Abstract: A system for pyrolysing/drying biological sludge by indirectly heating the same by means of hot fumes, characterized by the fact that it incorporates a rotary furnace secured angularly to a cover skirt and defining, with the same, a cavity in which to circulate the aforementioned heating fumes; the aforementioned skirt being supported in rotary manner on powered rollers and connection to the utility pipes and to the sludge loading/unloading means fixed to the floor being made by means of devices consisting of a first frame turning together with the furnace and the respective skirt and supporting, in idle manner by means of rolling bodies, and a second frame connected to the aforementioned pipes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for use in processing waste materials of various kinds and for reclaiming useable by-product materials from the pyrolized waste materials. The waste materials to be pyrolized are efficiently dehydrated prior to their introduction into the pyrolysis retort using microwaves generated by a large microwave generator. After the waste material is dried, initial ignition is accomplished using a very high intensity laser beam. Laser ignition is continued until sufficient methane and other volatile gases are produced for burning in a burner unit to sustain the pyrolysis reaction.

Abstract: A first stage, sub-stoichiometric reaction chamber (12) reacts a carbon-based fuel with an oxygen-carrying gas to produce a combustible gas, heat, and residual ash. A rectangular grate (B) supports a fuel pile (34) in the reaction chamber. A fuel supply (20) continuously supplies the carbon-based fuel from overhead in sufficient quantity to maintain the desired pile configuration with minimum particle entrainment in the generated gas. A fabric chute (36) may be provided to further limit particulate entrainment in the generated combustible gas. A temperature sensor (78) monitors temperature at the grate or another preselected reaction condition. When the preselected condition is sensed, the grates are reciprocated to step residual ash to an ash removal conveyor (74). Nozzles (82) combust a portion of the generated gas to inhibit condensation of vaporized constituents. A second stage, combustion chamber (C) completely combusts the generated gas to derive useful work therefrom.

Abstract: A non-polluting method of, and apparatus for, burning fuel to produce heat and a CO.sub.2 -rich hot flue gas stream is described. Fuel (e.g., coal, oil, gas, wood, inter alia) is passed into a gasifier bed (12) containing particles of calcium sulfate and, optionally, calcium oxide. Bed 12 is fluidized by product gas containing an oxygen-transfer mediator (or source thereof) such as hydrogen, and fuel is partially oxidized to gas-phase products including CO and CO.sub.2 at a temperature above the carbonation temperature of calcium oxide, calcium sulfate being reduced to calcium sulfide. The gas-phase products are passed into the base of a combustion bed (28) containing particles of calcium sulfate in the presence of an oxygen-transfer mediator and CO is oxidized to CO.sub.2 at a temperature above the carbonation temperature of calcium oxide. Calcium sulfide-containing particles from the gasifier and combustion beds (12 and 28) are fluidized by an oxidizing gas (e.g.

Abstract: The heating stove system includes a fuel hopper (10) from which fuel is fed into a pyrolysis gasifier (12) by means of a fuel auger apparatus (14). Controlling the entry of biomass input and air into the gasifier and ignition of the material in the gasifier is a head valve apparatus (16) which includes an igniter (129). The gasifier (12) in operation produces carbon and fuel gas which are moved into a stove burner (90) by a blower apparatus (18). The operation of the heating stove system is automatically controlled from a thermostat (150).

Abstract: A powder feeder, includes a cylinder body connected to a gas blow pipe for fluidizing a powder at its bottom portion; a porous plate crossing the lower portion of the cylinder body above a gas blow hole; a partition plate which divides the interior of the cylinder body into a powder supply side and a delivery side and has a slit for communicating the supply and delivery sides with each other at its upper portion; a powder supply pipe connected to the lower portion of the cylinder body at the supply side to be inclined downward toward a connecting portion; and a powder delivery pipe connected to the lower portion of the cylinder body at the delivery side to be inclined downward in a delivery direction.

Abstract: A process which comprises the steps of introducing combustible solid material into an upper section of a pyrolysis chamber, moving the material downwardly at a controlled rate through multiple stage zones in the pyrolysis chamber, passing hot gaseous products of the partial oxidation of carbon char upwardly countercurrent to the movement of the solid material in the pyrolysis chamber, driving off volatile matter in the solid material, depositing carbon char in the lower section of the pyrolysis chamber, introducing air into the lower section of the pyrolysis chamber and partially oxidizing the char to form the hot gaseous products, removing a hot overhead fuel gas, passing the overhead fuel gas to a combustion chamber for combustion thereof with air, and applying the resulting hot combustion gases exiting the combustion chamber to a heat load.

Abstract: A system for pyrolysis and combustion of combustible solid material, such as waste, which comprises a pyrolysis chamber having a series of spaced vertically disposed movable grates, forming a plurality of stages in the pyrolysis chamber and permitting downward movement of solid feed material at a controlled rate countercurrent to the upward flow of hot gaseous products, the movable grates being synchronized for successive actuation whereby the charge of feed material is successively passed through each of the stages to the bottom of the pyrolysis chamber. Inlet lines are provided for introducing air into each of such stages and into the bottom of the pyrolysis chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of destroying waste to form a leach-proof slag and a gas containing only H.sub.2 and CO as combustible constituents. The method comprises the steps of: (a) supplying waste material at the top of a shaft furnace while simultaneously supplying energy in the form of hot oxidizing gas at the bottom of the shaft furnace, (b) discharging liquid slag from the bottom of the furnace shaft and withdrawing the gas generated, at the top of the furnace shaft, and (c) supplying the gas generated, to a subsequent reaction chamber while simultaneously supplying energy in the form of a hot gas.

Abstract: The generation of heat from the fossil fuels coal, oil and gas is possible nearly free from nitric oxide if the materials are burned in a multi-stage combustion process. The fuel, which, in some cases, contains ash, is admixed with highly heated air and steam and reacted to fuel gas in a ceramically fully lined melting chamber. The resulting fuel gas is cooled for the preheating of the air and steam generation, purified from solids and hydrogen sulfide, and fed into a flameless catalytic or noncatalytic combustion stage. In the combustion stage, because of the low caloric value of the admitted gas, only a temperature clearly below 1300.degree. C. is reached in the ceramic combustion unit, so that the combustion takes place nearly free from nitric oxide.

Abstract: A method for utilizing distillation residues of phthalic anhydride or maleic anhydride, which comprises: (a) cooling hot, liquid distillation residues of said phthalic anhydride or maleic anhydride while flowing as a stream in a first organic liquid; (b) comminuting said distillation residues solidifying in said first organic liquid by means of a cutting edge rotating at high rpm to produce a granulate; (c) suspending said granulate in a second organic liquid; and (d) incinerating the suspension or converting the suspension into synthesis gas.

Abstract: Heat energy is generated from low-grade alkaline fuels (such as manure and lignite) in a gasifier-combustor system. The fuel is gasified at a temperature of less than 900.degree. C. in a circulating fluidized bed gasifier comprising a first cyclone separator. The gas leaving the first separator is conveyed to a second cyclone separator. The gas leaving the second separator is burned in a boiler at a temperature of at least 900.degree. C. Alkaline containing material is removed and collected from the gasifier, the first and second separators, the boiler and a filter before the gas is vented to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A cyclone arrangement for cleaning gas from a gas generator for gasifying coal which is exhausted at high pressures. The invention proposes that the cyclone arrangement for the cleaning of crude gas includes at least two cyclones connected in parallel on their input sides, which cyclones can be turned on and off individually. Thereby a dry cleaning of the crude gas can be performed with only a slight temperature loss. The quantity of gas corresponding to the optimum cleaning efficiency can be adjusted to the quantity of gas either discharged from the gas generator or actually required for the pressurization of the steam generator by adjusting the number of cyclones put into operation, without the need for the inclusion of buffer capacities. The gas generator comprises a pressurized fixed bed reactor.

Abstract: The preburning plant for burning solid fuel materials having a high ash contents, particularly barks or cut wood chips, is comprised of a hearth (10) downwardly delimited by a grid (15), supplied with fuel material by a hopper (6). The hearth (10) communicates with the boiler (2) by a combustion channel (11). Inside the cladding (9) and above the combustion channel (11), a vertical axis ring (19) is arranged above the grid (15) for fuel material degassing purposes. The ring is rotatingly driven, preferably periodically, so that an endless screw (26) conveys the fuel material to the hearth (10).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and a process for converting municipal trash into useful materials without wasting useful energy and with a minimum release of pollutants into the atmosphere. The system includes hydraulic means which moves rubbish, garbage and other municipal trash into a processor. The system in the processor contains a trash processing zone which is associated with the hdyraulic means, a fractionating system built into the roof, a combustion zone, a heating exchange zone, a waste heat recovery system and a precipitator for cleaning the emissions prior to release into the atmosphere.

Abstract: A pressurized downdraft gasifier for extracting high quality burning gases from fuels with low rates of gasification. The downdraft air with the gas products is made to take a tranverse path through a cylindrical bar grate depending into the ash collecting chamber from a throated bottom structure of the gasifying chamber and into annular space surrounding the grate at the top of the ash chamber from which space the gas products are delivered to gas burners and turbines to be utilized. Grate clearing assemblies are supported by their three blades respectively overlying respective grate bars and have a loose splined drive connection with a vertical drive shaft to allow the assemblies to tilt or rock while adjusting to clinkers plugging the grate bars. In the bottom of the ash chamber is a hearth plate with a central opening and a rejection plate also similarly loosely connected to the same vertical drive shaft to adjust to clinkers when sweeping the ash into the central opening of the hearth plate.

Abstract: This reactor for the gasification of solid fuels in the powdered form, of the type employing a bath of liquid metal (5) comprises: a substantially cylindrical vessel (1) which has a substantially oblong section and lateral walls (2) and a bottom wall (3) which are lined with a refractory lining (4), this vessel further comprising an orifice (37) for discharging the bath of liquid metal, and an orifice (36) for discharging slag supernatant on the bath of liquid metal (5), a dome (11) positioned in a sealed manner on the vessel (1) and having in its upper part in the vicinity of one of the ends of the vessel a sealed box (16) for introducing an injecting branch (17) and, also in its upper part, but at the opposite end of the vessel, an orifice (21) of large section for exhausting the gases produced, and a roughly central orifice (29) for introducing addition elements; and means (8, 9, 10a-e, 6, 13, 14, 15) for cooling the lateral walls and the bottom wall of the vessel and the dome.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and process for the pyrolysis of used vehicular tires. The apparatus includes a reaction chamber supported internally of an insulated casing and heated by heating means interposed between the chamber and the casing. Tire fragments are introduced into and removed from the reaction chamber through airlock mechanisms to prevent the ingress of ambient air as the fragments are conveyed through the chamber by a chain and flight conveyor scraping any accumulated solids from the chamber and the conveyor. All portions of the apparatus contacting the pyrolysis reaction products are clad with a layer of aluminum oxide to prevent corrosion. The process includes shredding the used tires, preheating the tire fragments if desired, passing the fragments through the reaction chamber, separating solid and gaseous products, recycling a portion of the gaseous product to the heating means, and recoving salable gas, oil and carbon products.

Abstract: An improved process of the type wherein a fuel is first pyrolyzed in a chamber and the resulting volatiles and non-volatiles then transferred to a combustion region for burning, the improvement comprising temporarily storing at least a portion of the volatiles in an enclosure spaced from the chamber and the combustion region when volatiles production exceeds the volatiles incineration capability of the combustion region. Apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention is also disclosed.

Abstract: Pulverized mineral material is calcined by suspending it in a current of gas constituted by a combustive gas and a fuel whose combustion furnishes the necessary calories for the calcination. To enable solid fuels rich in ash, substantially inert and difficult to condition to be used, the fuel is gasified in a fluidized bed hearth by blowing air from below through the bed whereby a gaseous fuel is disengaged from the bed and flows upwardly with the very finest particles of the solid fuel suspended therein. This is mixed with air and the mineral material to calcine the same.

Abstract: A furnace arrangement utilizes a single vertically disposed shaft furnace incorporating the features of pellet drying and hardening, oxidizing heat-up, reducing roast and gas separation. The upper portion of the furnace dries and hardens "green" pellets while at the same time subjecting them to an oxidizing atmosphere and temperature increase. A stack of the pellets slowly moves downwardly through a transistion zone to a reducing atmosphere in a lower portion of the furnace. A heated reducing gas circulates through this lower portion and out of the furnace through a recovery system of the furnace arrangement. After the sublimate carried by the reducing gas is removed, the reducing gas is supplemented and returned to the lower portion of the furnace to again produce a reducing atmosphere. A smaller branch of cooled reducing gas enters the lower portion of the furnace adjacent the bottom to cool the pellet residue immediately prior to removal from the furnace.

Abstract: A fixed bed dry bottom coal gasifier has a cylindrical wall providing a gasification chamber for gasifying coal to produce synthesis gas. It also has a coal lock above the chamber. The coal lock has a coal discharge opening leading into the chamber. A gas outlet leads from the chamber at a high level. The gasifier further includes a first static coal distributor located in the gasification chamber below the coal discharge opening of the coal lock and a second static coal distributor located below the first coal distributor. The first coal distributor has an upper opening spaced with vertical clearance from the coal discharge opening, a lower opening spaced from the upper opening, and an upwardly directed peripheral coal distributing surface flaring downwardly outwardly from said upper opening and extending beyond the vertical projection of the periphery defining the coal discharge opening.

Abstract: In a hot gas generating apparatus coal is fed to a first gasifying fluidized bed wherein it is partially gasified to generate a combustible gas and char. The char is circulated to a second combustion fluidized bed for burning in the presence of excess air. The combustible gas is mixed with the oxygen rich gases from the second bed and burnt to give a hot gas product.

Abstract: A steam supply system is provided for use in conjunction with both a superposed turbine driven by a steam boiler and a process chamber. The steam boiler operates at a pressure above that needed for consumption in the process chamber and uses highly purified water. The process chamber can use steam which has been generated from relatively low purity water and may be any steam consuming process, such as in one embodiment coal gasification, not requiring that the water be returned for re-use as steam. Energy remaining in the high purity steam after it leaves the superposed turbine is used in a condensing reboiler to heat the water into steam for the process chamber. The two fluids are kept essentially isolated from contact with each other in the condensing reboiler, and the high purity water is pumped back to the high pressure boiler in a closed loop system.

Abstract: A first portion (50) of a sulfur and nitrogen-bearing carbonaceous fuel is gasified in a gasification reactor (20) in the presence of a reducing atmosphere of air to produce a hot, char-containing, carbon-monoxide-rich fuel gas (42) having a low Btu content. After cooling, the char-containing carbon-monoxide-rich fuel gas (42) is introduced into a steam generating furnace (10) and combusted therein with a second portion (40) of the carbonaceous fuel in the presence of at least sufficient additional air to substantially complete combustion whereby a hot flue gas is produced. A sulfur-capturing material (60) is introduced into both the gasification reactor (20) and the combustion zone of the steam generating furnace (10) to absorb a substantial portion of the sulfur-containing gases produced during the gasification and combustion processes.

Abstract: Pulverized mineral material is calcined by suspending it in a current of gas constituted by a combustive gas and a fuel whose combustion furnishes the necessary calories for the calcination. To enable solid fuels rich in ash, substantially inert and difficult to condition to be used, the fuel is gasified in a fluidized bed hearth by blowing air from below through the bed whereby a gaseous fuel is disengaged from the bed and flows upwardly with the very finest particles of the solid fuel suspended therein. This is mixed with air and the mineral material to calcine the same.

Abstract: A garbage to hydrocarbon fuel conversion system is provided which generates electricity and hydrocarbon gases from combustible garbage. The garbage is pulverized and then burned in a destructive distillation process. The heat produced is used to generate electrical power. Dust precipitated by an electrostatic cottrell precipitator is mixed with light oil and burned in an oil burner. The heat obtained is used to maintain the destructive distillation. The gases which rise to the top of the precipitator are passed through a hydroxide solution which leaves a layer of tar and oil floating on top of the solution and a volume of hydrocarbon gases on top of this layer.

Abstract: A gas generator for generating combustible gases from biomass material comprising an enclosure within which is mounted an inclined support intermediate the top and bottom such as to define a gas generating chamber above the support and a plenum chamber below the support, a feed conductor at the top of the enclosure through which biomass material is delivered to the upper end of the support, a discharge conductor at the top of the enclosure through which gas generated within the chamber is discharged and a conductor at the bottom for delivering primary air to the underside of the support, the support being characterized in that it is comprised of a plurality of hollow metal tubes, the longitudinal axis of which partake of the inclination of the support, linkage including a crank for effecting oscillation of the tubes about their longitudinal axis, a blower arranged to deliver cooling air to the lower ends of the tubes, a vent chamber at the upper ends of the tubes for discharging air therefrom, a blower for su

Abstract: Novel designs of two types of down draft pyrolysis reactors are disclosed. One is a solid fuel reactor including a novel arrangement of down draft air inlet entrances, air distribution means, a consumable/replenishable catalytic bed, a heat exchanger for preheating inlet gas with the sensible heat of the exiting gas, and an infrared radiation trap below the reactor's screen grate. The other is an off gas pyrolysis reactor which includes a down draft reaction chamber with a fixed catalytic bed, a similar heat exchanger arrangement, an infrared radiation shield, an infrared radiation trap outside the gas outlet of the reaction chamber, and a unique relationship between the infrared radiation shield and the surface of the fixed catalytic bed.

Abstract: An assembly for supplying gas-conveyed solid fuel to the interior of a double wall gasification vessel includes a conduit (4) for conducting the fuel-gas mixture across the annular region (16) formed between the inner (3) and outer (2) vessel walls. A flexible coupling (11) is provided at one end of the conduit proximate the penetration of the fuel-gas stream across the vessel pressure boundary. An expansion joint (14), disposed about the conduit (4) and sealed to the inner vessel wall (3) conducts secondary gas into the inner vessel across the annular region (16) and prevents leakage of corrosive gases from the inner vessel interior.

Abstract: A waste liquid is dripped down into a shaft chamber 1 of a shaft furnace 2 t the bottom of which chamber is a rotating conical grate 3 on which is an incandescent bed of carbon-rich material 6 than can be supplied from the top of the shaft. Oxygen is supplied through holes 17 of a raised head 15 of the grate. The liquid, vaporized as it reaches the incandescent bed, is drawn through the bed 6 where it is gasified and where high molecular weight components are cracked, forming a gas mixture that is drawn off through the duct 18 at the bottom of the shaft while solid residues of the liquid collect in the bed 6 from which ashes pass through a peripheral gap 5 and drop down through the duct 18 to a collecting hopper 21. The gas mixture then flows upward through a second incandescent bed 24 of carbon-rich material, such as coke or wood charcoal, where the oxygen, exhausted along with the gas mixture from the shaft 1, maintains a temperature between 900.degree. and 1000.degree. C.

Abstract: Combustible gases produced by pyrolysis of combustible material undergo partial combustion in a combustion chamber to which air is admitted in substoichiometric quantity ratio, at a temperature of about 800.degree. C. A gas duct leading out of the combustion chamber and passing partly or all the way across the combustion chamber with one or more openings for entrance of the combustible gas is supplied with additional air in at least stoichiometric quantity ratio, with the result that complete combustion of the combustible gas takes place within the duct as the gases pass out of the combustion chamber, at a temperature of about 1100.degree. C., producing a flame jet that can be used to heat an adjacent boiler, heat exchanger, or the like.

Abstract: A fired heater for a coal liquefaction process is operated under conditions to maximize the slurry slug frequency and thereby improve the heat transfer efficiency. The operating conditions controlled are (1) the pipe diameter and pipe arrangement, (2) the minimum coal/solvent slurry velocity, (3) the maximum gas superficial velocity, and (4) the range of the volumetric flow velocity ratio of gas to coal/solvent slurry.

Abstract: Comminuted waste material is introduced in the form of briquettes, pellets or granulates into a gastight rotating drum for the recovery of useful gas by pyrolysis. The size of the briquettes, pellets or granulates is from about 1 to 50 mm and they are brought to a dry substance content of more than 70%.

Abstract: An installation for gasifying coal in a fluidized bed under high pressure has a vessel resistant to the high pressure and a reactor disposed in the interior of the vessel and having a principal chamber constituting a gasification chamber which permits the establishment of a principal fluidized bed of substantial depth and an auxiliary fluidized bed of a smaller depth. An inclined traveling grate forms the bottom of the gasification chamber and has a lower grate portion supporting the principal fluidized bed and an upper grate portion supporting the auxiliary bed situated in a space between the vessel walls and the gasification chamber. The principal and auxiliary fluidized beds are maintained in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Abstract: Separation of the apparatus for drying and degassing organic waste from the shaft furnace containing a gasification chamber and a combustion chamber increases the through-put capability of the shaft furnace gasification. The gasification is promoted by the addition, in the same direction of flow as the partly carbonized waste material, of a gas such as air, steam, carbon dioxide or oxygen adjusted in accordance with the changes in composition of the material that is gasified. The drying and degassing chamber is a rotary drum feeding the dried and degassed material into the top of the shaft furnace. An intermediate chamber may be imposed between the rotary drum and the shaft furnace at the top of the shaft furnace so that a sieve can separate incombustible material such as metal parts for withdrawal through a gas-tight sluice.

Abstract: A three-stage combustion process is disclosed for burning a fuel containing sulfur characterized by low sulfur emission and good ash removal. The process comprises mixing the sulfur containing fuel with an additive capable of reacting with sulfur; burning the mixture in a first combustion stage with less than 75% theoretical air and at a temperature below the melting point of the ash but sufficiently high to cause reaction between the additive and any sulfur in the fuel to facilitate removal of the sulfur compounds formed; removing at least a portion of the sulfur compounds formed in the first stage; passing combustible gases from the first stage to a second stage; burning the gases in the second stage with less than 100% theoretical air at a temperature above the melting point of the ash to form a liquid slag which is removable from the second stage; and burning combustible gases from the second stage in a third stage with an excess of air to ensure complete combustion of the fuel.

Abstract: An apparatus for recovering energy from pyrolyzable, carbonaceous waste materials, for example household refuse, comprising a rotary tube reactor (4) adapted to be charged with the waste materials and producing, as products, a (low temperature) carbonization gas and a pyrolytic coke at a reaction temperature of above 200.degree. C.; a fluidized bed or swirling layer gasifier adapted to be supplied with an oxygen-containing gasifying agent, the pyrolytic coke and, optionally, waste materials and from which exit a hot gas having a temperature of between 400.degree. and 1000.degree. C. and an inert ash. Further, the system includes cleaning stages (8, 20) for the carbonization gas, connected subsequent to the rotary tube reactor and the gasifier (14), and further a combustion device (24) for the cleaned gases, as a part of a boiler system.

Abstract: A combustion heater for oil shale heats particles of spent oil shale containing unburned char by burning the char. A delayed fall is produced by flowing the shale particles down through a stack of downwardly sloped overlapping baffles alternately extending from opposite sides of a vertical column. The delayed fall and flow reversal occurring in passing from each baffle to the next increase the residence time and increase the contact of the oil shale particles with combustion supporting gas flowed across the column to heat the shale to about 650.degree.-700.degree. C. for use as a process heat source.

Abstract: A gas converter is disclosed, especially for the treatment, including dissociation, of gases produced in the pyrolysis of waste materials. The converter includes a feeder for airtight feeding of fuel from the upper region of the reactor tower to the bed of hot fuel, a gas outlet, and a slag removal system. The reactor tower is furnished at its lower end near the conduits for the admission of air and gases with a rotating distributor member. The feeder is provided by a bucket-wheel valve arrangement.

Abstract: Biomass is prepared for use as a fuel or chemical feed stock either by processing biomass to provide particles or by utilizing such particles that have been independently produced, in either case at a location remote from consuming sites. At a thus situated location, particles are delivered to at least one gas producing section and to a drying section with hot producer gas utilized in the drying section in a manner to so reduce the moisture content of the particles as to render the particles a more efficient fuel or chemical feed stock.

Abstract: An installation for the thermal treatment of a pulverulent mineral product by gases has a support frame at a first level, a furnace for the thermal treatment of the pulverulent mineral product in suspension in hot gases generated by the combustion of air and a fuel, two groups of series-connected cyclones connected to the furnace, one of the groups of cyclones being arranged upstream of the furnace and the other group of cyclones being arranged downstream of the furnace, and conduits connecting the cyclones to each other and to the furnace so that exhaust gases from the furnace pass successively through all the cyclones of the one group while a current of air passes through all the cyclones of the other group before entering the furnace to serve as the combustion air, the exhaust gases heating the product before it enters the furnace and the air current cooling the treated product.

Abstract: This invention is a system for recovering resources from sludge in which sludge including water of 90 to 70 percent is first supplied to a sludge concentrator invented by the inventor through a forced supply equipment where the sludge is concentrated to have water content up to about 60 percent; then is sent to a drying furnace having a fluidized sand bed.A product yielded in the said drying furnace is separated to gas and solid. After the separated gas is pressurized by a fan and is heated by a heat exchanger through a circulation passage, a required part thereof is supplied to the drying furnace as gas for drying and the remainder is sent to the said sludge concentrator. After the water content is removed from the gas concentrated and the gas yielded by the said sludge concentrator is used in the system as gaseous fuel.

Abstract: A process for continuously gasifying wood, wood chips, wood charcoal, or other low-ash biomass material in a mechanically-ashed gasifier using a fixed bed gasification system to obtain a gaseous product relatively rich in carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Product gas comprising carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide, together with methane and other diluents, is withdrawn from the gasification chamber. Sufficient noncombustible, particulate, refractory material is fed to the gasifier to provide an adequately deep layer of noncombustible solids on a moveable grate which supports the fuel bed, the object being to prevent damage to the grate and the grate-actuating mechanism caused by overheating, when the ash bed becomes too thin. The product gases from the gasification chamber may be used as raw synthesis gas for the production of, for example, methanol or as furnace heating gases.

Abstract: In a method of thermal solid waste exploitation the pure pyrolysis gases are used for auxiliary heating in combustion and the flue gases from combustion are used for heating in pyrolysis. In a solid waste processing installation the pure gas outlet of the pyrolysis unit is connected to the auxiliary burner of the combustion unit and the pyrolysis reactor is arranged between the flue gas outlet of the combustion unit and a waste heat retrieval unit.

Abstract: A system for transferring solid material to and from a high pressure reactor as a water slurry is disclosed. In a wet oxidation reaction system comminuted solid hydrocarbonaceous material, such as shale, coal, tar sand, wood or waste, flows in a continuous circulation loop to mix and supply a slurry of water and a high concentration of comminuted solid hydrocarbon-containing particles to the reactor. Such a slurry is reacted with oxygen at high temperature and pressure to extract hydrocarbon fluids as a gaseous phase and to remove metal, sulfur and nitrogen components from the material in the residual liquid. Flow into and out of the reactor vessel is through hydraulically actuated cylinders each isolated from atmosphere and the reaction vessel by a pair of full flow gate valves having no valve seats, throats or stems subject to abrasion.

Abstract: In a combustion chamber (20) the biomass to be degasified is placed via a conveyor screw (11) on to a trough (24). In the degasification chamber (20) there prevails a high temperature due to the vicinity of the flame chamber (27), so that the biomass is being degasified. The escaping gasses are burned in the flame chamber (27). Between the wall of the degasification chamber (20) and an outer casing (28) there is an air chamber (29) in which the fresh air introduced from the outside is preheated and thereafter is guided partly through the trough (24) and partly to another section of the flame chamber (27).

Abstract: An apparatus for dry removal of hot residues resulting from a gasification of coal or carbon-containing solid materials in the lower region or a shaft-like fluid flow gasification reactor which is operated under pressure in downward flow. A wall-heating surface, having upward flow therethrough and having a tube-fin-tube construction, is disposed parallel to and on the inner side of the insulation of the pressure tank wall. This wall-heating surface tapers in the manner of a funnel from a large cylindrical diameter to a small cylindrical diameter. The wall-heating surface has a constricted throat, and thereafter passes over from the cylindrical cross section to the cross section of a four-cornered chamber. Inlet openings are located directly ahead of and at the narrowest point of the constricted throat for cold, clean product gas which is used as fluidizing and cooling gas.

Abstract: Method of operating a rotary calciner retrofitted from oil- or natural gas-firing to coal-firing, in which coal is burned in a coal furnace and the coal combustion gases are then heated further in a booster burner utilizing oil or natural gas, to raise the combustion gas temperature to permit processing of calcine at up to a design capacity rate.

Abstract: Organic materials are separated and retrieved by mixing them with a liquid medium which is solid at room temperature and which is at atmosphere pressure. The material and medium are pumped by an electromagnetic pump while creating turbulence and then the velocity of the medium is decreased while heat is applied. Gases generated during the application of heat are collected. The medium is then cooled and returned to the pool at atmospheric pressure.