Abstract: A lithographic device includes a cooling device for removing heat from a motor. The cooling device has a cooling element provided in thermal contact with at least part of the motor. The cooling device further has a cooling duct assembly with a supply duct to supply a cooling fluid to the cooling element, and a discharge duct to discharge the cooling fluid from the cooling element. A pump causes the cooling fluid to flow through at least part of the cooling duct assembly. A flow control device controls a flow rate of the cooling fluid through at least part of the cooling duct assembly, to maintain a predetermined average temperature of the cooling fluid in the cooling element.

Abstract: An constant temperature circulator for maintaining a liquid at a constant temperature including a housing that encapsulates a controller, a display, a heating element, a temperature sensor, and an electric motor having an impeller. The housing includes a first port and a second port that cooperatively define a chamber that encapsulates the impeller, an aperture and an opening, such that actuation of the impeller when the electric motor is activated by the controller moves the liquid from the aperture, through the chamber and to the opening.

Abstract: A heat exchanger includes a body having a center and a spiral guiding trough extending spirally and outwardly from the center toward an outside of the center. The radius of the spiral guiding trough increases gradually from the center toward the outside of the center. A first port and a second port are in communication with the spiral guiding trough respectively. With the combination of the spiral guiding trough and the body, the fluid can be sufficiently mixed in the spiral guiding trough, thereby achieving an excellent thermal-conducting effect.

Abstract: A cooling system for an apparatus having heat generating components. The cooling system includes a housing and multiple sealed chambers. Fluid intake and exhaust ports are formed in the housing. The sealed chambers are for containing the heat generating components and are arranged within the housing to form a cooling fluid flow channel separating the sealed chambers from one another. The cooling fluid flow channel is in fluid communication with the fluid intake and exhaust ports.

Abstract: A self-pumping liquid and gas cooling system for the cooling of solar cells and heat generating elements. A method for the self-pumping of liquid and gas coolants utilizes the cooling system. The essentially closed coolant system incorporates a heat exchanger having a length meandering tubing passing therethrough the opposite ends of which are, respectively, in communication with a driving pump and a return pump that are interconnected by a shaft. Hereby, tubing intermediate the circuit formed by the pumps extends through an evaporator structure containing the chip or heat-generating solar cell or cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cooling system for a computer system, said computer system comprising at least one unit such as a central processing unit (CPU) generating thermal energy and said cooling system intended for cooling the at least one processing unit and comprising a reservoir having an amount of cooling liquid, said cooling liquid intended for accumulating and transferring of thermal energy dissipated from the processing unit to the cooling liquid. The cooling system has a heat exchanging interface for providing thermal contact between the processing unit and the cooling liquid for dissipating heat from the processing unit to the cooling liquid. Different embodiments of the heat exchanging system as well as means for establishing and controlling a flow of cooling liquid and a cooling strategy constitutes the invention of the cooling system.

Abstract: Systems and methods including testing of electronic components are described. One system relates to a system including a thermal control unit adapted to control the temperature of at least a portion of an electronic component during testing. The system includes at least one conduit extending through a portion of the thermal control unit, the conduit sized to permit the flow of a thermal interface material therethrough, the thermal interface material comprising a liquid. The at least one conduit is positioned so that the thermal interface material can be delivered through the conduit and onto the electronic component. The system also includes a device adapted to control the flow of the thermal interface material through the conduit, wherein the flow can be controlled to deliver the thermal interface material to the electronic component and to remove the thermal interface material from the electronic component. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A liquid cooling device is mounted in a large-sized overhead projector to absorb heat generated by a light-generating device. The liquid cooling device has a water tank, a heat sink, a liquid block assembly and a pump. The water tank has an outlet hole formed on the middle of the water. The heat sink communicates with the water tank. The liquid block assembly contacts the light-generating device and is filled with a coolant and communicates with the heat sink via an inlet duct. The pump is mounted in the large-sized overhead projector and is in fluid communications with the water tank via an outlet duct mounted in the outlet hole of the water tank. Therefore, when the large-sized overhead projector is put upright or turned upside down, the outlet hole is always in the middle of the water tank, preventing the pump from idling and being damaged as the amount of coolant is reduced.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods for efficiently cooling computing devices having heat-generating electronic components, such as, for example, independently operable servers, immersed in a dielectric liquid coolant in a tank.

Abstract: The present invention may include a cooling system for the user which may include a spray dispenser for dispensing fluid spray on the user, a steering handle or other available mounting surface to mount the spray dispenser, a fluid reservoir to store the fluid, and a fluid pump to pump the fluid from the fluid reservoir to the spray dispenser. The steering handle may be a steering handle for a motorcycle, and the fluid may be water. The fluid pump may be connected to a energy source, and the energy source may be a battery. The energy source may be a alternator and the spray dispenser may include a elongated tube, and the spray dispenser may include an aperture. The spray dispenser may be detachably connected to the steering handle and the fluid pump may be operated by a switch. The switch may be mounted on the steering handle or other available mounting surface.

Abstract: A cooling device for liquid cooling of at least one member of a welding device and a welding device with such a cooling device is described. The cooling device comprises a coolant tank, an outlet pipe for coolant from the coolant tank to the member, which outlet pipe comprises an outlet for connection to the welding device, a return pipe for returning heated liquid from the member back to the coolant tank, which return pipe comprises an inlet for connection to the welding device, and a pump which is connected to the outlet pipe for pumping coolant from coolant tank to the member. The cooling device comprises means for preventing flow through at least one of the outlet pipe and the return pipe when the pump is shut off.

Abstract: An apparatus to test a semiconductive device includes a base plane that holds at least one heat-transfer fluid unit cell. The at least one heat-transfer fluid unit cell includes a fluid supply structure including a supply-orifice cross section as well as a fluid return structure including a return-orifice cross section. The supply-orifice cross section is greater than the return-orifice cross section. A die interface is also included to be a liquid-impermeable material.

Abstract: A wind turbine having a cooling system, which wind turbine includes a nacelle in connection with which one or more wind turbine components are arranged, is disclosed. The cooling system includes at least one cooling circuit arranged to lead a heat transfer medium to and from one or more of the wind turbine components, at least one cooling device arranged to cool the heat transfer medium, at least one pump arranged in connection with the at least one cooling circuit to circulate the heat transfer medium in the cooling circuit, and at least one medium tank arranged in connection with the cooling circuit. The at least one medium tank is arranged inside the nacelle.

Abstract: A supersonic cooling system operates by pumping liquid. Because the supersonic cooling system pumps liquid, the compression system does not require the use of a condenser. The compression system utilizes a compression wave. An evaporator of the compression system operates in the critical flow regime where the pressure in an evaporator tube will remain almost constant and then ‘jump’ or ‘shock up’ to the ambient pressure.

Abstract: A system and method disperses a sudden increase in heat generated by one battery cell to a large area including multiple battery cells, thereby preventing the sudden increase from being absorbed primarily by a small number of other battery cells, such as a single battery cell, that could otherwise cause the other battery cells to fail or release their own heat.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for producing hot water without a flame. The system and method heats water to at least a specified temperature without a flame by providing a source of water and a prime mover, pumping water from the source of water into one or more heat exchangers, pre-heating the water using the one or more heat exchangers, heating the pre-heated water to at least the specified temperature without a flame using a dynamic heat generator driven by the prime mover, using the heated water in the one or more heat exchangers to pre-heat the water and providing the heated water to an output.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heat dissipating device adapted for use in combination with a module provided with a mounting board. The heat dissipating device has a metallic heat-dissipating member including a body and a number of spaced-apart heat dissipating fins extending upwardly from the upper surface of the body. The body is formed at its central portion with a through hole adapted for receiving a protrusion block protruding from a back surface of the mounting board of the module opposite to a mounting surface on which electrical devices are mounted. The heat dissipating device further includes a pump unit, a fluid conduit and a fan unit disposed on the heat dissipating fins.

Abstract: A cooling apparatus and method are provided for facilitating cooling of an electronic apparatus that includes a semiconductor element. The cooling apparatus includes an evaporator containing a coolant and evaporating the coolant under a reduced pressure lower than an ambient pressure to generate a chilled coolant, a condenser regenerating the coolant from a vapor of the coolant and being fluid-communicated with the evaporator through a bypass line, and a circulating pump and a line supplying the chilled coolant to a heat exchange area of the electronic apparatus to conduct a heat exchange with an air flow passing though the semiconductor element at a hot side of the electronic apparatus and returning the coolant after the heat exchange to the condenser.

Abstract: A cooling system includes a heat pipe for contacting a heated member and absorbing heat from the heated member, and a first heat exchange unit for containing a refrigerant that is heated by absorbing the heat from a heat emitting part. Also, the heated member cooling system includes a second heat exchange unit for containing the refrigerant entered from the first heat exchange unit and cooling the refrigerant, and for emitting the cooled refrigerant to the first heat exchange unit.

Abstract: A cooling system and method are provided for facilitating cooling of multiple liquid-cooled electronics racks. The cooling system includes a main system coolant supply loop with a plurality of system coolant supply branch lines for facilitating supply of cooled system coolant to the electronics racks, and a main system coolant return loop with a plurality of system coolant return branch lines for facilitating return of exhausted system coolant from the electronics racks. When operational, cooled system coolant circulates through the coolant supply loop and exhausted system coolant circulates through the coolant return loop. A plurality of modular cooling units are coupled to the coolant supply loop and coolant return loop. Each modular cooling unit includes a heat exchanger to facilitate cooling of a portion of the exhausted coolant circulating through the main system coolant return loop for return as cooled system coolant to the main system coolant supply loop.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cooling device that includes a cooling part that is movably provided between a first position and a second position different from the first position with respect to an image forming apparatus main body and cools a periphery thereof with a cooling medium to be supplied; a cooling medium supply part that is provided in the image forming apparatus main body and cools and supplies the cooling medium to the cooling part; and a connecting member that connects the cooling part to the cooling medium supply part to circulate the cooling medium between the cooling part and the cooling medium supply part; wherein the connecting member is configured to include a flexible member and spirally provided with a moving direction of the cooling part as an axis center.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cooling arrangement comprising a heat spreader (2) comprising a first surface (5), a second surface (8), at least one heat absorption chamber (9) and at least one heat dissipation chamber (10), the at least one heat absorption chamber (9) being in thermal contact with the first surface (5) and the at least one heat dissipation chamber (10) being in thermal contact with the second surface (8) and hydraulically coupled to the at least one heat absorption chamber (9). A cooling fluid (13) can be driven from the heat absorption chamber (9) to the heat dissipation chamber (10) using a plurality of flow patterns for cooling the first surface (5).

Abstract: Modular battery system with at least two battery modules (114, 115), wherein each battery module comprises a cooling member (120), through which a coolant (121) at least partially flows, and a battery cell (122), wherein the battery cell (122) is disposed at the cooling member (120) such that a heat-conducting contact is set up between the battery cell and the cooling member and a coolant supply is provided by way of a coolant line (123) for distributing the coolant at the cooling member (120) or for draining the coolant from the cooling member, wherein the coolant line comprises coolant line modules that can be connected together and that form the coolant line at least partially, and wherein a diverting unit (134) is provided in the coolant line for adjusting the flow length of the coolant in the coolant supply to divert the flow direction of the coolant in the coolant line, and the coolant line comprises two flow channels (126, 127) at least in a longitudinal section, the coolant being fed substantially in

Abstract: The subject matter of the invention is a method for purifying a foreign-substance-laden gas flow of the foreign substance, with the gas flow being conducted through a heat exchanger and being placed in thermal contact with a cooling medium in order to freeze and/or condense the foreign substance out, wherein the purification takes place in only one tube heat exchanger, through the interior space of which the gas flow is conducted from a first end region to a second end region, and here, is cooled by means of contact with a first group of tubes which are traversed by the coolant, and in that the gas flow, in the second end region, is directly deflected again and is conducted back through the interior space of the heat exchanger to the first end region through a second group of tubes while undergoing an exchange of heat with the gas flow flowing into the interior space.

Abstract: A cooling system for cooling computer component with a liquid provided at atmospheric pressure, or low pressure, that flows through channel defined in the computer component. The liquid is pumped from a reservoir to a discharge port, or weir, that is located above the computer component. The liquid flows through an in-feed manifold to diverters that direct the liquid into in-feed tanks located above a row of the computer component. The liquid flows through the channels and flow control orifices to a drain that returns the liquid to the reservoir.

Abstract: A cooling device includes a base having cells. A pipe is coupled to the base for each of the cells. The pipes include passages that carry fluid toward the cell and away from the cell. A magnetohydrodynamic pump system coupled to the pipe circulates an electrically conductive cooling fluid within the passages and the cell. An orifice may emits jets of fluid into the cells. A controller coupled to the cooling device may independently control flow rates in two or more cells of the cooling device. The controller may receive information from the temperature sensors on the base of the cooling device for use in controlling the flow rates in the cells.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a cooling device for lamp with power light emitting diode comprising of a number of cooling water containers containing a circulating pump and a temperature sensor installed to a particular body with lighting installed. Cooling water incoming pipe and extruding pipe connected to the cooling water container above are connected to a cooling water circulation passage of power light emitting diode, so that cooling water flows in circulation within the circulation passage. When the temperature of the circulating cooling water rises to a certain point, the circulation of the particular cooling water container stops operating, and another cooling water container is operated to keep the thermal power light emitting diode at room temperature, so that the durability of the power light emitting diode is lengthened, and maximizes the cooling effectiveness and power-saving.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cooling system for a computer system, said computer system comprising at least one unit such as a central processing unit (CPU) generating thermal energy and said cooling system intended for cooling the at least one processing unit and comprising a reservoir having an amount of cooling liquid, said cooling liquid intended for accumulating and transferring of thermal energy dissipated from the processing unit to the cooling liquid. The cooling system has a heat exchanging interface for providing thermal contact between the processing unit and the cooling liquid for dissipating heat from the processing unit to the cooling liquid. Different embodiments of the heat exchanging system as well as means for establishing and controlling a flow of cooling liquid and a cooling strategy constitutes the invention of the cooling system.

Abstract: A heat-exchanging device employed in a heat generator casing with a small installation area. The heat-exchanging device includes a heat exchanger, a first air blower, and a second air blower in a first case. The first case includes a first inlet, a first outlet, a second inlet, and a second outlet. The first outlet is disposed in a direction different from a direction facing the first inlet. The second outlet is disposed in a direction different from a direction facing the second inlet. A first path where a first fluid flows and a second path where a second fluid flows cross in the heat exchanger. Heat is exchanged between the first fluid and the second fluid. The first air blower establishes a first passage where the first fluid flows from the first inlet to the first outlet via the first path. The second air blower establishes a second passage where the second fluid flows from the second inlet to the second outlet via the second path.

Abstract: Various apparatus and methods for thermally managing a heat generating device. In one aspect, a method of thermally managing a heat generating device is provided that includes placing a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the heat generating device. The heat exchanger has an interior space. A membrane is in the interior space between a first chamber and a second chamber. The membrane has a gas impermeable portion and at least one gas permeable portion to enable vapor bubbles in the second chamber to pass through the membrane at the at least one gas permeable portion and into the first chamber. A liquid is moved through the second chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides for repeatedly pulsing coolant through a first channel exposed to heat-generating computer components. The pulsing involves a relatively low baseline coolant flow rate with repeated excursions to a relatively high expulsion coolant flow rate.

Abstract: The invention includes semiconductor packages having grooves within a semiconductor die backside; and includes semiconductor packages utilizing carbon nanostructures (such as, for example, carbon nanotubes) as thermally conductive interface materials. The invention also includes methods of cooling a semiconductor die in which coolant is forced through grooves in a backside of the die, and includes methods of making semiconductor packages.

Abstract: Heat from continuous blow down from a steam boiler is used to preheat boiler combustion air. Blow down from the steam boiler is fed through a flash tank and a 3-way valve to a liquid heat exchanger to heat a circulating liquid. The hot circulating liquid is fed to a preheat coil to heat combustion air for a steam boiler. A 3-way valve located between the flash tank and heat exchanger controls the flow of blow down to the heat exchanger. A temperature sensor which monitors the temperature of the circulating liquid controls the 3-way valve and a circulating pump moves the liquid around a closed loop. Motorized or variable frequency drive damper control the flow of air to the preheat coil and to the combustion air blower of the steam boiler.

Abstract: A compressor may include first and second scroll members and first and second pistons. The first scroll member includes a first end plate and a first scroll wrap. The second scroll member includes a second end plate and a second scroll wrap that is intermeshed with the first scroll wrap to define moving fluid pockets. The second end plate may include a first and second passages, first and second recesses, and first and second ports extending through the second end plate and communicating with at least one of the pockets. The first piston may be disposed in the first recess and movable between first and second positions controlling communication between the first passage and the first port. The second piston may be disposed in the second recess and movable between first and second positions controlling communication between at least one of the pockets and said second passage.

Abstract: A modular cooling system configured to treat IT air generated by a data center includes a frame and a plurality of cooling sub-system modules supported by the frame. The plurality of cooling sub-system modules are configured to operate in parallel to achieve total cooling effect or a lesser cooling effect with some level of redundancy within the data center. Each cooling sub-system module includes a housing configured to support cooling equipment, an air-to-air heat exchanger supported by the housing to cool IT air generated by the data center, the air-to-air heat exchanger having at least one tube configured to direct IT from one end of the air-to-air heat exchanger to an opposite end of the air-to-air heat exchanger and configured so that outdoor air circulates around the at least one tube, and a mechanical cooling system supported by the housing. The mechanical cooling system is configured to receive IT air treated by the air-to-air heat exchanger and to provide further cooling to the treated IT air.

Abstract: A dual-chamber fluid pump is provided for a multi-fluid electronics cooling system and method. The pump has a first fluid path for pumping a first fluid coolant and a second fluid path for pumping a second fluid coolant, with the first fluid path including a first pumping chamber and the second fluid path including a second pumping chamber. The first and second pumping chambers are separated by at least one diaphragm, and an actuator is coupled to the diaphragm for transitioning the diaphragm between a first position and a second position. Transitioning of the diaphragm to the first position pumps first fluid coolant from the first pumping chamber while concurrently drawing second fluid coolant into the second pumping chamber, and transitioning of the diaphragm to the second position pumps second fluid coolant from the second pumping chamber while concurrently drawing first fluid coolant into the first pumping chamber.

Abstract: A nanofluid is generally provided for use in a heat transfer system. The nanofluid can include nanoparticles suspended in a base liquid at a nanoparticle concentration in the nanofluid of about 0.01% to about 5% by volume. The nanoparticles can include zinc-oxide nanoparticles. The nanofluid for use in a heat transfer system can, in one embodiment, further include a surfactant. Thermal management systems configured to cool a computer having integrated circuits that generate heat during use are also provided. The thermal management system can include a zinc-oxide nanofluid circulated through a series of tubes via a pump such that heat produced by electronic components of the computer can be captured by the circulating nanofluid and then removed from the nanofluid by a radiator.

Abstract: A liquid-loop compound recuperator is disclosed for high-? heat exchange between a first shell-side fluid stream and a second shell-side fluid stream of similar thermal capacity rates (W/K). The compound recuperator is comprised of at least two fluid-to-liquid (FL) recuperator modules for transfer of heat from a shell-side fluid, usually a gas, to an intermediary tube-side heat transfer liquid (HTL). Each FL module includes a plurality of thermally isolated, serially connected, adjacent exchanger cores inside a pressure vessel. The cores are rows of finned tubes for cross-flow transfer of heat, and they are arranged in series to effectively achieve counterflow exchange between the HTL and the shell-side stream. The HTL may be water, an organic liquid, a molten alloy, or a molten salt.

Abstract: A thermal management system (201) is disclosed which comprises (a) a liquid medium (207), (b) a heat generating device (203) disposed in said medium, (c) a heat transfer device (205) in thermal contact with said heat generating device, said heat transfer device comprising a thermally conductive material and having a channel (213) defined on a surface thereof, and (d) a synthetic jet ejector (223) adapted to direct a jet of the liquid medium along said channel.

Abstract: This invention relates to thermal spreader incorporated into heat pipe coolers and water coolers for electronic components, said spreader having optimal aspect ratio T/(?S)?0.17 to provide optimal parameters of thermal resistance and lowering noise created by these coolers supplying by operating fans, where T is thickness of said thermal spreader and (?S) is square root of the surface area of the first surface of said thermal spreader. Further, the invention relates to electronic systems comprising said thermal spreader with optimal aspect ratio T/(?S)?0.17 to provide better thermal management of electronic components incorporated into these electronic systems.

Abstract: A heat exchanger unit for an electrochemical energy accumulator, comprising flow channels, through which a temperature control medium flows. Ends of the flow channels are provided with flow distributor channels, which supply the flow channels, and/or return flow collection channels, and which collect the medium. A flow distributor is connected upstream of the flow distributor channels and a return flow collector is connected downstream of the return flow collection channels. The flow distributor and the return flow collector are separated from, and lie opposite, each other. A supply opening is located centrally on one of the lateral surfaces of the flow distributor and a drain opening is located centrally, on one of the lateral surfaces of the return flow collector.

Abstract: An economical heat recovery system [100] is described for use in a boiler [26] includes an air preheater [150] that receives hot flue gasses [FG1] and inlet air and creates heated air [A2] and incremental air [A2?]. The incremental air [A2?] is provided to a regenerative heat capture and transfer (RHCT) system [300] positioned to receive the incremental air [A2?] from the air preheater [150]. The RHCT includes a heat exchanger [310] that preheats feed water [WF1] for the boiler [26]. Since a heat exchanger [310] receives clean air as opposed to those of the prior are, it may be made more efficient with more heat exchange units in closer proximity, since there is little chance of blockage. Also, there is less maintenance with the present invention.

Abstract: A projector includes a liquid-cooling device configured to cool down an optical element, an optical element holding member that is constructed to allow cooling liquid to flow in and out and holds the optical element; a liquid pumping unit that circulate cooling liquid; a liquid storage unit that is constructed to allow cooling liquid to flow in and out and temporarily stores cooling liquid therein; and a plurality of liquid circulation members that connect the optical element holding member, the liquid pumping unit, and the liquid storage unit and define a flow channel of the cooling liquid, and the liquid pumping unit, the liquid storage unit, and the optical element holding member are arranged along a circulation direction of the cooling liquid along the flow path in order of the liquid pumping unit, the liquid storage unit, and the optical element holding member.

Abstract: A liquid submersion cooling system that is suitable for cooling a number of electronic devices in parallel using a plurality of cases connected to a rack system. The system cools heat-generating components in server computers and other devices that use electronic, heat-generating components and are connected in parallel systems. The system includes a housing having an interior space, a dielectric cooling liquid in the interior space, a heat-generating electronic component disposed within the space and submerged in the dielectric cooling liquid. The rack system contains a manifold system to engage and allow liquid transfer for multiple cases and IO connectors to engage electrically with multiple cases/electronic devices. The rack system can be connected to a pump system for pumping the liquid into and out of the rack, to and from external heat exchangers, heat pumps, or other thermal dissipation/recovery devices.

Abstract: A cooling system for a vehicle with hybrid propulsion; the cooling system is provided with a hydraulic circuit, inside which a cooling fluid flows, and has: a main branch, which carries out the cooling of a heat engine and comprises at least a first pump mechanically operated by the heat engine, and at least one radiator which is hit by air when the vehicle is moving; and a secondary branch, which is connected in parallel to the main branch by means of a starting offtake and an arrival offtake, has no heat exchangers of the water/air type, carries out the cooling of a reversible electric machine which may be mechanically connected to the driving wheels, and of a first electronic power converter which controls the electric machine, and comprises at least a second pump electrically operated.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an inlet conduit assembly surrounding a gas flow path and a combustor arranged downstream of the inlet conduit assembly. The inlet conduit assembly includes a thermoelectric (TE) device configured to convert heat into electrical energy, a gas flow conduit arranged between the gas flow path and the TE device, and a resilient member configured to bias the TE device into contact with the gas flow conduit.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a plurality of battery modules mounted within a casing. A heat exchanger receives a fluid and a valve selectively connects one of two sources of fluid to the heat exchanger. One of the two sources is at a higher temperature for providing heating fluid to the heat exchanger, and a second of the sources is at a lower temperature to provide cooling fluid to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: An automatic and electronic freeze protection system for solar energy collector systems. The system includes a solar collector for collecting solar energy in the form of heat, a circulation pump operated by a DC power source (typically a small photovoltaic module), a storage tank, an ac current connection to provide freeze protection at times when no sun is available, and various valves and piping to complete. Sensors are provided at both the storage tank and the solar collector to monitor the temperature of the water and also the temperature of the collector (more specifically, the temperature of the fluid in the collector). Whenever the fluid in the collector approaches its freeze point, the electronic freeze protection will use AC or battery power to energize the DC circulation pump, thereby circulating water from the storage tank to and through all components of the system.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a plurality of battery modules mounted within a casing. A liquid heat exchanger and at least one fan are both mounted at a position within the casing such that they are intermediate the plurality of battery modules. An electronic driveline incorporating a battery pack, and a method of operating a battery pack are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a geothermal water heater system, and methods of heating water for domestic uses utilizing geothermal energy. More specifically, the present invention provides a geothermal heat pump water heater system includes a hot water tank, a cold water tank and at least one water-to-water heat pump. As contemplated, the water-to-water heat pump includes one or more heat exchangers which control heat transfer from water drawn from an outside water source. The outside water source water is supplied to both the hot water tank and the cold water tanks whereupon heat exchangers which comprise a cold water side heat exchanger and a hot water side heat exchanger, allow water entering the cold water tank to be cooled and returned to the cold water tank while water entering the hot water tank is heated and returned to the hot water tank.