Abstract: A pre-filtration apparatus and system using dissolved oxygen ozone-treated water processed through an oxygen saturator having a flow distributor for even distribution of the water. Fully saturating the water with excess oxygen and injecting this high-pressure mixture into a blender have a lower pressure atmosphere to produce a plurality of micro-bubbles known as white-water. Influent water enter the blender through nozzles aligned with the injection of the high-pressure water to blend with the white-water. The blend passes into a hydrocyclone separator from the bottom, spirals up separating waste water from the clean water. Clean water is discharged; waste water is passed to a recovery unit for further processing and recycled. Volatile gas from dissolved toxic chemicals adsorbed by the micro-bubbles is discharged through a carbon filter recovery process.

Abstract: A shelf assembly for organizing and merchandising a plurality of products. The shelf assembly comprises a shelf having a bottom, plurality of dividers extending from front to back, a pair of dividers and the bottom forming a track in which a column of products are arranged. A front member pivotal about a stop, or pivotally engaged with the dividers, prevents the forwardmost product within the column from falling off the front of the shelf. The pivotal front members enable product to be pulled forwardly off the shelf, minimizing the spacing necessary between adjacent shelves.

Abstract: A shelf assembly for organizing and merchandising a plurality of products. The shelf assembly comprises a shelf having a bottom, plurality of dividers extending from front to back, a pair of dividers and the bottom forming a track in which a column of products are arranged. A front member pivotal about a stop, or pivotally engaged with the dividers, prevents the forwardmost product within the column from falling off the front of the shelf. The pivotal front members enable product to be pulled forwardly off the shelf, minimizing the spacing necessary between adjacent shelves.

Abstract: A shelf assembly for organizing and merchandising a plurality of products. The shelf assembly comprises a shelf having a bottom, plurality of dividers extending from front to back, a pair of dividers and the bottom forming a track in which a column of products are arranged. A front member pivotal about a stop, or pivotally engaged with the dividers, prevents the forwardmost product within the column from falling off the front of the shelf. The pivotal front members enable product to be pulled forwardly off the shelf, minimizing the spacing necessary between adjacent shelves.

Abstract: An assembly of a protected stopper with a test tube consists of a protected stopper for blood sample collecting or biological liquids handling test tubes which contains a substantially cylindrical inner body made of an elastomer, the body including a lower portion for insertion in a test tube, an upper abutment flange, and an abutment step formed between the inner body lower portion and the upper flange. The stopper also includes a substantially cylindrical cover made of a plastic for enclosing an upper part of the test tube and the inner body, the cylindrical cover including a free upper region for insertion of a sampling needle in the stopper and arc-like openings provided in the upper part.

Abstract: Microwave is introduced into a plasma chamber of a plasma processing apparatus and magnetic field is applied thereto to allow plasma generation gas to be placed in plasma state by the electron cyclotron resonance. This plasma is introduced into a film forming chamber of the plasma processing apparatus to allow film forming gas including compound gas of carbon and fluorine or compound gas of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen, and hydro carbon gas to be placed in plasma state. In addition, an insulating film consisting of fluorine added carbon film is formed by the film forming gas placed in plasma state.

Abstract: A profiling arrangement (1) with a roll forming machine (2) including several roller-type forming tools (6) and with a welding device (3) positioned in its processing path makes possible the application of more than one weld joint to a workpiece (51, 52, 53, or 54) to be manufactured. The welding device includes a single energy source and this source is connected with at least two welding heads (9) and (10) for producing both weld joints. The energy produced by welding device (3) is divided over the individual welding heads (9 and 10). This is especially favorable in the case of a welding device (3) with a laser-beam source. The laser beam can be split into several partial laser beams and guided to the individual laser-beam welding heads.

Abstract: Conventionally, a thermal fixing apparatus contained in an image forming apparatus has a heater like a halogen heater or a film-heating type heater. Generally, the heater comprises a plurality of heat generating elements connected to an AC power supply. Since the thermal fixing apparatus has a plural of heat generating elements, it needs a switching control elements corresponding to the number of heaters. The switching control elements causes a need for being increased in size so as to cope with energizing of large current of driving the heater. For the purpose of solving the above problem, an apparatus requiring only a small number of semiconductor switching elements is provided.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for quickly drying solutions in one or more arrays of vessels includes a manifold that receives gas and a base plate that receives the one or more arrays of vessels. The manifold includes one or more hollow tubes that direct the gas into the vessels, where the gas evaporates the solutions. A variety of types of hollow tubes are disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, the gas is filtered, pressurized and/or heated. In an exemplary embodiment, the solutions are heated. The base plate is hingeably coupled to the manifold so that the base plate has an open position and a closed position. The open position permits users to place and remove the vessels that contain solutions to be dried. In the closed position, the base plate and the manifold are in sealing engagement with one another, wherein the one or more of the hollow tubes extend into the vessels.

Abstract: A baking oven defines a cooking space, in which a tubular, multiply bent radiant heating element is secured in a horizontally extending heating element plane. A temperature sensor for regulating the temperature of the cooking space is disposed substantially in the heating element plane and has a sensor tube that is disposed in close proximity to the radiant heating element for thermal coupling to the heating element. A temperature sensor with flexible leads is secured in the sensor tube for obtaining good coupling of the temperature sensor to the radiant heating element. The sensor tube has at least one curved portion, whereby the sensor tube curves around portions of the heating element. The heating element plane defines a measuring area lying in the heating element plane, and the temperature sensor is disposed approximately at a center of gravity of the measuring area and is substantially surrounded by the heating element.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a paraffin bath apparatus is disclosed that has injection molded components including an inner tub, housing, base, control panel, and lid. The inner tub is provided with paired flanges on its bottom surface to which a wire heating element is assembled and secured. Wire guides are provided on the upstanding wall of the inner tub to which a side heating wire is assembled and secured by means of wire guides and an adhesive coated foil segment.

Abstract: A wafer-cleaning module is disclosed for removing contaminants from a semiconductor wafer prior to measurement in a metrology tool. The cleaning module includes a heating chamber including a heater plate for heating the wafer by conduction. A separate cooling chamber is provided to cool the wafer. The system is controlled by a processor so the heating cycle, cooling cycle and the time periods between these cycles and the measurement cycle are uniform for all wafers.

Abstract: A water heater having a water tank and multiple electric resistance heating elements extending into the water tank for heating water in the tank. The water heater includes a proportional band temperature controller for conducting electric power to the electric resistance heating elements in bursts. Each burst of electric power is followed by a period during which the temperature controller does not conduct power to the electric resistance heating element. In one embodiment, each burst of electrical power lasts for about 95% or less of a cycle comprised of one burst of electric power followed by the period during which the temperature controller does not conduct electric power. Further, activation of the heating elements by the controller is carried out in a sequential or other timed or controlled fashion to permit uniform heating of the water in the tank.

Abstract: A source provides an electromagnetic wave that has a range of frequencies. The source sweeps the frequency of the electromagnetic wave between a cutoff frequency and double the cutoff frequency. The location, angle, or effective angle of an opening is adjusted by an opening adjuster. A path for an electromagnetic wave has a short for creating a standing wave. The path has a movable surface that can push and pull the peaks and valleys of the standing wave so as to achieve more uniform heating of the material. A dielectric wheel pushes and pulls the peaks and valleys of a standing wave so as to achieve more uniform heating of a material. A dielectric structure has a surface that has a short side and a long side. A motor rotates the dielectric structure to push and pull the peaks and valleys of a standing wave so as to achieve more uniform heating of a material. A path has a first choke flange that has a width w1 and a second choke flange that has a width w2.

Abstract: A food amount detector for automatically detecting the amount of a food placed in a cooking chamber of a microwave oven, a microwave oven employing the food amount detector, and control method thereof. Output voltage of a microwave generator is detected while the microwave oven is driven, and the amount of the food placed in the cooking chamber of the microwave oven is determined based on the output voltage such detected. In accordance with the amount of the food such determined, the food is cooked under the appropriate driving conditions of the microwave oven. Accordingly, the user does not need to determine the amount of the food by himself, or set the driving conditions of the microwave oven such as cooking time, level of microwave energy, etc. As a result, the user finds it convenient when using this microwave oven, and the food is cooked under the exact driving conditions set by the microwave oven.

Abstract: A collapsible structure having a plurality of side panels and a floor panel forming an enclosure having an open top. Each side panel comprises a web of material, and an edging material. The collapsible structure includes at least two flexible continuous loop frames which are substantially enveloped by the edging. The edging coupled to the periphery of the web. One or more handles may be attached to the structure or formed within one or more of the side panels. A method of making and collapsing the structure is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a garbage can consisting of a container holding garbage, and a lid which can be opened by pressing down a foot lever located in the lower front area of the garbage can, with the lid consisting of two wedge-shaped lid segments (10, 11) of approximately the same size, each of which has its own external swing axis (12, 13) and which swing upward like double-winged doors when foot lever (15) is pressed down. After the lid is opened, the garbage entry opening is fully accessible. Several garbage cans of this type can be seamlessly combined into a larger unit.

Abstract: A storage box including a body, a lid and an arm member. The body is provided with a storage portion and a guide portion. The lid is provided with a sliding portion engaged with and directed by the guide portion. The arm member is held rotatably by the body at an opposite end, and is held rotatably by the lid at a remaining opposite end. This construction accommodates various loads or forces applied to the lid during opening and closing, thereby decreasing overall strain upon the storage box and eliminating the need to reinforce the body, the lid and the arm member. The result is a functionally simplified yet strengthened storage box capable of being manufactured at reduced costs.

Abstract: A bathroom accessory mountable to a generally vertical flat surface such as glass, mirror, tile, fiberglass or metal. The bathroom accessory makes efficient use of space available in a bathroom.

Abstract: A device for mounting a plastic fuel tank on the body of a motor vehicle with a carrier which is shaped to fit at least partially to the outer contour of the tank and at least one coupling disposed between the carrier and the tank. The coupling is releasably connected with a snap fit to the carrier and preferably is made of a thermoplastic material that is heat welded to the plastic tank.

Abstract: A feeding device, which is especially adapted for use by infants, toddlers and the like, includes a drinking cup, a lid and a flow control valve. The drinking cup includes a body and an overmolding which partially covers the body to function as a bumper and to provide gripping surfaces for a user. The lid has a spoutless design which allows a user to simulate drinking from a conventional open-mouthed cup and which also maximizes liquid evacuation from the drinking cup. The flow control valve has a polygonally-shaped body with a plurality of corners and a liquid-dispensing nipple which is located in one of the corners so that the flow control valve can be positioned adjacent to a peripheral edge of the lid, thereby promoting the complete evacuation of liquid from the drinking cup. The size, shape and rigidity of the valve body inhibits it from being inserted into the throat of a user or other individual.

Abstract: The device for dispensing paper towels has a housing for holding a generally vertical stack of the paper towels and including a lower portion through which individual towels can be dispensed. The lower portion includes an elongated opening through which a fold of the bottommost towel can extend and be accessible for a user to grab and pull the bottommost towel from the stack. Improved towel dispensing is enabled by laterally spaced and upwardly-directed ramps located in the vicinity of the front edge of the opening and upon which an edge of the stack rests, opposed end pads angled downwardly to the opening and upon which the stack ends rest, and/or a bottom cabinet portion angled with respect to the rest of the cabinet to transfer stack weight. The opening preferably is shaped to cause the fold of the bottommost towel to assume a C-shape.

Abstract: A stack of interleaved laminar products comprises a first and a second array of products, each of which has at least one branch interleaved with a corresponding branch of at least one product in the other array. The products are folded into a generally W-shaped profile comprising two outer branches and two inner branches, with the distal edges of the said outer branches projecting at least partially beyond the said inner branches, so that the said distal edges can be used for interleaving with at least one other product in the stack.

Abstract: The present invention provides a napkin assembly for a dispenser. The napkin assembly may include a first napkin sheet further including a plurality of napkins and a second napkin sheet further including a plurality of napkins. Each napkin of both sheets having a basis weight from about 20 gsm to about 40 gsm may be connected to an adjacent napkin in series by a plurality of tabs. The second napkin sheet may be positioned proximate to the first napkin sheet in an offset relation and the first and second napkin sheets may be formed into a nested configuration for dispensing.

Abstract: Nozzle closures which are mounted for pivoting movement from a closed to an open position are used with a spray dispensing device. In the open position, the nozzle closure moves away from the spray nozzle on an actuator and a spray opening in a surrounding wall, allowing fluid to dispensed through the nozzle from a pump or aerosol valve, as the actuator is depressed. In the closed position, the nozzle closure pivots into a position where a first projection enters at least partially into the spray nozzle. The projection acts to seal the spray nozzle against air, thereby preventing drying of any fluid in the nozzle and reducing the chance that the spray nozzle will become clogged. The nozzle closure also includes a second projection which fits into a recess in the actuator and serves to provide resistance against depression of the actuator, thereby providing a locking function for the actuator to prevent accidental discharge from the spray nozzle.

Abstract: A pressure-assisted liquid delivery system comprises a flexible reservoir having an exit port and demand valve, a pair of substantially rigid plates for sandwiching the reservoir, and a plurality of loops of elastic rope for compressing the plates around and pressurizing the reservoir such that liquid contents thereof are expelled through the valve when it is opened without application of a suction force.

Abstract: A liquid dispenser with a syringe reservoir including (a.) a frame (1) formed by upper bracket (2) and lower bracket (3), (b.) a body (5) that is removable at the frame's upper bracket (2) and provided at its upper end with a threaded part for installing an actuator (6) and provided at its lower end with an insertion part for insertion into a syringe (14) and an installation part for an attachment (16), (c.) an actuator (6) installed at the threaded part provided at the upper end of the aforesaid body (5), (d.) a valve stem (12) operated by the aforesaid actuator, and (e.) a valve seat member (15) installed at the tip of syringe (14) and formed to be removable at the aforesaid lower bracket (3).

Abstract: A folding assembly structured to arrange any one of a plurality of different articles into a folded orientation and including an orienting device having a main segment and at least two outwardly extending and spaced apart side segments, wherein the main segments and two side segments are initially disposed in engaging relation to different portions of the article being folded. An attachment assembly in the form of a flexible material connector pivotally attaches each of the side segments in spaced relation to the main segment and outwardly spaced relation therefrom. The flexible material connectors thereby serve to accommodate the folding of articles of various thicknesses, in that they allow for the automatic spaced positioning of each of the sides segments at different spaced distances above the main segment as the different portions of the article are being oriented when the side segments are in a folded position.

Abstract: A storage system in which a base is preferably molded of a lightweight polymeric material and includes a peripheral raised edge for hingedly receiving front, rear, and end walls. The end walls of one embodiment are foldable, such that they collapse integrally with the front and rear walls. Each of the front, rear and end walls can be folded flat for compact storage of the system.

Abstract: A cap for a wet wipe dispensing container, comprising an upper wall (22) provider with a window (25), through which is extracted the continuous wipe strip and whose contour is extended, at last on one of the sides, by a narrow slot (26) for introducing and retaining the wipe strip, said upper wall (22) carrying, externally, a cutting blade (30) spaced away from the narrow slot (26), for cutting the transversal extension of the continuous wipe strip when it is pressed against said cutting blade by the user.

Abstract: A mechanism for restricting a lateral position of a tape traveling in a longitudinal direction is disclosed, that comprises a base having a convex portion, a guide directly disposed on the convex portion, a lower flange having an opening through which the convex portion passes, the lateral position of said lower flange against said base being movable between the front edge of said base and the bottom edge of said guide, and a member for pressing said lower flange to the bottom edge of said guide.

Abstract: To provide a safe fastening element attaching device as well as to improve the operability thereof.

Abstract: At the step of printing a wiring portion of a ceramic substrate with a conductive adhesive for mounting an IC chip or a part such as a capacitor other than the IC chip, a wire bonding pad made of gold is formed by the ball bonding method or the like at the portion of the wiring portion to be wire-bonded. After the pad was formed and before the conductive adhesive is printed, a heat treatment is performed to cause a thermal diffusion between the wiring portion and the pad to improve the jointability therebetween.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making an array of metal balls. The method includes the step of generating a first pattern on a metal foil which includes a plurality of foil projections. The method also includes the step of generating a second pattern on a carrier substrate. The second pattern includes a plurality of carrier recesses that are arranged and configured to correspond with the foil projections of the first pattern. The method further includes the steps of placing the metal foil and the carrier substrate together such that the foil projections of the metal foil fit within the carrier recesses of the carrier substrate, and melting the metal foil such that the foil projections form metal balls positioned within the carrier recesses of the carrier substrate. The invention also relates to metal ball arrays constructed via the above method.

Abstract: A wave soldering apparatus includes a solder reservoir adapted to contain molten solder, and a solder nozzle disposed in the solder reservoir and extending up above the molten solder. The nozzle provides a substantially turbulent free solder wave under a printed circuit board while the board is moved in a predetermined path. A tray is pivotably mounted to the nozzle and angularly moved to vary the flow rate of the molten solder. A shroud is mounted adjacent to and associated with the tray to define a contained space into which an inert gas is supplied to provide an inert gas atmosphere. The shroud includes a canopy extending over a portion of the tray. The canopy extends substantially parallel to the predetermined path and is adjustably positioned in response to angular position of the tray to ensure that the board exits from the solder wave within the inert gas atmosphere.

Abstract: A store sales proceed depositing machine given the functions of a cash dispenser so as to keep down the cost of installation of a store sales proceed depositing machine and promote the spread of store sales proceed depositing machines, the store sales proceed depositing machine provided with a deposit operation panel at one side of the machine, a storage unit for storing deposited cash, an external communications unit for notifying a cash logistics company of deposit data through a public line inside the machine, a cashing operation panel provided with at least an ID card insertion slot, a cash dispensing slot, and a receipt issuing slot at a side of the machine different from the deposit operation panel, a cashing controller, a second cash storage unit for storing a predetermined amount of cash for a cashing service, a second cash temporary holder for taking out, counting, and then temporarily holding cash of an amount input from the cashing operation panel from the second cash storage unit, and a cashing pr

Abstract: The disclosed methods and apparatus relate generally to the electronics media industry, such as cable television (CATV), home shopping services, on-line computer services and computer memory applications. These methods and apparatus allow a user to access and make use of electronic media input and output devices by reference to and/or utilization of standard printed matter, such as magazines, textbooks, or any other printed matter that can be correlated to electronic media.

Abstract: Provided is a system which can prevent a forged card from being used and can find a person who has done an illegal act of installing a skimmer, by using transmission information sent from a card payment transaction terminal. When the opening of the terminal body has been detected, the card payment transaction terminal stores information of an illegal act that has been performed in a memory, and transmits transmission information including that information to an external computer. When the external computer has received card information from the card payment transaction terminal after having stored the received transmission information in a transmission information table, the external computer stores the card information in a handled card information table in relation to the stored transmission information.

Abstract: A display device includes a display portion and a tilt mechanism. The tilt mechanism can be rotated around a rotation center and the display device can be installed on and removed from an external device such as a keyboard, bar code reader and a POS terminal. The display device may include a fixing member, used for fixing the display device to the external device, provided with the tilt mechanism.

Abstract: An IC card having a simple construction whereby deterioration of the connector and internal circuits of an unused IC card is prevented at the seaside and in such inclement environmental conditions as outdoors in the rain, and penetration of water, dust, and foreign contaminants to the connector is prevented after the IC card is used. The IC card has a female connector with a plurality of pin insertion holes, and a seal that is waterproof, insulative and pierceable by a pin of the male connector, and covers the open front of all pin insertion holes of the female connector.

Abstract: A substrate for device manufacture, such as a photomask or a reticle, for example, is disclosed, wherein information related to the substrate is record on an end face thereof in the form of a bar code, for example.

Abstract: Control apparatus for an environmental control system comprises input circuitry receiving environmental information and output circuitry for controlling an HVAC system. Processing circuitry in the controller configures the output circuitry based at least in part on the signals received on the input circuitry. Information about the status of the HVAC system may be transferred to system administrators using a wireless link.

Abstract: A water mixing valve having two water inlets, a mixing chamber, a rotatable control member having openings for controlling flow from the water inlets to the mixing chamber, the control member comprising a substantially circular plate having first and second surfaces, the water inlets sealing against the first surface and the openings extending between the first and second surfaces and a support for supporting the control member on the second surface, the support including a base wall generally parallel to the control member and a peripheral wall extending from the periphery of the base wall to the periphery of the control member so as to support the control member and form the mixing chamber therebetween wherein the support and control member are together rotatable relative to the water inlets, the support including surfaces against the openings in the control member for directing flows from the respective openings towards one another and into the mixing chamber for efficient mixing, the base wall including i

Abstract: The heat recovery reflector has a channel-like extrusion comprising a web and flanges bordering the web. The web has a heat reflective surface thereon and the flanges have a substantial depth relative to the thickness of the web. The distances between the flanges is similar to the height of the back surface of a baseboard heat convector. The channel-like extrusion is mountable behind a baseboard heat convector for defining with the back surface of the baseboard heat convector a closed space for maintaining the heat reflective surface in a dust free environment. In another aspect of the invention, each flange has serrations of the inside surface thereof. A pair of caps is provided for covering the ends of the channel-like extrusion. Each cap has tabs extending therefrom and each of the tabs has at least one notch which is engagedly mountable in one of the serrations on the flanges.

Abstract: A system for dispensing batches of fluid comprising a flowmeter (5), a pump or valve (6) for starting and stopping the flow and a controller (9) for controlling the pump or the valve. In order to reach a target batch size, the settling time at start of the flowmeter is compensated for as well as for the time it takes to stop the flow by generating a stop signal before the target batch size is reached. Further, to compensate for variations in the actual flow caused by variations in the feed pressure and the like, the compensation is made a function of the actually measured flow. A controller or a batch flow meter for use in dispensing batches is equipped with an interface for setting a compensating time constant and a correction unit for compensation of changes in the flow. The correction unit can consist of a differentiator an a summation circuit. Using digital techniques, the correction unit can be made as a lead filter.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel injection valve having at least two valve body parts, which each contact one another at a respective contact face and pressed against one another perpendicular to the contact face by a clamping device. An inflow conduit for fuel formed in both valve body parts passes through the contact faces, and a high fuel pressure prevails in it. At least one radially widened portion is embodied in the inflow conduit, near the contact face of at least one valve body part, so that this radially widened portion, as a result of the fuel pressure in the inflow conduit, undergoes an expansion in the axial direction. As a result, the region of the contact face surrounding the inflow conduit is pressed against the contact face of the contacting valve body part, so that the contact pressure of the contact faces increases, whereby the inflow conduit is thus better sealed off, and the force of the clamping device can be reduced.

Abstract: The present invention provides a vapor-liquid (V-L) ejector with a removable nozzle (2) in which the internal structure has been modified and improved concerning the clearance that exists to enable said nozzle (2) to be engaged in the body (10) of said ejector (1). The invention also provides a nozzle (2) for such an ejector (1).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fire hose lance comprising a body (1) including a pressure control device comprising a valve (44) partly closing up an axial drill hole (320) of a piston (32) mounted in the body (1) of the lance, characterized in that valve (44) is fixedly mounted on the body (1), piston (32) is slidably mounted in the body (1), wherein movement of the piston (32) is caused, on the one hand, by the force resulting from the fluid's total pressure exerted on the surface (D1) of the piston located opposite valve (44) and on the other hand, by the force exerted by restoring means (31) tending to neutralize the resulting force from the fluid pressure.

Abstract: There is provided a nozzle section having a nozzle for injecting gas and a spherical portion composed of a nozzle nut part and a spherical base end portion, respectively on its front end portion and base end portion. There is provided a nozzle case for supporting the spherical portion so as to make an outward gas injection direction of the nozzle adjustable. The spherical base end portion and the nozzle nut part are provided so that they are separated from one another by the rotation of one of the nozzle and nozzle nut part about the axis of the longitudinal direction. The nozzle section which has been adjusted to have a gas injection direction is fixed from the side of the nozzle, thereby simplifying adjustment of a gas injection direction at the nozzle section by eliminating conventionally required additional operations.

Abstract: An electrostatic spraying device which is configured and disposed to electrostatically charge and dispense a product from a supply to a point of dispersal. The electrostatic spraying device has a reservoir configured to contain the supply of product and a nozzle to disperse the product. The nozzle being disposed at the point of dispersal. The nozzle has an exit orifice. A channel is disposed between the reservoir and the nozzle, wherein the channel permits the electrostatic charging of the product upon the product moving within the channel. A positive displacement mechanism is used to move the product from the reservoir to the nozzle. A power source supplies an electrical charge. A high voltage power supply, high voltage contact, and high voltage electrode are used. A portion of the high voltage electrode being disposed between the reservoir and the nozzle is used to electrostatically charge the product within the channel at a charging location.