Abstract: An organic electrolyte cell comprising an organic electrolyte and an anode and/or a cathode of a carbonaceous material of a heat-treated material of an aromatic condensation polymer having a specific surface area of at least 1,500 m.sup.2 /g measured by BET method, wherein a solvent in the electrolyte is a mixed solvent containing a chain-like carbonate of the formula R.sup.1 OC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2 (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are monovalent organic groups which may be the same or different) and sulfolane or its derivative.

Abstract: An electric double layer capacitor which includes a polarization electrode and an electrolyte capable of forming an electric double layer on the surface of the polarization electrode, wherein the solvent in the electrolyte is an organic type mixed solvent containing sulfolane or a sulfolane derivative, and a chain carbonic acid ester represented by the general formula R.sup.1 O(CO)OR.sup.2 (wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, which may be the same or different, are monovalent organic groups).

Abstract: A diaphragm electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is carried out by using a fluorinated cation exchange membrane which is made of a polymer having carboxylic acid groups as ion-exchange group and has 2.0 to 3.5 mole/Faraday of water permeability under the electrolysis.

Abstract: In the electrolysis of sodium chloride by means of a perfluoro cation exchange membrane for the production of sodium hydroxide having a concentration of from 32 to 40% by weight, a method for restoring the current efficiency, which comprises suspending the electrolysis when the current efficiency of the perfluoro cation exchange membrane has dropped to a predetermined level, and maintaining the catholyte concentration at a level of not higher than 30% by weight.

Abstract: A multi-layered diaphragm for electrolysis, which comprises a porous layer of a fluorine-containing polymer having a pore diameter of from 0.05 to 10 .mu.m, a porosity of from 30 to 95% and a thickness of from 30 to 450 .mu.m and with its interior and anode-side surface being hydrophilic, and an ion exchange resin layer supported on the cathode side thereof and having a thickness thinner than the porous layer but of at least 5 .mu.m and an ion exchange capacity of from 0.5 to 2.0 meq/g dry resin, the total thickness being from 35 to 500 .mu.m.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of an alkali metal chloride, wherein an ion-exchange membrane provided at least on one side thereof with a gas and liquid permeable non-electrocatalytic porous layer, is disposed between an anode and a cathode so that the porous layer is in contact with the facing electrode, said ion-exchange membrane being provided on its porous layer surface with grooves which form continuous void spaces and secure passages for the electrolyte at the interface between the electrode and the ion-exchange membrane.

Abstract: An electrolytic cation exchange membrane comprises a first film made of a fluorinated polymer having cation exchange groups and a second film laminated thereon, made of a fluorinated polymer having carboxylic acid groups as its ion exchange groups and containing the following repeating units (A), (B) and (C) and having a smaller thickness and greater specific electric resistance than the first film; ##STR1## where each of X and X' is --F, --Cl or --CF.sub.3, R.sub.f is a perfluoroalkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, M is hydrogen or an alkali metal and Y is selected from the group consisting of --CF.sub.2).sub.x, --O--CF.sub.2).sub.x, ##STR2## where each of x and y is an integer of from 0 to 10 and Z is --F or R.sub.f as defined above, provided that B/A+B+C (molar ratio) and C/A+B+C (molar ratio) are from 0.01 to 0.3 and from 0.05 to 0.5, respectively.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane for an electrolysis is produced by forming a removable thin layer on a surface of a perforated electrode; forming a layer of a thermoplastic fluorinated polymer having ion exchange groups or functional groups convertible to ion exchange groups on said removable thin layer; converting said layer of a thermoplastic fluorinated polymer into a liquid impermeable membrane; and removing said removable thin layer, and if necessary, converting said functional groups into ion exchange groups.

Abstract: An alkali metal hydroxide is produced by electrolyzing an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride fed into an anode compartment in a cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment formed by partitioning with a cation exchange membrane. A cation exchange membrane of a fluorinated polymer having carboxylic acid groups at a content of 0.9 to 2.0 meq./g. dry resin is used as said cation exchange membrane and a metal or a metal ion is incorporated in said aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride to form a thin layer made of a metal hydroxide or oxide on the surface of said membrane in the anode compartment.

Abstract: A solution of a fluorinated polymer having groups having the formula--COOMwherein M represents an alkali metal atom or a metal atom in group II a or II b of the periodic table or ammonium group or an amine group in a highly polar organic solvent.

Abstract: A cation exchange membrane of a fluorinated polymer used for an electrolysis of an alkali metal chloride is obtained by treating a cation exchange membrane having ion exchange groups of --COOM (M is hydrogen atom or an alkali metal atom) or groups being convertible to said groups and having an ion exchange capacity (A.sub.R) of 0.5 to 2.0 meq/g dry polymer in a hydrolyzed form, to give a weight gain percent (.DELTA.W.sub.R) in the range of .DELTA.W.sub.R =1.6e.sup.1.7A R as the upper side; .DELTA.W.sub.R =0.8e.sup.1.7A R as the lower side; A.sub.R =0.5 as the left side and A.sub.R =2.0 as the right side shown in FIG. 1 (log scale on ordinate) in an aqueous medium of a base or a salt at a concentration of 1 to 20 wt. % at the temperature of 0.degree. to 60.degree. C. after the hydrolysis or at the time of the hydrolysis.

Abstract: An electrolysis of an aqueous solution of potassium chloride is carried out by employing a fluorinated cation exchange membrane having an ion-exchange capacity of 0.8 to 2.0 meq/g dry polymer and having carboxylic acid groups as functional groups and maintaining a concentration of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in a cathode compartment in a range of 20 to 45 wt. % and maintaining a calcium concentration in the aqueous solution of potassium chloride to lower than 0.05 mg/liter.The purification of the aqueous solution of potassium chloride to reduce the calcium concentration is carried out in a system comprising a chelate ion-exchange substance.

Abstract: A solution of a fluorinated polymer having groups having the formula--COOMwherein M represents an alkali metal atom or a metal atom in group II a or II b of the periodic table or ammonium group or an amine group in a highly polar organic solvent.

Abstract: An electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride is carried out to produce an alkali metal hydroxide having a concentration of 30 wt. % or more and chlorine by using a modified cation exchange membrane of a fluorinated polymer having carboxylic acid type ion exchange groups, which has an ion exchange capacity of 1.0 to 2.2 meq/g.dry polymer and at least one of whose surface layer has lower ion exchange capacity which is from 45 to 95% of that of the main part.

Abstract: An electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride is carried out to produce an alkali metal hydroxide in relatively low concentration lower than 30 wt.% and chlorine by using a modified cation exchange membrane of a fluorinated polymer having carboxylic acid type ion exchange groups, which has an ion exchange capacity of 1.1 to 2.0 meq/g.dry polymer and at least one of whose surface layer has lower ion exchange capacity which is from 45 to 95% of that of the main part.

Abstract: An electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is carried out by employing a fluorinated cation exchange membrane having an ion-exchange capacity of 0.8 to 2.0 meq/g dry polymer and having carboxylic acid groups as functional groups and maintaining a concentration of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide in a cathode compartment in a range of 20 to 45 wt. % and maintaining a calcium concentration in the aqueous solution of sodium chloride to lower than 0.08 mg/liter.The purification of the aqueous solution of sodium chloride to reduce the calcium concentration is carried out in a system comprising the first and second chelate ion-exchange towers which are connected through a detector for detecting impurities in the aqueous solution.

Abstract: In a process for producing an alkali metal hydroxide which comprises electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment which are partitioned by a fluorinated cation exchange membrane, the improvement which comprises a fluorinated cation exchange membrane made of a fluorinated copolymer having carboxylic acid groups as the ion exchange group and having an ion exchange capacity of 0.5 to 2.0 meq/g dry polymer and a concentration of carboxylic acid groups of 8 to 30 meq/g water absorbed by the membrane when contacted with an aqueous solution of the alkali metal hydroxide having about the same concentration of alkali metal hydroxide as that of catholyte during said electrolysis.

Abstract: An unsaturated aldehyde having three to four carbon atoms is prepared by reacting the corresponding olefin with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase at a temperature of from 350.degree. to 520.degree. C in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst comprising the metallic components: (a) molybdenum; (b) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of niobium and tantalum; (c) tellurium; and (d) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, copper, arsenic, antimony, iron and nickel.

Abstract: An unsaturated aldehyde having three to four carbon atoms is prepared by reacting the corresponding olefin with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase at a temperature of from 350.degree. to 520.degree. C in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst comprising the metallic components: (a) molybdenum; (b) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of niobium and tantalum; and (c) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of tellurium, bismuth, cobalt, tungsten, indium, and titanium.

Abstract: Perfluoroaklyl iodides are prepared by reacting iodine, iodine pentafluoride and tetrafluoroethylene in the presence of a fluoride catalyst selected from the group consisting of niobium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, boron fluoride, and molybdenum fluoride.