Abstract: A novel heat exchanger for recuperating heat from a combustion gas stream is disclosed. The heat is recuperated in a steam generator formed from a shell and tube heat exchanger. To reduce deposits on the combustion gas side of the heat exchanger the tube walls are porous so that the pressure across the tube walls during steam generation will continuously drive a small amount of water or steam from the liquid side to the smoke side to remove deposits on the tubes.

Abstract: A method of controlling the heating effect of high temperature gases such as gases obtained in the partial oxidation of oil asphalt, oil shale or coal and the like which are to be used for the heating of another media such as for superheating steam comprises passing the high temperature gases into a space on the way to the heating of the media and circulating a heat absorbing media such as water into the space in quantities to have a selected heat exchange with the high temperature gases and control the temperature thereof on its way to its use in a heat exchanger or superheater. The apparatus include a vessel which is connected between a superheater and a steam producing gas cooler which has an inlet for the high temperature gases which are circulated through the vessel through tubes on its way to the superheater which is disposed over the vessel and advantageously connected to it.

Abstract: A fluid cooled heat exchanger (10) having a product gas outlet (26) near the bottom thereof for cooling product gas from a pressurized gasifier in which the product gas is caused to reverse direction before passing to the gas outlet (26). A uniform distribution of product gas flow radially outward during the flow reversal is achieved by providing a path of least resistance (62) to the product gas flow in the region most distant from the heat exchanger gas outlet (26) and a path of most resistance (62) in the region nearest the gas outlet and graduated openings (64) therebetween.

Abstract: A combined plant including a gas turbine, a steam turbine and a waste heat recovery boiler using exhaust gases of the gas turbine as a heat source for producing steam serving as a drive source of the steam turbine further includes an ancillary steam source separate from and independent of the waste heat recovery boiler. At the time of startup of the plant, steam from the ancillary steam source is introduced into the steam turbine until the conditions for feeding air to the waste heat recovery boiler are set, to thereby avoid overheating of the steam turbine due to a windage loss.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to an improved process and apparatus for the production of gaseous products such as ammonia by catalytic, exothermic gaseous reactions and is specifically directed to an improved process which utilizes a gas-phase catalytic reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen for the synthesis of ammonia. This improved process for the production of ammonia utilizes an ammonia converter apparatus designed to comprise at least two catalyst stages and a reheat exchanger so arranged as to provide indirect heat exchange of the gaseous effluent from the last reactor catalyst stage with the effluent from at least one other reactor catalyst stage having a higher temperature level in order to reheat the effluent from the last reactor catalyst stage prior to exiting the reactor vessel, thereby facilitating higher level heat recovery from the reactor effluent.

Abstract: Vertical radiation tank for gaining heat from process gases.A special performance of the diaphragm pipe walls has been chosen in order to avoid that ash swept along is solidified.

Abstract: An upright apparatus for cooling high pressure gases with a high dust component includes a radiation/convection cooler with longitudinally extending heat exchanger elements and a convection cooler follows the radiation/convection cooler on the gas side. As distinguished from known devices for the cooling of high pressure gases, the apparatus provides a largely uniform distribution of the gas at the cooling elements and hence a uniform thermal load of the individual elements in the radiation/convection cooler. A uniform cleaning of these cooling elements and easy removal of the dust from the cooling surfaces of these cooling elements is made possible, in order thereby to ensure a good heat transfer. The radiation/convection cooler heat exchanger elements are combined in finned tube walls forming lanes between them, which walls extend from one inner wall section to the opposite inner wall section.

Abstract: The specification describes arrangements in which the attemperation or control of the temperature of a fluidized bed in a fluidized bed combustion unit effected by means of the mixture of a variable proportion of inert gas with fluidizing air fed to the bed may be supplemented with steam. Supplementation with steam being effected to a relatively minor extent during normal operation of the unit but being effected to a major extent when the temperature of the bed passes outside the range at which attemperation may be effected by use of recycled flue gas. The combustion unit is described in use within an arrangement including process plant in the form of a rotary drum dryer.

Abstract: Heat recovery boiler equipment comprising high and low pressure boiler drums and high and low pressure evaporators is disclosed. A recirculation pipeline system is also disclosed in which a control device is provided to control the flow rate of recirculated feed water to maintain a temperature below which cold corrosion occurs. The recirculation of feed water allows for a shorter starting time during restart. Additionally, pressure can be held at a predetermined value to prevent corrosion due to the intrusion of air.

Abstract: A heat extractor system for a furnace, said furnace including a burner with a chimney that is connected but is normally not in operation. Instead, the furnace is connected to a vent in parallel with the chimney through a draft-inducing arrangement including a water spray in which water is heated and circulated to a point where the heat from the water is utilized. Due to the parallel arrangement of the vent and chimney, if the vent fails to operate, it will function in a fail-safe manner, with the combusted gases from the burner leaving through the chimney.

Abstract: The gas cooler arrangement includes a first pressure vessel in which heat is yielded by radiation and a following convection gas cooler. The pressure vessel of the convection gas cooler includes a faller flue and at least one riser flue for cooling the gas. The flues comprise heat-removing tubes which are parts of a steam generator. The bottom of the pressure vessel contains an ash collection chamber which is connected to the ends of the flues and which can be emptied via a suitable closure element.

Abstract: A gas cooler and process are provided for the efficient extraction of heat from a hot raw gas stream containing entrained matter from the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous or carbonaceous fuel, and the simultaneous production of a separate stream of superheated steam. The gas cooler comprises a closed vertical pressure vessel with an upper central outlet through which the superheated steam is removed. A refractory lined hot gas inlet chamber is attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. A plurality of bundles of helical tubes through which the hot gas flows are spaced in the vessel. The hot gas enters at the bottom of the vessel and the cooled gas leaves at the bottom of the helical coil. A portion of the vessel is filled with boiler feed water so that the bundles of helical tubes are partially submerged. Concurrent and countercurrent indirect heat exchange between boiler feed water and the gas stream takes place in the evaporator section to produce saturated steam.

Abstract: An energy recovery system for an incinerator. Hot flue gases from the incinerator are discharged into a vertical stack and the lower end of the stack is connected through an auxiliary conduit to a heat exchanger, such as a steam or hot water boiler. An induced draft fan draws the hot flue gases through the conduit and boiler to generate steam or hot water and a damper is located within the conduit. A fuel burner is connected in the conduit and operates to supply heat to the boiler during periods when the incinerator is not operating. A first flow sensing mechanism is located in the conduit upstream of the boiler, while a second flow sensing mechanism is positioned in the stack downstream of the connection of the stack and the conduit.

Abstract: A substantially vertical apparatus for cooling process gases originating from a gasification process, along with simultaneous separation of solid matter contained in the process gases. The apparatus is a cylindrical container including several cylindrical container parts. A gas inlet is provided in the lower region of the container shell or mantle and substantially tangential thereto. The gas inlet opens into a cyclone. Cooling surfaces are provided above the cyclone, with those directly above the cyclone being embodied as platen heat transfer surfaces, and those further above being embodied as cylindrical heat transfer surfaces. The cylindrical heat transfer surfaces are suspended in the container via support elements in the manner of an immersion heater. The support elements, in conjunction with a tube and a regulating device arranged at the process gas outlet, regulate the volume or quantity of the process gases flowing or circulating around the upper cylindrical heat transfer surface.

Abstract: A method of treating process gases coming from a gasification reactor before entry of such process gases into a system of waste heat utilization. The process gases are cooled off to a temperature of at least 800.degree. C. before entry thereof into the waste heat system. Thereafter, the gases are extensively freed of solid matter in a cyclone separator system located ahead of the convective cooling system, and thereafter the gases are cooled off further to a temperature of at least 250.degree. C. in a convective cooling system.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for recovering exhaust gas from a boiler 2 of a thermal electric power generating device 1 are disclosed. The exhaust gas from the boiler 2 is fed through a conduit 30 to a preheat section 21 of a powder raw material treating device 20. The heat of the exhaust gas is recovered as a heat source for preheating the powder raw material. The ash contained in the exhaust gas is recovered as part of the powder raw material at the preheat section. The sulfur oxides in the exhaust gas react with the desulfurizing component of the powder raw material at the preheat section, and its reaction product is recovered as part of the powder raw material.

Abstract: A method of cooling hot bulk material using a reactor comprises passing a cooling gas in heat exchange relationship with the bulk material, contacting the cooling gas and the bulk material with a water vaporizing heat exchanger surface to remove a part of the heat content of the bulk material and the cooling gases which are heated by the bulk material, and directing the cooling gases after the contact, to an additional water vaporizing heat exchange surface to cool the contacted gases for reuse. The cooling gases after they are heated are directed preferably to a waste heat boiler where they are cooled and after separation returned back to be again circulated to the reacting vessel for cooling the bulk material. The cooling reactor for cooling the hot bulk material comprises a vertically elongated vessel defining a cooling chamber which has a top charging inlet for the bulk material and a bottom charge discharge for the cooled bulk material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a recovery method and installation for the heat contained in a solid substance, occurring in divided form and more especially in ash produced by a fluidized bed combustion furnace. According to the invention the coarsest ash is removed through a purging outlet from the fluidized bed, the finest ash is separated from the smoke and the ash is cooled in two apparatuses adapted to the granulometry, one to the finest ash and the other to the coarsest ash.

Abstract: Product gas produced in a gasifier is cooled in a waste heat system consisting of a radiation part and a convection part connected thereto. The radiation part and the convection part each contain a pressure vessel with an insert provided therein at a distance. These are constructed by pipes welded gas-tightly together. The inserts are arranged removably in the pressure vessel. A free stabilization space is provided within the insert of the radiation part in the region of the gas inlet. Platen heating surfaces are located in flow direction of the product gas. The radiation part is provided separate from the gasifier and is connected thereto by a pipe conduit.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery boiler for generating steam by utilizing a flue gas discharged from a gas turbine as a heat source comprises an economizer for preheating feedwater by the flue gas, an evaporator for evaporating the preheated feedwater, and a superheater for generating a steam for driving a steam prime mover by heating the evaporated feedwater. The economizer, the evaporator and the superheater are successively arranged in the direction from a downstream side to an upstream side of flue gas passage. The evaporator itself is divided into two sections and an apparatus for removing NO.sub.x is provided in a space between the divided two sections of the evaporator in the flue gas passage to remove NO.sub.x from the flue gas. An NO.sub.x concentration of a flue gas discharged from a combined cycle power plant including the gas turbine can be stably abated at any of full and partial loads.

Abstract: An overall process of cooling, dust removal, tar removal and heat recovery of high temperature gas generated in coal gasification furnaces, and apparatuses employed therefor are provided. In this process, specific apparatuses such as fluidized bed-cooler, fluidized bed-combustion furnace for regenerating granules, granular bed filter, gas cooler and, tar scrubber are successively and effectively employed. During the process, high, medium and low pressure steam, for example, are recovered by heat exchange in these apparatuses.

Abstract: A gas cooler and process are provided for extracting heat from the hot raw gas stream from the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous or carbonaceous fuel, and the simultaneous production of a separate stream of saturated or superheated steam, or separate streams of both. The gas cooler comprises a vertical pressure vessel with an upper central outlet through which saturated steam may be removed and a closed bottom. A refractory lined hot gas inlet chamber is attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. A coaxial vertical water-tight cylindrically shaped central chamber is supported within the vessel and defines an annular elongated passage with the inside walls of the vessel. A plurality of bundles of helical tubes through which the hot gas flows are spaced in the annular passage and are serially connected to a helical bundle of gas tubes that is supported in the central chamber.

Abstract: An overall process of cooling, dust removal, tar removal and heat recovery of high temperature gas generated in coal gasification furnaces, and apparatuses employed therefor are provided. In this process, specific apparatuses such as fluidized bed-cooler, fluidized bed-combustion furnace for regenerating granules, granular bed filter, gas cooler, and tar scrubber are successively and effectively employed. During the process, high, medium and low pressure steam, for example, are recovered by heat exchange in these apparatuses.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for the recovery of sensible heat from a hot tar-free gas produced in a coal gasification process and in combined-cycle power generation. The recovered heat is utilized to generate a flow of superheated steam which may be used in the gasification plant. The apparatus includes a first boiler and a superheater fabricated from materials susceptible to damage from thermal shock when a flow of the tar-free gas having a temperature in excess of a predetermined safety temperature is introduced to the superheater when it is dry. The first boiler, filled with a flow of saturated water, initially receives the flow of gas. Within the first boiler, the gas indirectly heats the water converting it to a flow of saturated steam and reducing the gas temperature below the safety temperature. The reduced temperature gas is passed to the superheater and the saturated steam is passed to the superheater.

Abstract: Some waste heat boilers require more internal support than conventional to protect the tubes, particularly during start-up. This support can be provided by a support rod attached to the top of the boiler shell and at the other end to the entrance tubes. The rod has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the material used for the boiler shell. The differential expansion of the rod and the shell provides the additional support for the tubes.

Abstract: A waste heat boiler (10, 38) of the type which is particularly suited for use in marine applications and which incorporates a feed mixing nozzle (50) that is operative for purposes of effecting, by utilizing steam taken from the steam generating bank (20, 48), a preheating of the feedwater that is fed to the steam drum (14, 42). In addition to the aforesaid feed mixing nozzle (50), the subject waste heat boiler (10, 38) includes a feedwater control valve (12, 40), a steam drum (14, 42), a circulation pump (18, 46), a steam generating bank (20, 48) and a centrifugal water separator (16, 44). The feedwater control valve (12, 40) is employed to modulate the flow rate of the incoming feedwater in order to maintain the desired level of water in the steam drum (14, 42). In turn the latter steam drum (14, 42) is intended to function in the manner of a reservoir for the circulating water that through the operation of the circulating pump (18, 46) is supplied to the steam generating bank (20, 48).

Abstract: An installation for recovering energy from solid fossil fuels more particularly bituminous coal high in inerts consists of at least one unit in which the solid fuels are converted into gas. A gas-turbine and a steam-turbine are provided to recover the energy from the gases. The gases are freed of dust and desulfurized before the gas turbine. The installation is characterized in that a wet-bottom boiler using the ground fuel is provided with pressure firing, the flue gases therefrom being passed to a gas-gas heat exchanger, the desulfurizing unit and dust-removing unit before being utilized in the gas-turbine.

Abstract: A convective heater for heating fluids such as a coal slurry is constructed of a tube circuit arrangement which obtains an optimum temperature distribution to give a relatively constant slurry film temperature. The heater is constructed to divide the heating gas flow into two equal paths and the tube circuit for the slurry is arranged to provide a mixed flow configuration whereby the slurry passes through the two heating gas paths in successive co-current, counter-current and co-current flow relative to the heating gas flow. This arrangement permits the utilization of minimum surface area for a given maximum film temperature of the slurry consistent with the prevention of coke formation.

Abstract: A boiler for generating steam by the recovery of heat from a hot gas stream including an enclosed pressure vessel, a baffle dividing the interior of the vessel into upper and lower compartments, one or more upper headers in the upper compartment, a bundle of water tubes supported from the upper headers and extending into the lower compartment, one or more lower headers supported by the lower ends of the water tubes, and a shroud structure in the lower compartment of the boiler extending about the perimeter of the bundle of water tubes.

Abstract: System for recovering latent and sensible heat of effluent gases from a cupola for cast iron production or other similar melting installation consequent intermittent operation thereof, for obtaining heat energy or potential electric energy in the form of hot water and/or steam, comprising a thermal unit including an air burner and combustion chamber for burning the effluent gases to form hot combustion gases, two vertical waste heat boilers disposed in series along a flow path downstream of the combustion chamber, the first being a water tube boiler and the second being a fire tube boiler, both having vertical tubes arranged so that the hot gases pass upwardly through the water tubes, thereby licking such tubes, and upon flow reversal thence pass downwardly through the fire tubes, thereby enhancing the self-cleaning thereof, an economizer and optionally a combustion air preheater downstream of the second boiler, and a chimney for the fumes at the end of the flow path, as well as a common external steam separa

Abstract: The hot gas cooler comprises a vertical cylindrical pressure vessel and, disposed axially thereof, an insert which is closed over its periphery and embodied by sealingly welded-together tubes. The tubes are part of the heated pressure system of a vapor generator. The chamber bounded by the insert communicates at the top, by way of a gas supply passage extending through the pressure vessel with a reaction chamber and at the bottom, by way of a discharge passage, with a slag removal facility. Extending around the insert is a jacket embodied by sealingly welded-together tubes, so that an annular chamber closed off from the casing of the pressure vessel extends around the insert. The annular chamber communicates at the bottom with the insert chamber. Disposed in the top part of annular chamber is a coolable gas discharge passage which is connected to the jacket and extends through the pressure vessel.

Abstract: A synthesis gas cooler has concentric water walls to provide for heat transfer to a fluid in the water wall tubes. The inner water wall is concentric with the cooler shell and has a gas tight inlet connection for introducing hot synthesis gas. The inlet is located at the top of the shell. The bottom of the shell contains a body of water for quenching entrained solids which are carried with the synthesis gas, and there is a baffle to direct the flow of synthesis gas back up in the annulus between the two concentric water walls. The annulus has a closed upper end except for an outlet for the synthesis gas which is located near that end of the annulus. Also, there may be soot blowers along the length of the water walls to keep the heat transfer surfaces clean.

Abstract: An improvement in a radiation boiler for cooling a gas stream containing solid and molten particles wherein gas is introduced vertically via a gas feed at the top of a radiation boiler having a cooled gas outlet and a water bath disposed at the bottom thereof for removing the particles after they have been solidified and cooled. Between the gas feed and the water bath are disposed at least two concentrically arranged cylindrical tubular heat exchange elements vertically disposed in the boiler and forming at least one annular passage therebetween. The passage through the innermost heat exchange element is in fluid flow registry and fluid flow communication with the gas feed.

Abstract: The invention has for its object a process for recovering heat from a hot gaseous current, wherein it consists in making the hos gaseous current travel countercurrent to colder solid particles comprising at least a stage made up of a stack of packing elements placed on a widely perforated support, then distributing them at the top of a second column, letting them fall countercurrent to a second colder gaseous current while their grain-from-grain separation, to recover the heat of the solid heated particles.The invention also proposes a device for using the process.

Abstract: Flue gases from a glass-melting furnace, after passing through an elevated recuperator, descend through a vertical cooling column into a horizontal convective boiler before being exhausted into a smokestack. Entering water, circulating essentially in counterflow to the flue gases, is preheated in an exit compartment of the boiler and passes via a flow regulator into the main boiler chamber and thence into a bank of vertical pipes on the periphery of the column. On rising through these pipes, the water is partly converted to steam which is superheated in an entrance compartment of the boiler before being fed to a load, the remaining water being returned to the boiler chamber.

Abstract: A fluidized bed boiler system and a manner of operating the same is provided wherein a fluidized particulate bed in which solids are not recycled is utilized. High temperature flue gas is directed to a boiler means. A portion of both the high temperature and a low temperature gas stream are recycled to a fluidizing gas stream for fluidizing the particulate bed.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling water level of a drum of a heat recovery steam generator for a combined cycle power plant is provided. The combined cycle power plant includes gas and steam turbines and the steam generator for recovering heat in exhaust gases from the gas turbine and for using the recovered heat to produce and supply steam to the steam turbine. At a start up operation, the water level of the drum is lowered in advance to the plant start up operation so that abrupt rise of the water level due to swelling phenomenon of the boiler water which may result in heat losses by damping water out of the plant is prevented. Also, a gas turbine load increase is maintained at a constant level during a period in which the abrupt water level rise is expected so that the swelling phenomenon is avoided.

Abstract: A system for producing superheated steam includes a waste heat boiler, a steam drum and a superheater. A process stream is utilized to provide the heat necessary to produce the steam and superheated steam. A floating head design is employed in both the waste heat boiler and the superheater.

Abstract: A heat recovery device for boilers with a blower-type burner. A heat exchanger is located in the stack gas stream and through which is passed a medium to be heated and comprises a pot-shaped vessel (2) which can be inserted into the stack gas duct and is closed on all sides. A stack gas inlet (4) leads into the upper zone of the vessel (2) and at least one stack gas outlet (6, or 30 or 31) leads out of the upper zone of the vessel (2) at a distance from the inlet. A substantially vertical partition wall (7; 21) is located in the vessel (2) and extends downwards from the cover (8) of the vessel (2) and ends at a distance from the bottom (9) of the vessel to interrupt the direct stack gas path from the inlet (4) to the outlet (6). Thus, a siphon-type stack gas path is formed with an inlet chamber (10; 26) and an outlet chamber (11; 27). A draft-interruption damper (15; 32) is fitted in the outer vessel wall in the zone of the outlet chamber (11; 27).

Abstract: Apparatus and process for quenching and cooling reactor effluent. The apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite quenched effluent and solids. The process employs relatively cool particulate solids to quench hot effluent and indirect heat exchange between water and the quenched effluent-solids mix to generate high pressure steam and further cool the mix.

Abstract: A waste heat boiler which comprises a water chamber and a water vapor chamber, both surrounded by an opposed pair of tube plates, respectively, and a plurality of double tubes extending across the two chambers. The inner tubes within the double tubes are adapted to pass hot waste gases therethrough, while annular spaces defined between the inner and outer tubes within the double tubes are for directing water to be heated therethrough. At least one end area of the double tubes is of triplicate structure so that thermal stresses generated from thermal expansion of the tube elements may be absorbed effectively.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of operating a furnace with gas turbine exhaust as preheated combustion air, in which a gas seal is used. The gas seal housing may for example be a J-shaped tubular device depending from the duct through which the exhaust air flows to the burners, and is open at one end to the duct and open at the other end to the atmosphere. The variation permissible of duct pressure atop the seal in order to keep the seal intact is a function of the vertical range of the interface between the gases in the device and the difference in density between the two gases and can be controlled by adjustment of the damper setting. In normal operation the hot exhaust air flows to the furnace burners under the suction controlled by the damper. The seal is disrupted when the flow of exhaust air is reduced, the colder atmospheric air then being admitted and flowing to the burners so that the furnace continues in operation.

Abstract: Apparatus for purification of synthesis gas produced by coal gasification is provided with a vertical gas distribution chamber which is internally pressurized and within which the synthesis gas leaving the reactor is cooled. The chamber is formed with a gas take-off line which opens into the gas distribution chamber and extends therefrom at an angle, the gas take-off line leading to a serially connected waste heat boiler. A coolant bath is contained in a lower portion of the gas distribution chamber and a heat exchanger is formed in this lower portion by tube coils which are arranged in the wall of the distribution chamber defining the lower portion.

Abstract: A rotary steam boiler comprises a rotatable member mounted in a housing including heating means. The rotatable member comprises a shaft with a plurality of axially extending ducts arranged about the shaft and a plurality of pipes each having opposite ends connected to one of said ducts and having a spiral configuration, the pipes extending radially about the shaft. Inlet and outlet heads are positioned at opposite ends of the ducts, respectively, and are arranged to communicate with the ducts during rotation of the shaft whereby steam may be continuously directed through the ducts and pipes to heat the steam as the shaft rotates. A preheater and a superheater increase the efficiency of the rotary steam boiler. The rotary steam boiler may be adapted for use with nuclear power stations.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for regulating the pressure of water in a closed hot water circuit is disclosed. The apparatus includes a closed hot water circuit and a steam circuit, which water circuit and steam circuit are both heated by relatively hot waste gases exhausted from a gas turbine power plant. Two water lines link the water circuit to the steam circuit. A valve in each of these lines regulates a flow of water through each of the lines. A pressure sensor senses the pressure of the water in the water circuit. The pressure sensor communicates said pressure to a valve regulator, which valve regulator regulates the opening and closing of the valves in the water lines.

Abstract: A process for generating steam with sensible low-temperature waste heat wherein preheated feed water is expanded in a succession of pressure stages after picking up the sensible heat from the fluid carrying the waste heat, and the vapor generated in each stage by the expansion is saturated, compressed to the pressure of the next higher pressure stage and then admitted thereto, i.e. combined with the steam of this next higher stage. The system allows waste heat recovery from low temperature heat carriers where this waste heat was discarded in the past.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling a fluid stream, especially flue gases produced in large volumes in industrial processes. Heat is dumped from the gas stream via the medium of a circulating fluid which is evaporated by a gas stream and then recondensed as it dumps its acquired heat. The fluid is chosen and the rate of recondensation is controlled so that the liquid phase is at a selected saturation temperature which is then the interface temperature in the gas stream.

Abstract: A cooling device for use in tubular hot gas conduits which are made up of a plurality of longitudinally arranged side by side abutting pipes includes a plurality of registers arranged in spaced relationship along the length of the pipe and extending into the pipe from one side thereof into closely spaced arrangement in respect to the opposite side. The registers each include a plurality of U-shaped pipes which are interconnected and arranged in the direction of flow and which are connected externally of the hot gas conduit through respective inlet and outlet headers.

Abstract: A steam generating heat exchanger of modular design for cooling a high pressure, hot combustible gas laden with molten ash particles comprising a first convective cooler having a vertically orientated U-shaped gas pass housing a superheater and an evaporator, a radiant cooler disposed upstream of the first convective cooler and a second convective cooler housing an economizer disposed downstream of the first convective cooler. In-line tube bundles form the superheater, evaporator, and the economizer thereby minimizing ash deposition upon the heat transfer surface. The gas velocity within the radiant cooler is maintained low enough to permit molten ash particles entrained in the gas to coalesce and precipitate out of the gas stream, while the gas velocity within the convective coolers is maintained high enough to discourage ash deposition upon the heat transfer surface.

Abstract: At the start up of the forced-flow steam generator, water is supplied through a line into a radiation-heated superheater heating surface while the by-pass valve connected to the output line of the final superheater is closed. This produces a steam cushion or buffer which initially inhibits the formation of steam in the tube panel (evaporator). Subsequently, the by-pass valve is partly opened to produce a steam flow which cools the superheaters. When the pressure in the steam generator reaches the range of pressures corresponding to the starting pressure of the turbine, feeding of the steam generator with water is started. The heat consumed for starting is therefore reduced.