Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for measuring a surface profile and/or a wavefront aberration of a target object. Exemplary target objects include mirrors, lenses, and lens systems. A representative apparatus configuration includes a light source, a light-flux optical system, a phase-state changing device, a detector, and a computer. The light-flux optical system (i) produces, from a light flux produced by the light source, measurement-light and reference-light fluxes, (ii) directs the measurement-light flux to the target object, (iii) provides the reference-light flux with a standard wavefront, and (iv) establishes interference between the two light fluxes. The phase-state changing device changes a phase state of the reference-light flux and/or the measurement-light flux relative to a respective standard. The detector detects interference fringes.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus exposes a pattern formed on a mask to a substrate having an alignment with a difference in level and a photosensitive material applied on the surface of the substrate. The exposure apparatus includes a stage adapted to hold the substrate and two-dimensionally movable in a predetermined plane; a sensor held in a predetermined relationship with respect to the plane and outputting a signal which varies in response to a relative movement between the sensor and the substrate in a direction perpendicular to the plane; a position detecting device for detecting the position of the stage; an arithmatic unit for calculating the position of the alignment mark on the basis of information from the position detecting device and an output outputted from the sensor when the stage and the sensor are moved relative to each other; and a control system for controling movement of the stage on the basis of the position of the alignment mark.

Abstract: A method of measuring a surface shape of a target surface, and a lens manufacturing process for manufacturing a lens having a surface shape figured to high-precision. The method and process includes the steps of first, interferometrically measuring the surface shape of the target surface or the lens surface. Then second, measuring a surface shape of a prototype target surface. Then third, determining a rotationally symmetric error component of the difference between the target surface shape or the lens surface shape and the prototype target surface shape. Then fourth, expressing the rotationally symmetric error as a sum of two components, one being slowly varying and the other being a remainder. The slowly varying component is at least determined by performing the third step, while the remainder component is determined by performing the first step.

Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for treating peripheral circulation disorders, which is an emulsion containing an isocarbacyclin having the following formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl group and R.sup.2 is a alkyl group which may be substituted with, a alkenyl group or alkynyl group which may be substituted with, or a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with, in an amount of 0.2 to 1,000 .mu.g per ml of the composition, a vegetable oil in an amount of 0.05 to 0.5 g per ml of the composition, a phospholipid in an amount of 0.01 to 0.5 g per g of the vegetable oil, and water is provided.

Abstract: A compact head mount display where an image display means and a magnifying reflecting mirror are substantially symmetrically arranged to a combiner, so that an image displayed on the display means and an outside image can be observed in a magnified and superimposed manner. The magnifying reflecting mirror is arranged as a Fresnel reflecting mirror so that the display becomes more compact. An optical system for use in the head mount display where the magnifying reflecting mirror is arranged as an aspherical surface and the shape of the aspherical surface is so designed that aberrations can be suitably corrected.

Abstract: Using an LIA alignment sensor, consecutive sensings of a reference-mark position are taken. I(.omega.), the power spectrum of the fluctuations of these sensings in a time period is computed. I'(.omega.), the power spectrum of the averaged fluctuations for an averaging time .DELTA.T that changes between two different measurement times .DELTA.T1 and .DELTA.T2 is then computed. The dispersion of the data averaged during this averaging time .DELTA.T matches the integral of the power spectrum I'(.omega.). The time period during which the value of the integral of the power spectrum I'(.omega.) reaches its lowest value is used as the measurement time of the position based on the beat signal obtained by the alignment sensor.

Abstract: A high pressure injection nozzle member is formed of a super hard alloy or a hard material of carbide series mainly composing of a tungsten carbide as, wherein the tungsten carbon is composed of grains each having a diameter of less than 1 .mu.m. At least one kind of carbide or solid solution of carbide selected from Ti, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, Hf, or Zr by a weight % of less than 10.0% is added. A binding material essentially consisting of at least one of iron group elements by weight % of 0.2 to 2.0% may be further added. The super hard alloy or a hard sintered material has a high abrasion proof property and has a hardness more than about HRA 94.0. Nitride or nitride solid solution may be utilized in place of carbide or carbide solid solution. The nozzle member is particularly suitable for an abrasive water jet.

Abstract: A high pressure injection nozzle member is formed of a super hard alloy or a hard material of carbide series mainly composing of a tungsten carbide as, wherein the tungsten carbon is composed of grains each having a diameter of less than 1 .mu.m. At least one kind of carbide or solid solution of carbide selected from Ti, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, Hf, or Zr by a weight % of less than 10.0% is added. A binding material essentially consisting of at least one of iron group elements by weight % of 0.2 to 2.0% may be further added. The super hard alloy or a hard sintered material has a high abrasion proof property and has a hardness more than about HRA 94.0. Nitride or nitride solid solution may be utilized in place of carbide or carbide solid solution. The nozzle member is particularly suitable for an abrasive water jet.

Abstract: A root pass bead welding method for joining two metal base members includes forming a dike bead by welding on a rear surface of one metal base member, and placing the dike bead against or in the vicinity of a distal end of a rear surface of another metal base member to define a groove open at the front surface of the same. Then welding is performed from the front surface of the other metal base member at the groove to form a root pass bead extending between the dike bead and the rear surface of the other metal base member.

Abstract: An apparatus for recording and/or providing with a lid for protecting the recording medium and a recording medium loading/ejecting mechanism that includes a housing, an inlet provided on a wall of the housing, a cassette which is loaded in and ejected from the housing through the inlet. The lid member is capable of being opened and closed and covers the inlet when it is closed. The apparatus includes a mechanism for loading the cassette inserted in the inlet to a loading position and ejecting the cassette from the loaded position to an ejection position. A detector detects whether the lid member is opened or closed. In addition, there is a controller for controlling the mechanism. The controller includes a loading controller for controlling the mechanism when the cassette is inserted in the inlet and is loaded in the loaded position.

Abstract: A nozzle for gas shielded arc welding having a support ring to be mounted on a welding torch, a cylindrical nozzle member to be mounted on the support ring and a holddown ring for securing the nozzle member to the support ring. The nozzle member is formed of a heat-resistant non-conductive material so that spatters seldom adhere to the nozzle member. The nozzle member is fixed by being pressed against the support ring, which structure facilitates the manufacture of the nozzle member. This is useful especially as a nozzle for CO.sub.2 arc welding.

Abstract: A toner cleaning apparatus for use in an electrophotographic copying machine in which a photosensitive drum is rotated for a few revolutions after transferring, onto a record paper, a toner image obtained by developing an electrostatic latent image with toners, in order to remove residual toners from the drum and to prepare the drum for the next duplicating operation. A cleaning device, such as a fur brush, is arranged movably with respect to the photosensitive drum and is separated from the drum after the end of a copying operation, but before the drum is stopped. The cleaning fur brush is removed from the drum at such a timing that the pictorial area on the drum surface has just passed through the cleaning fur brush and thus, residual toners on the drum can be effectively removed. By shortening the time duration in which the cleaning fur brush is brought into contact with the photosensitive drum, the drum can be protected against injury, deterioration and filming.

Abstract: An image forming system comprises an image forming device having an exposure unit provided on the upside of a first body for exposing an original placed thereon, sheet feeding mechanism provided at one side of the first body and sheet exhausting mechanism provided at one side of the first body, and an original feeding device having a second body arranged on the exposure unit, an original inserting mechanism provided at one side of the second body in the same side of the one side of the first body and inserted with the original thereto, an original exhausting mechanism provided at the one side of the second body and exhausted with the copied original, and a conveying mechanism for conveying the inserted original to the exposure unit and conveying the original exposed thereat to the original exhausting mechanism.

Abstract: An electrophotographic sensitizing screen having a great number of apertures, wherein at least an insulating layer and a conductive layer are successively formed on a conductive mesh, is disclosed. These apertures are regularly arranged at such an angle as not to produce moire fringes with respect to a light image projected on the screen.

Abstract: A temperature sensor for a sheet-shaped heating element includes a thermistor which is fixedly mounted in a mounting aperture formed in a sheet-shaped heating element. The thermistor is disposed in the mounting aperture so that lead wires within the envelope of the thermistor extend normal to the plane of the heating element.

Abstract: An electrophotographic sensitizing screen having a great number of apertures, wherein at least an insulating layer and a conductive layer are successively formed on a conductive mesh, is disclosed. These apertures are regularly arranged at such an angle as not to produce moire fringes with respect to a light image projected on the screen.

Abstract: An electrophotographic sensitizing screen having a great number of apertures, wherein at least an insulating layer and a conductive layer are successively formed on a conductive mesh, is disclosed. These apertures are regularly arranged at such an angle as not to produce moire fringes with respect to a light image projected on the screen.

Abstract: A heat fixing device for electrographic apparatus comprising a pair of opposed electrically conductive guide members between which passes a record sheet with a toner image transferred thereon, a floating potential or bias voltage being applied to at least one of the guide members so as to produce a repulsive force which can alleviate an electrical attractive force subjected between the guide member and the toner image on the record sheet.