Abstract: An image forming method that can obtain a high fixing strength and reduce the occurrence of a document offset phenomenon is provided. In the image forming method the polyester resin forming the binder resin of the toner is obtained by condensing and polymerizing a carboxylic component containing at least one compound selected from chemical formula (1), (2) and (3) shown below that is an addition reactant of abietic acid and a carboxylic compound having an unsaturated double bond and an alcohol component, and the content of at least the one compound selected from the chemical formula (1), (2) and (3) in the carboxylic component is 5% by mass or more, and the fixing agent contains an alkylene carbonate which may have a substituent group or an aliphatic alkyl carboxylic acid ester which may have a substituent group.

Abstract: An engine controlling apparatus includes a setting unit that sets a demand torque to an engine, a detection unit that detects a fluctuation of an external load, and a correction unit that corrects the demand torque. The apparatus includes a target torque calculation unit that calculates a target torque based on the demand torque, a control unit that controls an amount of air to be introduced into the engine so that an output torque may come close to the target torque, and an ignition timing detection unit that detects an ignition timing of the engine. The correction unit adds a torque increment for coping with a fluctuation of the external load to the demand torque to determine an increment correction demand torque and increases or decreases the increment correction demand torque in response to a displacement amount of the ignition timing from a predetermined reference value.

Abstract: An engine controlling apparatus includes an idle speed setting unit that sets a target idle speed upon idling of an engine mounted on a vehicle, and a target torque setting unit that sets a target torque in response to the target idle speed. The apparatus further includes an ignition timing controlling unit that controls an ignition timing and an intake air amount controlling unit that controls an intake air amount, and a steering angle detection unit that detects a steering angle. The apparatus further includes a torque value setting unit that sets a torque value in response to the steering angle. The intake air amount controlling unit controls the intake air amount in response to both the target torque and the torque value. The ignition timing controlling unit controls the ignition timing so that the engine outputs the target torque.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in a double-ring network, a master station includes a transmitting and receiving permission switch portion, a communication port A at an A-system side, a communication port B at a B-system side, a first receiving control circuit portion, a transmitting and receiving control circuit portion, a frame detection determining circuit portion, a frame data generating circuit portion, a logical address determining circuit portion, a live list setting circuit portion and an address list setting circuit portion. The master station determines a token order (a transmission priority, also called a logical address) using a shortest path function by the logical address determining circuit portion and the address list setting circuit portion such that the token order does not depend on physical addresses of transmission stations and is matched to a connection order of transmission stations to realize path optimization. This reduces a transmission time.

Abstract: An output control device of a vehicle is provided. A flow speed ratio calculator obtains a flow speed ratio which is a ratio between a flow speed of an intake air of the internal combustion engine realizing a current base request torque which is currently calculated and a flow speed of the intake air of the internal combustion engine realizing a previous request torque which is previously calculated. A base request torque corrector corrects the base request torque based on the flow speed ratio. A controller controls a driving parameter of the internal combustion engine according to the current request torque which is currently calculated based on the current base request torque corrected by the base request torque corrector.

Abstract: Provided is a toner containing toner particles containing a polyester resin which has a structure part represented by Formula (1): wherein, “A” represents a polyester structure unit having at least one linking group; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, or a chlorine atom; R2 represents a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, or a methoxy group; and “L” represents a divalent organic group.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in a double-ring network, a master station includes a transmitting and receiving permission switch portion, a communication port A at an A-system side, a communication port B at a B-system side, a first receiving control circuit portion, a transmitting and receiving control circuit portion, a frame detection determining circuit portion, a frame data generating circuit portion, a logical address determining circuit portion, a live list setting circuit portion and an address list setting circuit portion. The master station determines a token order (a transmission priority, also called a logical address) using a shortest path function by the logical address determining circuit portion and the address list setting circuit portion such that the token order does not depend on physical addresses of transmission stations and is matched to a connection order of transmission stations to realize path optimization. This reduces a transmission time.

Abstract: An engine controlling apparatus includes an engine speed detection unit that detects an engine speed, and an acceleration operation amount detection unit that detects an acceleration operation amount inputted to an acceleration pedal. The apparatus includes a first calculation unit that calculates an acceleration demand torque based on the engine speed and the acceleration operation amount, a second calculation unit that calculates an external demand torque demanded from an external controlling system, and a third calculation unit that calculates a first target torque and a second target torque based on the acceleration demand torque and the external demand torque. The apparatus includes a fourth calculation unit that calculates a maximum torque which can be generated by the engine at an actual charging efficiency, and a control unit that controls an ignition timing of the engine based on the actual torque and the first target torque.

Abstract: To provide a fixing solution and an image forming method in which faster fixing rate and faster drying rate can be achieved while the amount of fixing solution supplied is reduced and furthermore, a wet feeling in a formed image is reduced and an image having a high fixing strength can be formed A fixing solution that softens a toner to fix a toner image constituted by the toner to an image support contains a hydroxyl group-containing ester compound expressed by general formula (1) below; R1—(CO)—O—R2 ??general formula (1) where R1 represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 6 to 11 carbon atoms, and R2 represents a linear or branched alkyl group having at least one hydroxyl group and 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

Abstract: In an image forming method of wet fixing system, the fixing solution contains an ester compound represented by at least one of general formula (1) and general formula (2) below: R11—(CO)—O—R12??General formula (1): where R11 represents a linear or branched alkyl group having at least one hydroxyl group and 2 to 11 carbon atoms, and R12 represents a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R21—O—(CO)—R22—(CO)—O—R23??General formula (2): where R21 represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R22 represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group having at least one hydroxyl group and 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and R23 represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A toner for electrostatic latent image development is disclosed comprising colored particles containing a binder resin and a colorant and external-additive particles attached to the surfaces of the colored particles, wherein the external-additive particles comprise resin particles covered with an inorganic layer, and the resin particles are bound to the inorganic layer by a siloxane bond. A preparation method of the toner is also disclosed.

Abstract: An image forming method that can obtain a high fixing strength and reduce the occurrence of a document offset phenomenon is provided. In the image forming method the polyester resin forming the binder resin of the toner is obtained by condensing and polymerizing a carboxylic component containing at least one compound selected from chemical formula (1), (2) and (3) shown below that is an addition reactant of abietic acid and a carboxylic compound having an unsaturated double bond and an alcohol component, and the content of at least the one compound selected from the chemical formula (1), (2) and (3) in the carboxylic component is 5% by mass or more, and the fixing agent contains an alkylene carbonate which may have a substituent group or an aliphatic alkyl carboxylic acid ester which may have a substituent group.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for producing magnesium-containing zinc oxide, including: zinc vapor producing means 11 which produces zinc vapor by heating metallic zinc; magnesium vapor producing means 15 which produces magnesium vapor by heating metallic magnesium; mixed vapor producing means 20 which produces mixed vapor by mixing the zinc vapor and the magnesium vapor; and oxidizing gas contact means 19 which produces magnesium-containing zinc oxide by bringing an oxidizing gas into contact with the mixed vapor. The content of zinc in the mixed vapor is adjusted to be higher than that of magnesium.

Abstract: An engine control apparatus includes a target air volume calculator which calculates a target air volume required by an engine, and an actual air volume calculator which calculates an actual air volume inhaled into a cylinder of the engine. The apparatus further includes an estimator which calculates the estimated value of subsequent actual air volume on the basis of a time lag from a time when the target air volume is calculated to a time when the actual air volume reaches the target air volume. The apparatus can accurately estimate an intake air volume inhaled into the cylinder to improve the controllability of the engine.

Abstract: A toner for an electrophotography and its manufacturing method are disclosed. The toner comprises toner particles containing a cross-linked polymer having two-valent crosslinking group represented by Formula (1), wherein, R1 is a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom, R2 is a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom or a methoxy group. The toner satisfies storage durability against heat as well as sufficient low temperature fixing ability.

Abstract: A first calculation device is provided that calculates a ratio of a target torque equivalent value of an engine to a maximum torque equivalent value of the engine, as a pressure ratio equivalent value. A second calculation device is also provided that calculates a flow velocity of air to flowing through a throttle valve in the engine, based on the pressure ratio equivalent value calculated by the first calculation device. A third calculation device is further provided that calculates a target throttle valve opening, based on the flow velocity calculated by the second calculation device. With this configuration, the target opening of a throttle valve corresponding to the requested engine torque, without using the pressures before and after the throttle valve section.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, in a double-ring network, a master station includes a transmitting and receiving permission switch portion, a communication port A at an A-system side, a communication port B at a B-system side, a first receiving control circuit portion, a transmitting and receiving control circuit portion, a frame detection determining circuit portion, a frame data generating circuit portion, a logical address determining circuit portion, a live list setting circuit portion and an address list setting circuit portion. The master station determines a token order (a transmission priority, also called a logical address) using a shortest path function by the logical address determining circuit portion and the address list setting circuit portion such that the token order does not depend on physical addresses of transmission stations and is matched to a connection order of transmission stations to realize path optimization. This reduces a transmission time.

Abstract: To provide a substrate processing apparatus, comprising: a reaction vessel having a processing chamber inside that processes a substrate; a heating device that heats said substrate from an outer peripheral side of the reaction vessel; a lid member that closes the processing chamber; an attachment/detachment jig placed on the lid member for attaching/detaching the reaction vessel from an inside of the heating device; and a support section provided in an upper side of a lower end of the reaction vessel on an inside wall of the reaction vessel, and abutted on an upper surface of the attachment/detachment jig for attaching/detaching the reaction vessel from the inside of the heating device.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus for producing magnesium-containing zinc oxide, including: zinc vapor producing means 11 which produces zinc vapor by heating metallic zinc; magnesium vapor producing means 15 which produces magnesium vapor by heating metallic magnesium; mixed vapor producing means 20 which produces mixed vapor by mixing the zinc vapor and the magnesium vapor; and oxidizing gas contact means 19 which produces magnesium-containing zinc oxide by bringing an oxidizing gas into contact with the mixed vapor. The content of zinc in the mixed vapor is adjusted to be higher than that of magnesium.

Abstract: An engine controlling apparatus includes a setting unit that sets a demand torque to an engine, a detection unit that detects a fluctuation of an external load, and a correction unit that corrects the demand torque. The apparatus includes a target torque calculation unit that calculates a target torque based on the demand torque, a control unit that controls an amount of air to be introduced into the engine so that an output torque may come close to the target torque, and an ignition timing detection unit that detects an ignition timing of the engine. The correction unit adds a torque increment for coping with a fluctuation of the external load to the demand torque to determine an increment correction demand torque and increases or decreases the increment correction demand torque in response to a displacement amount of the ignition timing from a predetermined reference value.