is C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 ; orR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together form C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkylene, furyl-C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkylene or phenyl-C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkylene; and X is halo; ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are disclosed as well as a process for the preparation thereof. The new compounds are intermediates useful in the production of penicillins and cephalosporins with antibiotic activity.

Abstract: 2-(3-phenoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid or its pharmaceutical treatments, are prepared by hydrolyzing and partially decarboxylating ##STR1## wherein R=C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or amino, the latter compounds being themselves new and, where R=C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, have antiinflammatory pharmaceutical properties.

Abstract: The invention concerns a new process for the preparation of polyhalogenphenyl carbamates of the formula (I)R.sup.2 -OCONHR.sup.1 (I)whereinR.sup.1 is alkyl, aralkyl or aryl, where the aromatic rings may optionally be substituted; andR.sup.2 is phenyl substituted with three, four or five halogens, through intermediates of the formula (IV)(R.sup.2 --O).sub.2 C.dbd.NR.sup.1 (IV)wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above.The compounds of the formula (I) are valuable acylating agents. The intermediates of the formula (IV) are new compounds, which are also encompassed by the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for nucleophilic substitution reactions. According to the invention the reaction is carried out in a hetergeneous system, consisting of a solid and a dissolved reactant, one or several organic solvents, one or several linear polyether derivatives, and/or amino compounds and water. The volume of the water is preferably at the most 100% of the volume of the organic solvent and more preferably 5%.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of new malonic esters of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, a heterocyclic ring, a cycloalkyl group, or a fused ring system; R.sup.1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, aralkyl, aralkyl substituted by halogen or alkyl or a substituted aromatic, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic ring; and X is halogen.

Abstract: 2-(3-Phenoxy-phenyl)-propionic acid or its pharmaceutical treatments, are prepared by hydrolyzing and partially decarboxylating ##STR1## wherein R=C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or amino, the latter compounds being themselves new and, where R=C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, have antiinflammatory pharmaceutical properties.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of acid amides having the formula (I) or their salts ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an easily removable ester-forming or salt-forming group, preferably a trialkylamine, trialkylsilyl, trichloroethyl, acetoxymethyl, phenacyl, substituted phenacyl, substituted phenyl or benzyl group,R.sup.2 is hydrogen, alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkyl group having an aryl or heterocyclic (preferably furyl or thienyl) - substituent, an aryl group having an alkyl substituent (preferably xylyl), or an aryl, aralkyl or heterocyclic group (preferably a phenyl, thienyl, or furyl group) which can have one or more substituents,R.sup.3 is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aralkyl group, andX is a group of one of the formulae ##STR2## according to the invention an amine of the formula (II), ##STR3## wherein R.sup.

Abstract: 3-Phenoxybenzene derivatives are prepared by a method which comprises the steps of(a) chlorinating benzaldehyde with chlorine gas in the presence of a hydrocarbon and a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain 3-chlorobenzaldehyde; (b) reacting the 3-chlorobenzaldehyde with ethylene glycol to obtain 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dioxolane; (c) etherifying said dioxolane with an alkali phenolate to yield the intermediate 2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane and converting this intermediate to the corresponding aldehyde, cyanohydrin, sulfonic acid salt or oxime derivative.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## are disclosed wherein R is C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 haloalkyl, C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, halophenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, indanyl, phenacyl, p-nitrophenacyl, xylyl or acetoxymethyl; R.sup.1 is phenyl, benzyl or phenyl or benzyl substituted by halo, nitro, dialkylamino, alkoxy or trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl or allyl; and X is halo. The compounds are intermediates in the manufacture of penicillins.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for nucleophilic substitution reactions. According to the invention the reaction is carried out in a heterogeneous system, consisting of a solid and a dissolved reactant, one or several organic solvents, one or several linear polyether derivatives, and/or amino compounds and water.The volume of the water is preferably at the most 100% of the volume of the organic solvent and more preferably 5%.According to the invention the anhydrous reaction medium which is difficult to ensure, is not necessary and the use of the expensive and in industrial scales unavailable crown ethers is eliminated.

Abstract: A compound of the formula I: ##STR1## wherein: R is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring, a heterocyclic ring, a cycloalkyl group or a fused ring system,R.sup.1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic ring, andX is a halogen atom.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of acid amides having the formula (I) or their salts ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an easily removable ester-forming or salt-forming group, preferably a trialkylamino, trialkylsilyl, trichloroethyl, acetoxymethyl, phenacyl, substituted phenacyl, substituted phenyl or benzyl group,R.sup.2 is hydrogen, alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkyl group having an aryl or heterocyclic (preferably furyl or thienyl)-substituent, an aryl group having an alkyl substituent (preferably xylyl), or an aryl, aralkyl or heterocyclic group, (preferably a phenyl, thienyl, or furyl group) which can have one or more substituents,R.sup.3 is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aralkyl group, andX is a group of one of the formulae ##STR2## according to the invention an amine of the formula (II), ##STR3## wherein R.sup.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a substituted-phenyl-N-alkyl-carbamate of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 form part of a carbamoyloxy group and are identical or different and each is hydrogen or lower alkyl,R is halogen, formyl group or a group of the formula ##STR2## in ortho or meta-position to the carbamoyloxy group, wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are identical or different and each is oxygen or sulphur andR.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are identical or different and each is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl or together form a 5-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle in which X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are heteroatoms, said process comprising reacting a compound of the formula ##STR3## in the presence of a base with a compound of the formula ##STR4## wherein A is phenyl substituted with two or more electron withdragroups.