Abstract: In an electric energy generating plant including a coal gasification arrangement and a combined gas turbine and steam combine, hot raw gas generated in the gasification arrangement is fed via a heat-exchanging and dust separating unit into a desulfurization unit from which cool purified gas is discharged. The heat exchanging unit includes a tubular pressure resistant housing serving as a feeding passage for the hot raw gas and enclosing a coaxial arrangement of a tubular pipe-wall housing of a waste-heat recovery boiler, and pipe spirals of a raw gas/purified gas heat exchanger. The waste-heat recovery boiler delivers superheated steam to the steam turbine and the raw gas/purified gas heat exchanger delivers heated purified gas to the gas turbine.

Abstract: A process for the gasification of coal to produce synthesis gas is disclosed, the process being characterized by passage of product gas stream containing sticky or molten particles upward from the gasification zone and quenching of the product gas stream and particles in a quench zone coated or lined internally with boron nitride.

Abstract: A process for the gasification of coal to produce synthesis gas is disclosed, the process being characterized by passage of product gas stream containing sticky or molten particles upward from the gasification zone and quenching of the product gas stream and particles in a quench zone coated or lined internally with silicon carbide.

Abstract: The gasification device includes a pipe wall structure assembled of a plurality of pipe circuits enclosing in a gas tight manner a reactor space. A pressure jacket surrounds at a distance the pipe wall structure and delimits therewith a water filled interspace. All inlet conduits for supplying cooling water to individual pipe circuits pass through the jacket whereas the outlets of the pipe circuits open into the interspace. A common discharge conduit for cooling water is provided in the pressure jacket and communicates with the interspace. The pressure jacket is assembled of two parts interconnected by a releasable flange connection. All inlet conduits and common outlet conduits are attached to the upper part so as to enable the lifting of the entire pipe wall structure upon the lower part together with the upper part.

Abstract: A cooler for gases generated from coal by gasification under pressure has a pressurized vessel (1) that accommodates an insert (5) with a polygonal cross-section made out of pipes (6) that are welded together gas-tight in conjunction with webs (7). The pipes in the insert are bent vertically in to create a roof (11) and parallel one another sector by sector with webs of uniform width. The pipes that abut at an angle at the edges of the sectors are united in pairs by forged crosstail butts (13). The crosstail butts are aligned along a straight line and completely occupy the spaces between the sectors.

Abstract: A process for the gasification of coal to produce synthesis gas is disclosed, the process being characterized by passage of product gas stream containing sticky or molten particles upward from the gasification zone and quenching of the product gas stream and particles in a quench zone coated or lined internally with silicon nitride.

Abstract: A process for the gasification of coal to product synthesis gas is disclosed, the process being characterized by passage of product gas stream containing sticky or molten particles upward from the gasification zone and quenching of the product gas stream and particles in a quench zone coated or lined internally with titanium diboride.

Abstract: A gas/liquid heat exchanger. Process gases leaving the heat-transfer elements of a heat-transfer-surface unit are guided through the displacement body that is associated with that unit. Feed water is introduced into the displacement body at the lower end thereof. After countercurrent heat-exchange flow relative to the process gas, the feed water is withdrawn from the upper end of the displacement body, and is introduced into a zone of downwardly flowing water.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery boiler comprising heat exchange rate switching means for controlling the rate of heat exchange between an exhaust gas and feedwater in a heat exchanger by changing the state of the feedwater in accordance with the concentration of sulfur oxides in the exhaust gas, thereby maintaining the temperature at which low temperature corrosion due to the exhaust gas is prevented in a downstream portion of the heat exchanger in the direction in which the exhaust gas flows. Accordingly, it is possible to achieve the maximum efficiency of heat recovery since the phenomenon of steaming in the heat exchanger is eliminated irrespective of whether the kind of exhaust gas is a dirty gas or a clean gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for condensing flue gas in combustion plants, and an arrangement of apparatus herefor. In accordance with the invention the flue gas is cooled and humidified by bringing the gas into direct contact with water, whereafter the water vapor in the gas is cooled and condensed, the heat of condensation being recovered by indirect heat exchange. The heat of condensation is transferred partially to a heat absorbing medium, preferably return water in a district heating network, and partially to a circuit in which water is circulated within the plant, this water being used for heating and humidifying the combustion air.

Abstract: Steam is generated from cooling water in a heat exchanger for hot gases. Subsequently the steam is superheated by the gases to be cooled. This process is carried out by providing submerged water-tube superheater modules in, for example, a waste heat boiler/evaporator.

Abstract: A combined plant comprising a gas turbine, a waste heat recovery boiler using exhaust gases of the gas turbine as a heat source and including low pressure and high pressure steam generators and a steam turbine arranged to be driven by the steam supplied from the boiler, the gas turbine and the steam turbine being connected by a single shaft. At the time of plant startup, low pressure steam from the low pressure steam generator is introduced into the steam turbine prior to the generation of high pressure steam, thereby preventing the steam turbine from being overheated due to a windage loss.

Abstract: Firing equipment that can be operated under turbocharge, especially fluidized bed firing equipment for a steam generator. At least two successively arranged air compressors are provided, including a first compressor that is driven by a first turbine, which is disposed on a common shaft with the first compressor, and forms together with the latter a turbocharger, with the energy needed for driving the first compressor being extracted from the flue gas of the turbocharged firing equipment. An air preheater is disposed between the second compressor and the firing equipment, with flue gas being supplied thereto. A second turbine drives the second compressor. At least during turbocharged operation of the firing equipment, the flue gas is conveyed at high temperature first to the second turbine then to the air preheater. An electrical apparatus that is operable at least as a generator is operatively associated with the second compressor and the second turbine.

Abstract: The gas cooler has a pair of coaxial flues for the cooling of a synthesis gas wherein the flues are resiliently mounted independently of each other. The gas flow connection at the top of the pressure vessel is sized to permit the inner flue to be lifted out of the vessel for cleaning and repair purposes. In addition, the outer flue can be constructed of interconnected wall elements which may also be disconnected for discrete removal through the top of the vessel for cleaning and repair purposes.

Abstract: Waste heat steam generator for hot, dust-loaded gases under overpressure, with a gas feedline, with a gas exhaust line as well as with heat exchanger elements through which a coolant flows. The gas feedline is conducted inside a gas exhaust line, which opens from above into heat exchanger space which is concentrically arranged in a pressure vessel. The heat exchanger space is open at the lower end and in it the heat exchanger elements are supported. The space between the containment walls of the heat exchanger space and the pressure vessel wall at the upper end of the pressure vessel is connected to the gas exhaust line. The pressure vessel bottom in the form of a funnel is connected to an ash removal device. The containment walls of the heat exchanger space are provided with heat exchanger tubes.

Abstract: In a process for cooling hot process gases from a pressure gasification reactor the hot process gas is passed through a heat exchange with water to produce saturated steam and then in countercurrent heat exchange with said saturated steam to generate superheated steam, production of saturated steam and superheated steam are performed in a single pressure vessel. Correspondingly the two necessary heating surfaces packages are arranged in an upright pressure vessel one above the other.

Abstract: A device for evacuating into the ambient air combustion products from a condensation boiler, in which at least one downstream section of the conduit for evacuating the combustion products is coaxial to the conduit for admission of the combustion air necessary for the burner. Means are provided for returning to the outside a fraction of the air collected in said admission conduit. The downstream section of the conduit for evacuating the combustion products, the coaxial section of the admission conduit and the means for returning to the outside a fraction of the collected air define a first heat exchanger. Means also are provided for diluting the combustion product with the fraction of collected air, the dilution means being located in the vicinity of the opening for suction of the combustion air and for rejection of the combustion products into the ambient air.

Abstract: Volatile matter especially solvents is recovered from waste material using a hot granular material such as sand, as a heat carrier to drive off the solvents, and as a carrier for the non-volatile resin content of the waste; the resins are thermally decomposed in reactions which provide heat to maintain the granular material hot and the granular material is continuously circulated; the exhaust gases from the thermal decomposition of the resins can be used as a source of heat outside the system.

Abstract: In a low NO.sub.x power and steam generator for thermally enhanced oil recover, a gas turbine fired with nitrogen-bearing crude oil and air produces power and hot turbine exhaust. A portion of the turbine exhaust is fed into the primary combustion chamber of a two-stage combustor for supplying the combustion air for burning a high nitrogen-containing crude oil in the primary combustion zone under fuel-rich conditions. The combustion is completed in a secondary combustion zone supplied with air derived from a second portion of the turbine exhaust at about 1200.degree. F. A third portion of the turbine exhaust is fed into a convection stage disposed to receive the exhaust from the secondary combustion zone for capturing the heat from the turbine exhaust and from the exhaust of the secondary zone and converting it to steam.

Abstract: An apparatus for gasifying coal dust has a housing provided with an output fitting for the removal of generator gas and an output fitting for the removal of granulated slag. An overflow maintains a body of liquid in the bottom of the housing and a coal-dust burner in the housing forms a downwardly moving coal-dust flame in an upper reaction zone of the housing. An annular tube wall in the housing upper and lower ends where its tubes are bent apart and form radially throughgoing upper and lower openings and at the burner and therebelow but above the generator-gas output fitting. This tube wall is radially gastight between its upper and lower openings and radially inwardly delimits an axially extending annular passage that is outwardly defined by the housing. Steam is fed to the upwardly directed lances in the passage to create in the housing a toroidal annular current of moving gas and steam rising in the passage and descending in the zones between the flame and the tube wall.

Abstract: An apparatus for dry cooling red-hot coke having an antechamber with a small discharge leading to a vertically elongated cooling chamber which is of larger dimension than the discharge and with both the cooling chamber and the antechamber having fluid cooling tubes in one or more walls and the ceiling thereof and also having a cooling tube bank in the shape of truncated pyramid comprising trapezoidal walls diverging downwardly from the discharge of the antechamber into the cooling chamber.

Abstract: With a process for producing high-pressure superheated steam via hot reaction gases of a gas generator, in which coal or carbon containing materials are gasified, the production of the high-pressure superheated steam is effected in the gas generator and in a waste heat system. The gas generator preferably is provided with at least two integrated vaporizers, especially a radiation vaporizer and a radiation vaporizer and a radiation superheater.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery boiler for a turbine including two denitrating devices disposed in the boiler to reduce the NOx concentration in an exhaust gas below a pre-determined value even when a turbine load changes. The overall denitration efficiency distribution of the boiler with respect to the turbine load can be set arbitrarily by selecting suitable positions of the denitrating devices and the amounts of a catalyst, and any adverse effects resulting from the change of the turbine load can be avoided.

Abstract: A shop assembled modular steam generator wherein each module includes top supported pressure parts, casing, and a frame structure. These modules are readily transported to a remote construction site and interconnected. Each of the superheater, high pressure boiler, intermediate pressure boiler, low pressure boiler, and economizer sections of the generator comprise separate center and end modules whose casings are joined to provide a gas tight flow path around the pressure parts.

Abstract: An apparatus which automatically removes the non-condensable gases from the process steam cogenerated in the Cheng cycle system.

Abstract: A waste heat boiler system includes a vertically elongated waste heat boiler having an upper portion with a waste gas inlet and a lower portion with an exhaust line connection which in addition to its vapor generating tubes includes evaporator tube nests and a water preheater. The waste gases are received from a dry coke cooling vessel and they are delivered through a separator by a blower to the lower end of the coke cooling vessel for flow upwardly through the hot coke. The superheater is mounted over the waste heat boiler and has a connection through a controllable valve to the top of the waste heat boiler. The superheater includes its own burner and air and external gas supply are supplied to the combustion chamber for the superheater along with bypass portion of the circulated waste gases. The steam generated by the boiler is delivered from a steam cylinder or drum in the superheated tubes of the superheater.

Abstract: An exhaust gas boiler including a plurality of superheaters and reheaters disposed separately in a side-by-side relationship with each other in the upstream of exhaust gas flow and in a plane across the complete of said exhaust gas boiler, which comprises in combination a plurality of superheater means and reheater means separated into primary and secondary groups respectively in such a manner that the secondary superheater means and secondary reheater means are disposed side by side with each other, the primary reheater means being in the downstream of the secondary superheater means and the primary superheater means in the downstream of the secondary reheater means, the primary superheater means and the secondary superheater means being connected with each other, the primary reheater means and the secondary reheater means being connected with each other, respectively, and that there are provided a plurality of pass partition means between the superheater means and the reheater means.

Abstract: A heat extractor system for a furnace, said furnace including a burner with a chimney that is connected but is normally not in operation. Instead, the furnace is connected to a vent in parallel with the chimney through a draft-inducing arrangement including a water spray in which water is heated and circulated to a point where the heat from the water is utilized. Due to the parallel arrangement of the vent and chimney, if the vent fails to operate, it will function in a fail-safe manner, with the combusted gases from the burner leaving through the chimney.

Abstract: A device for evacuating into the ambient air combustion products from a condensation boiler, in which at least one downstream section of the conduit for evacuating the combustion products is coaxial to the conduit for admission of the combustion air necessary for the burner. Means are provided for returning to the outside a fraction of the air collected in said admission conduit. The downstream section of the conduit for evacuating the combustion products, the coaxial section of the admission conduit and the means for returning to the outside a fraction of the collected air define a first heat exchanger. Means also are provided for diluting the combustion product with the fraction of collected air, the dilution means being located in the vicinity of the opening for suction of the combustion air and for rejection of the combustion products into the ambient air.

Abstract: A gas turbine heat recovery system that can be used in steam reforming plants is disclosed. The system utilizes a high pressure steam superheater and a high pressure feedwater heater to recover the heat from the exhaust gas turbine.

Abstract: A system for recovering the waste heat normally exhausted in the atmosphere by blast furnace stoves or other variable temperature process heaters. The system comprises a heat exchange apparatus located in the exhaust stack, heat transfer means for carrying the waste heat absorbed from the exhaust gases to a location remote therefrom, and a second heat exchange apparatus for releasing the transferred waste heat for beneficial use at the remote location. This invention also includes a reservoir for storing the heat transfer fluid used in the system and also the reservoir acts as a heat sink to moderate the temperature variation of the heat transfer fluid. The system also includes means for controlling temperature of the first heat exchanger and means for controlling the temperature of the variable temperature process heater. The preferred heat transfer fluid is maintained as a liquid during its use in the system.

Abstract: A compact, unfired, staggered tube, once-through steam generator or boiler of simple construction intended primarily for combined cycle power plants in which the thermal energy utilized to generate steam is obtained from the exhaust gases of a gas turbine engine. The boiler provides steam at two different pressure levels, which maximizes recovery of thermal energy; and all wettable components in the steam/water loop are fabricated of corrosion resistant materials. This eliminates the need for controlling the pH of the feedwater and the need for chemically controlling its dissolved oxygen content, thereby reducing maintenance and operating costs and making automatic, unattended, remotely controlled operation of the boiler practical as well as eliminating the need for blowing down the boiler and minimizing requirements for make-up water. The boiler can be operated dry to remove gas side fouling; and feedwater flow rates can be directly controlled.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for the discharge and/or distribution of a gas from a source of the gas, and more specifically relates to such a system which enables gas from a source to be discharged and/or distributed to at least two gas-utilizing units irrespective of the operational status of each unit. The gas from the source is conducted from a manifold to each unit via respective conduits. Each conduit has a valve having a maximum closed position, in which the valve is open to a predetermined minimum degree exceeding zero, and a maximum opened position, in which it is open to a predetermined extent set by the maximum gas capacity of the respective unit. One valve maintains a gas flow delivery pressure to its respective unit not exceeding a selected maximum pressure. The other valve maintains a gas flow-rate corresponding to the gas-requirement of its respective unit.

Abstract: In a steam generating system, steam condensate extracted from steam used to reheat boiler water in heaters (H1, . . . , H4) is revaporized in the recuperators-vaporizers (RV1, . . . , RV3) by heat exchange contact with the flue gas from boiler (B). The steam thus formed is recycled to contribute to the reheating of the water fed to the boiler.

Abstract: The process described is a novel use of two complementary processes, the first of which provides the product to be converted into energy by the second process, related in such a way that the two combined provides an alternative to conventional fuels at a significant economical advantage. Specifically, the burning of sulfur with air or oxygen produces sulfur dioxide which can be combined with water to form sulfuric acid and by electrolysis, the sulfuric acid and water is converted to hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas is burned as has been the sulfur, each producing thermal energy which is used to produce steam. The steam produced by burning the two fuels, sulfur and hydrogen gas, is used in the pulp mill in exactly the same manner as has been steam produced by burning fuels such as natural gas, fuel oil, coal and wood.

Abstract: A bundled-tube heat exchanger of the vertical arrangement type has a gas inlet chamber and a gas outlet chamber. These gas chambers are connected by gas transfer tubes. The gas transfer tubes are surrounded by cooling medium tubes within a housing chamber. Each of the cooling medium tubes opens out into a respective connecting chamber that is formed between the casing chamber, the gas inlet chamber, and the gas outlet chamber. A gas transfer tube that is open to the casing chamber connects the casing chamber to a connecting chamber.

Abstract: A convective heater for heating fluids such as a coal slurry is constructed of a tube circuit arrangement which obtains an optimum temperature distribution to give a relatively constant slurry film temperature. The heater is constructed to divide the heating gas flow into two equal paths and the tube circuit for the slurry is arranged to provide a mixed flow configuration whereby the slurry passes through the two heating gas paths in successive co-current, counter-current and co-current flow relative to the heating gas flow. This arrangement permits the utilization of minimum surface area for a given maximum film temperature of the slurry consistent with the prevention of coke formation.

Abstract: A waste heat boiler system includes a vertically elongated waste heat boiler having an upper portion with a waste gas inlet and a lower portion with an exhaust line connection which in addition to its vapor generating tubes includes evaporator tube nests and a water preheater. The waste gases are received from a dry coke cooling vessel and they are delivered through a separator by a blower to the lower end of the coke cooling vessel for flow upwardly through the hot coke. The superheater is mounted over the waste heat boiler and has a connection through a controllable valve to the top of the waste heat boiler. The superheater includes its own burner and air and external gas supply are supplied to the combustion chamber for the superheater along with bypass portion of the circulated waste gases. The steam generated by the boiler is delivered from a steam cylinder or drum in the superheated tubes of the superheater.

Abstract: A gas turbine cogeneration plant having a combined heat recovery and emission control system with a first steam boiler having a bank of steam generating tubes upstream of a NOX emission reduction unit and second and third steam boilers having banks of steam generating tubes downstream of the NOX emission reduction unit and wherein the upstream steam boiler has a temperature responsive control system which regulates the upstream boiler pressure and thereby regulates the temperature and heat exchange rate of its steam generating tubes to regulate the temperature of the exhaust gas stream at the NOX emission reduction unit.

Abstract: A gasifier (10) having an associated boiler (26, 32, 42, 48), for converting coal to combustible gas, and also having a desulfurizer (20) downstream of the gasifier. In order to maintain the gas leaving the gasifier and flowing to the desulfurizer above a predetermined temperature, even when operating the unit at reduced loads, a temperature sensing device (56) continuously monitors the gas temperature upstream of the desulfurizer. If the temperature drops below a predetermined value, high temperature boiler water (62) is introduced to the economizer (26) rather than feed water (24), so that less heat is absorbed by the economizer from the gases under these conditions.

Abstract: A waste-heat tank which is constructed as a pressure tank, is charged with coolant, and is connected after a pressure gasification. The waste-heat tank has a cooled feed device or tubular-fin-tubular construction which includes an ash container. The waste-heat tank also has a gas/liquid heat exchanger which includes equally long tubular elements which serve as heat transfer surfaces and are integrated into tubular or planar wall units. Each element of the tubular elements is formed of a tube having an axis which is located extending generally parallel to the container axis of the waste-heat tank. Each element itself is guided in a winding manner. Each tube opens via a feed tube into the finger-like end portion of the feed device. The finger-like end portion is coated with refractory material. Each tube is arranged in an individual tubular or channel-like chamber about a polygonal, preferably hexagonal, tubular or channel-like inner space arrangement.

Abstract: A waterwall for a twin tower gasification system wherein the two towers are fluidically connected intermediate their ends. The waterwall comprises a plurality of tubes, a portion of which extend from the first tower to the second tower and define a cylinder. The portion of the tubes extending between the towers are twisted into a helix such that the portion of the tubes that define the lower portion of the cylinder at the first tower, define the upper portion of the cylinder at the second tower.

Abstract: A process for quenching and cooling reactor effluent is provided. The apparatus utilized to practice the process includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite quenched effluent and solids. The process employs relatively cool particulate solids to quench hot effluent and indirect heat exchange between water and the quenched effluent-solids mix to generate high pressure steam and further cool the mix.

Abstract: A two part heat recovery unit receives a high temperature gas mixture (2) in the lower, refractory-lined dwell furnace (4) wherein the gas is cooled to condense out liquid inert ash material. The cooled gas mixture exits the dwell furnace (4) vertically upward through a transistion duct (18) which includes a restricted throat (28). Additional ash and potassium seed compounds condensed from the gas mixture in the convective furnace (20) either form a loose flyash which exits the convective furnace (20) with the gas mixture via the backpass (24), or collect on the walls and heat transfer surfaces (22) of the furnace (20) as a liquid which runs downward toward the throat (28) and is there reentrained by the high velocity gas stream.

Abstract: A self-cleaning liner for high pressure boilers. The self-cleaning liner comprising a tubular liner and a sprayhead assembly. To minimize thermal shock, the sprayhead assembly protrudes into a cavity created by the formation of a bump in the tubular liner, shielding the sprayhead assembly from high temperatures. The sprayhead assembly may also incorporate a thermal sleeve to decrease thermal shock caused by the temperature difference between the sprayhead assembly and the cleaning medium.

Abstract: A boiler comprising a fluidized bed combustion chamber which communicates with an exchange enclosure containing water tubes heated by the combustion tubes and within which is arranged an exchange and dust removal chamber equipped with water tubes and containing a vertical internal partition dividing it into two half chambers communicating with one another. One of these half chambers communicates with the upstream part of the enclosure through an inlet orifice situated at the top part and constrains the fumes to follow a descending path along the partition, while the other communicates with the downstream part of the enclosure through an outlet orifice situated at the top part and constrains the fumes to follow an ascending path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for burning fine grained material, particularly for the manufacture of cement clinker whereby the product quality is enhanced. At least a portion of the exhaust gases from the kiln at a temperature of about 1000.degree. to 1300.degree. C. are cooled by passing them through a steam generator to a temperature of about 200.degree. to 300.degree. C. At least a portion of the noxious substances such as alkali chlorides and sulfur are condensed out of the gas stream as well as possibly some mineral particles such as partially deacidified kiln dust. The materials condensed out of the gas are separated in the steam generator by means of periodic or continuous cleaning of the heating surfaces of the steam generator. The steam which is generated in the generator is conducted to at least one prime mover such as a steam turbine or a steam motor for the purpose of producing electrical or mechanical energy.

Abstract: The synthesis gas cooler is provided with a movable platform in the space between the inner and outer flue. The platform may be constructed in segments with separate cable and winch means provided for raising and lowering of the platform segments via suspension structures. The suspension structures may also be secured in a raised position by bars which pass through fittings at the upper end of the suspension structures and which are supported in a partition above the movable platform.

Abstract: A steam generator assembly, particularly for use in connection with the mechanical preparation of pulp, for generating pure steam required in a subsequent process, such as drying of proper in a paper machine, by utilizing the condensation heat of contaminated steam coming from a preceding process, such as a grinding process, includes a steam converter and electrical boiler arranged in a common housing to form a unified structure. The steam converter utilizes the condensation heat of the contaminated steam to generate pure steam from water supplied to the converter. The electric boiler is connected in parallel to the steam converter and includes electrodes adapted to generate steam when moistened by water supplied to the boiler from a separate water container in the housing. Selective control of the supply of water to the electric boiler and the extent to which the electrodes are moistened regulates the amount of pure steam generated by the electric boiler.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a waste heat boiler construction where the convection chamber (5) of the waste heat boiler is located on essentially lower level than the radiation chamber (2). In order to lower the end of the radiation chamber (2) gradually onto the level of the convection chamber (2), into the radiation chamber are placed walls (1) essentially in transversal direction to the gas flow, which walls at the same time divide the radiation chamber into separate sections. In order to profitably conduct the gas flow in the radiation chamber, the roof of the radiation chamber (2) is provided with panels (3) located in the gas flow direction, so that the gas flows from the previous section are divided roughly into two by means of the panels (3) of the following section.