Abstract: Various biomass reactors systems and methods of pyrolyzing biomass are disclosed. One type of biomass reactor system comprises a plurality of biomass processing stations configured in series, each station comprising an auger reactor including an auger inlet for receiving biomass and a transfer screw for conveying the biomass through the auger reactor.

Abstract: Provided is a method of decomposing plastic and organic waste by using titanium oxide granules which are easily separated from metals and inorganic substances, have a highly efficient decomposing capability, and have a characteristic of fine powder formation resistance during pyrolysis. More specifically, the method of decomposing plastic and organic waste by using titanium oxide granules which are easily separated from metals and inorganic substances, have a highly efficient decomposing capability, and have a characteristic of fine powder formation resistance during pyrolysis has been established by optimizing the characteristics of titanium oxide granules.

Abstract: In a method for thermal processing of slurry, slurry is combined with a bio-mass to produce a mixture. The mixture is subjected in a heated mixer pump to a cracking temperature, thereby allowing the mixture to catalytically undergo a cracking reaction to produce a reaction mixture which is directly outgased in the mixer pump to produce an outgased portion and a solid portion. The outgased portion and the solid portion are separately discharged from the mixer pump; with the low boiling fraction of the outgased portion allowed to cool down for further processing, and the solid portion collected in a residual matter container for further processing.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing activated carbon that has a reactor vessel for containing carbon based feedstock and a processor that encloses the reactor vessel. An insulating barrier is disposed between the reactor vessel and the processor for defining generally vertical outer and inner pathways that are communicably interconnected. The reactor vessel has a gas receiving intake port in communication with the inner pathway. First and second inlet conduits are formed through the processor and into the reactor for respectively introducing a first ignition gas into the reactor to ignite the feedstock and a second gas into the first pathway. The second gas circulates through the outer and inner pathways and enters the reactor vessel through the gas receiving intake port. The exhaust gas is circulated through a catalyst chamber/cartridge/bed. At least one exhaust port discharges gas from the vessel exteriorly of the processor.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants in the pyrolysis vapors by filtering the vapors in a heated container comprising a moving bed granular filter (MBGF), which in turn, comprises granular heat carrier. The granular heat carrier is heated within the MBGF and fed directly to the pyrolysis reactor, optionally along with filtered solids such as char. In certain embodiments, the MBGF additionally comprises at least one upgrading catalyst that contacts the vapors to produce a hydrocarbon mixture fungible with a petroleum-derived transportation fuel, a hydrocarbon transportation fuel component, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for producing a fuel composition from a feedstock which may contain biomass and municipal solid waste is described. The method includes the step of pyrolyzing the feedstock in the presence of a transition metal, using microwave energy, so that the level of oxygen in at least one product of the pyrolysis is reduced. An integrated process is also described, in which the transition metal can be regenerated. Moreover, pyrolysis products such as bio-oils can be upgraded to liquid fuel compositions. Related systems for producing fuel compositions are also described.

Abstract: This invention relates to improvements in the fast pyrolysis of biomass. In this invention, a portion of the products from a pyrolysis reactor are condensed in the liquid phase and at least a portion of the recovered liquid is recycled to the pyrolysis reactor for further conversion to valuable, useful products.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the thermal conversion of biomass. Processes are disclosed for converting biomass to condensable vapor intermediates such as pyrolysis oil by means of catalytic pyrolysis in a reactor comprising at least one auger, where the catalyst also comprises a heat carrier. The intermediates produced may be further processed for production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the thermal conversion of biomass. Processes are disclosed for converting algal biomass to condensable vapor intermediates such as pyrolysis oil by means of pyrolysis in a reactor comprising at least one auger. The intermediates may be further processed for production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels. The disclosed processes assist in preventing premature devolatization of algal biomass during pyrolysis, thereby increasing efficiency and commercial feasibility.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for restoring plastics to oil, thereby efficiently recycling waste plastics, comprises a decomposer, an oil reduction body, a cooling tank, and a filter and emission part. The decomposer comprises a decomposition space comprising an opening to receive the plastic, a heating coil inside the decomposer to heat the decomposition space to pyrolyze the plastic, and a pyrolyzing gas exhaust pipe to exhaust pyrolyzing gas produced in pyrolyzing the plastic. The oil reduction body is divided into a cooling space and a oil catchment space by a partition. The cooling tank provides cooling water to the cooling space to cool and reduce the pyrolyzing gas to oil, which is collected in the oil catchment space.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process/system for the fractionation of bio-oil, produced from the thermo-catalytic conversion of biomass, into boiling point fractions. The fractionation of the bio-oil is performed using molecular distillation under conditions which minimize the thermal stress to the bio-oil and fractions obtained therefrom.

Abstract: A device for converting biomass with a water content of at least 50% to gaseous products includes a reactor filled at least partially with a packing including at least one filler body for accommodating supercritical water and a hydrothermal molten salt. A heater is arranged to heat up the reactor and its content. A first feeding pipe is coupled to the reactor to feed water and salt solution into the reactor. A second feeding pipe is coupled to the reactor to feed to biomass into the reactor. A discharge pipe is coupled to the reactor to discharge gaseous products from the reactor. An outlet is proved in the bottom of the reactor for removing portions of the molten salt.

Abstract: A method for reducing the mechanical strength of solid biomass material, in particular lignocellulosic biomass, comprises mixing the solid biomass material with an inorganic material and heating the solid biomass material mixture to a toasting temperature in the range of 105° C. to 140° C. during an exposure time of from 1 minute to 12 hours. Before or after the heat treatment, which is referred to as “toasting”, the biomass material mixture is subject to flash heating. The treatment significantly reduces the mechanical energy required for reducing the particle size of the solid biomass material and is suitable as a pretreatment prior to a conversion reaction of the solid biomass material.

Abstract: A method of biomass pyrolysis is described which includes chemical looping of combustion char so that carbon dioxide can be captured from the combustion of the char as well as producing useable compounds from pyrolyzing biomass in a pyrolysis reactor including a metal oxide carrier particles which is in operative cooperation with a char combustor and oxidation reactor and separator for separating carbon dioxide from the flue gas produced by the char combustor.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic material disposal method comprising a step for thermally decomposing a raw organic material and a gas treatment step for treating a gas generated in the preceding step, wherein the thermal decomposition step comprises a substep of decomposing the raw organic material into a carbide and a gaseous component, and the gas treatment step comprises the following substeps (1) to (5): (1) catalytically oxidizing the gaseous component produced in the thermal decomposition step; (2) neutralizing/washing the oxidized gas; (3) subjecting a waste water produced in the neutralization/washing step to the solid-liquid separation; (4) further thermally decomposing a solid component separated in the solid-liquid separation step together with the raw organic material in the thermal decomposition step; and (5) re-using a liquid component separated in the solid-liquid separation step in the solid-liquid separation step and/or the neutralization/washing step.

Abstract: Apparatus for the destructive reclamation of materials and energy from municipal wastes and other raw materials through the use of Microwave induced Gasification and Pyrolysis, where the waste or raw material may be circulated once or several times through the process thus enabling the programming of different processes to differing materials and desired end products. The form employed being linear, circulating conveyors or rotating carousels that may carry trays or crucibles, some of which may be equipped with linings that absorb microwaves to enable the early charring of materials that do not initially absorb microwaves and thus will not heat up on their own.

Abstract: To provide a method for catalytically cracking waste plastics wherein the efficiency in decomposition is high; even polyethylene composed of linear chain molecules difficult in decomposition is decomposable at a low temperature and decomposed residue is hardly produced; the process is simple since dechlorination can be achieved at the same time with catalytically cracking waste plastics in one reaction vessel; and oil fractions can be recovered at 50% or more on a net yield basis. The method for catalytically cracking waste plastics of the present invention has a constitution in which waste plastics are loaded as a raw material into a granular FCC catalyst heated to a temperature range from 350° C. to 500° C. inside a reaction vessel, thereby decomposing and gasifying the waste plastics in contact with the FCC catalyst.

Abstract: A process and system for the controlled thermal conversion of a carbonaceous feedstock, including: exposing the feedstock to one or more predetermined temperatures and one or more predetermined pressures for one or more predetermined amounts of time in one or more chambers to produce a gas product and a solid product, wherein the gas product includes one or more of methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and one or more noxious chemicals and the solid product includes Carbon; sequestration enabling at least a portion of the Carbon by creating associated Lewis Acid Sites; sequestering at least one of the one or more noxious chemicals in the one or more chambers using the sequestration enabled Carbon; and controlling the constituents of the gas product using feedback, thereby providing a predictable and stable gas product from an unknown and/or variable feedstock.

Abstract: A process for producing fuel by cracking a plastics-derived liquid, which is obtained from a pyrolysis process, using a dolomite catalyst. The plastics-derived liquid is produced by the pyrolysis of plastic waste, such as of one or more of polyethylene, polystyrene or polypropylene. The plastic-derived liquid is first subjected to a semi-batch catalytic cracking reaction over a very low cost dolomite catalyst to obtain high quality oil for fuel, which comprises mainly light and heavy naphtha. Moreover, the catalytic cracking reaction is conducted at operating temperatures lower than 320° C.

Abstract: A reactor having a shaft protruding through one end, a fuel output tube protruding through a second end, shovels housed inside, and a discharge tube, is provided. A first end of the discharge tube is inside of the reactor and the second end protrudes out of the fuel output tube. A helix thruster can be inside the discharge tube and have a driver shaft with a first gear inside of the reactor. The reactor can also include a residue collector and a fork. The fork can be disposed on a driven shaft including a second gear, which engages the first gear of the helix thruster. A system for feeding materials into the reactor is also disclosed as well as methods of converting waste plastic or rubber into fuel using the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the recycling by depolymerisation through thermolysis. A method and installation for depolymerisation through efficient thermolysis for recycling is provided that allow the production of light hydrocarbons having high quality and being free of impurities and contaminants. This objective is achieved by methods and installations where either the secondary products of the process are re-fed to supply energy for the main recycling process or are refined to manufacture final usable and saleable products. Therefore, the use of the energy content of the starting materials is maximised by assuring their full utilisation, minimising the environmental harm while an energetically autonomous installation is provided. All the components of the waste or starting material may be recycled, by physico-chemical means, and no additional contaminant waste is produced.

Abstract: A fast pyrolysis system includes an auger housing having an inlet, an outlet, and an inner wall. A rotatable auger is mounted in the housing. The auger has surfaces defining at least one spiral channel. The spiral channel is tapered from a first depth adjacent the housing inlet to a second lesser depth adjacent the housing outlet. The auger is rotatable to propel particulate materials from the housing inlet toward the housing outlet to heat the particulate material to a first temperature sufficient to convert at least a portion of the particulate material into a vapor. A heat exchanger transfers a heat of vaporization from a heated medium to the auger housing inner wall. A filter assembly is connected downstream to the housing outlet in order to filter char fines from the vapor. A condenser is connected downstream to the filter assembly and is adapted to condense the vapor stream into bio-oil.

Abstract: A pyrolyzer apparatus (i.e. a “cracking pipe”) comprises a first screen, a second screen, and a catalyst material positioned between the first and second screens. The pyrolyzer is structured so that feedstock is pyrolyzed and pyrolyzer-generated gas is drawn through the first screen, through the catalyst material, and then through the second screen in series. The gas may then be directed to other processing equipment so that bio-oil is extracted from the gas.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of waste, the process comprising either a gasification step or a pyrolysis step to produce an offgas and a non-airborne, solid char material; followed by a plasma treatment step. An associated apparatus having a plasma treatment unit which is separate from the gasification unit or pyrolysis unit.

Abstract: A method for torrefying biomass comprises using an oxidation catalyst to combust gas produced by torrefaction, and thereby produce combustion flue gas. The method also comprises introducing the combustion flue gas into a torrefaction reactor and/or a cooler.

Abstract: A continuous dechlorination process, including: heating and extrusion transport of materials, followed by a loose handling and exhausting gases. Then, the solid material is discharged through the discharge port. A continuous dechlorination equipment, including: a cylinder unit with inlet and discharge port is equipped with a heating body. The cylinder unit is designed with the extruding and conveying mechanism (3), which is equipped with a loose handling body (4) with outlet (5) in the rear.

Abstract: A method for producing carbon using less thermal energy is disclosed. Crystalline cellulose and acidic electrolyzed water are introduced into a reaction vessel. The mixture is heated until it reaches a predetermined temperature (230° C. to 250° C.) while being stirred. When the mixture reached the predetermined temperature, this temperature is maintained, and the mixture is kept heated while being stirred for a predetermined period of time (30 minutes). Thereby, carbon is produced in the reaction vessel.

Abstract: A conversion-to-oil apparatus capable of efficiently treating plastic, includes a melting unit for heating and melting plastic fed thereto and a decomposing unit for further heating and vaporization-decomposing the molten plastic melted by the melting unit, wherein the decomposing unit is inclined upwardly, having a lead screw mounted therein, and is provided at its upper end portion with a catalyst cylinder extending upwardly and a residue takeout unit extending downwardly, and the decomposing unit has a prevention element for preventing molten plastic gas from flowing down to the residue takeout unit.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of waste, the process comprising either a gasification step or a pyrolysis step to produce an offgas and a non-airborne, solid char material; followed by a a plasma treatment step. An associated apparatus having a plasma treatment unit which is separate from the gasification unit or pyrolysis unit.

Abstract: A method of converting particulate lignocellulosic material to produce volatile organic compounds and char, comprising, forming a mixture of the particulate lignocellulosic material with a catalyst composition containing polar organic liquid and an acid in the presence or absence of added water, heating the mixture to a temperature sufficiently high and for a period sufficiently long as to convert a major portion of any remaining solid phase of the mixture to char whilst agitating the mixture, and separating volatile organic compounds and the catalyst composition as a gaseous phase from the solid phase.

Abstract: Certain examples relate to methods of continuously cracking waste rubber or plastics and apparatuses related to the same, to produce oil from waste rubber or plastics. Raw materials comprising a catalyst and rubber or plastics may be extruded in order to separate the air or to prevent oxidization. The raw materials are transported into the cracking chamber, and moved from the inlet to the discharge hole. After the cracking process is finished, the products are discharged automatically through the discharge hole. The separation of air and oxygen in the inlet and discharge hole of the cracking chamber can avoid dangers caused by oxygen entering the cracking chamber, and realize industrial production with continuous feedings. The ratio of the oil can be raised from 19% to 45%-48%, and the loss of production equipment reduced. Production costs are reduced, safety measurements improved, and continuous production is realized.

Abstract: A reactor and/or process is disclosed for fluidized cracking of solid particulate biomass material, including a first mixing zone where a particulate stream comprising solid particulate biomass is mixed with a lift gas and becomes fluidized, and including a second mixing zone where a heat carrier material is mixed with the fluidized solid particulate biomass material.

Abstract: A process and system for the conversion of biomass under high severity in the presence of a catalyst to produce a bio-oil, olefins, methane, and carbon monoxide (CO). The methane and/or CO can be used to generate hydrogen and the generated hydrogen can be used for hydrotreating the bio-oil. Additionally, or alternatively, a syngas stream, a carbon dioxide-rich stream, and/or a methane-rich stream can be recovered for use in the bio-oil production process and/or for use in a conventional petroleum refinery and/or petrochemical plant.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to methods, systems, and compositions for preparing a solid biomass for fast pyrolysis. The method includes contacting the solid biomass with an inorganic material present in an effective amount for increasing fast pyrolysis yield of an organic liquid product (e.g., bio-oil). In various embodiments, the inorganic material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of cellulosic biomass, in particular ligno-cellulosic biomass. The process comprises heating the biomass to a conversion temperature in the range of from 200 to 500° C. in the presence of a catalyst system. The catalyst system comprises a basic functionality comprising an alkali metal component and a multivalent metal component. The catalyst system optionally further comprises an acidic component.

Abstract: A method for producing a fuel composition from a feedstock which may contain biomass and municipal solid waste is described. The method includes the step of pyrolyzing the feedstock in the presence of a transition metal, using microwave energy, so that the level of oxygen in at least one product of the pyrolysis is reduced. An integrated process is also described, in which the transition metal can be regenerated. Moreover, pyrolysis products such as bio-oils can be upgraded to liquid fuel compositions. Related systems for producing fuel compositions are also described.

Abstract: Processes for controlling afterburn in a reheater and loss of entrained solid particles in reheater flue gas are provided. Carbonaceous biomass feedstock is pyrolyzed using a heat transfer medium forming pyrolysis products and a spent heat transfer medium comprising combustible solid particles. The spent heat transfer medium is introduced into a fluidizing dense bed. The combustible solid particles of the spent heat transfer medium are combusted forming combustion product flue gas in a dilute phase above the fluidizing dense bed. The combustion product flue gas comprises flue gas and solid particles entrained therein. The solid particles are separated from the combustion product flue gas to form separated solid particles. At least a portion of the separated solid particles are returned to the fluidizing dense bed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effective pyrolysis of a biomass utilizing rapid heat transfer from a solid heat carrier or catalyst. Particularly, various embodiments of the present invention provide methods and apparatuses which incorporate progressive temperature quenching and rapid disengagement of the heat carrier material and reaction product.

Abstract: The invention relates to alternative power engineering, more specifically to methods and devices for processing organic waste into thermal and electrical energy, liquid, solid and gaseous energy carriers and into other useful chemical products. The method differs from a known method for the pyrolysis processing of organic waste through air-free thermal heating in that the thermal heating is carried out in an aqueous medium at pressures in the medium that are greater than the pressure of saturated water vapor at the highest pyrolysis temperature. As a result, humid and liquid organic waste can be processed into combustible energy carriers without pre-drying, and the heat energy produced when the pyrolysis products are burned can be used both for maintaining the organic waste processing process and for producing commercial heat and electrical energy.

Abstract: A process for pyrolyzing biomass is provided. The process comprises providing biomass to a pyrolysis reactor to produce a vapor product and condensing said vapor product to produce a condensed product, wherein a phase separation suppression agent is added during said process so as to promote the formation of a single phase condensed product.

Abstract: A process and system for converting organic waste into reusable hydrocarbon is described wherein the process includes feeding an organic waste into a pyrocatalytic reactor which is essentially free of halogenated synthetic resinous material into a molten lead bath which is confined in a reactor in an substantially oxygen-free atmosphere which is admixed with a catalytic material comprising particulate aluminum oxide and aluminum powder. The waste is thermally and catalytically converted with at least 50% effectiveness to produce a reusable hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effective pyrolysis of a biomass utilizing rapid heat transfer from a solid heat carrier or catalyst. Particularly, various embodiments of the present invention provide methods and apparatuses which incorporate progressive temperature quenching and rapid disengagement of the heat carrier material and reaction product.

Abstract: Methods for the thermolysis of lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, cellulose, lignin, and lignocellulose are provided. Some methods comprise combining the lignocellulosic material with an ionic liquid and subjecting the mixture of the lignocellulosic material and the ionic media to thermolysis conditions to form a recoverable product, such as a commodity chemical.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the controlled gasification of a carbonaceous feedstock, including: pyrolizing the feedstock to produce a gas product and a solid product, wherein the gas product includes methane and noxious chemicals and the solid product includes carbon; and controlling the pyrolizing step using feedback related to constituents of the gas product. The present invention also provides a system for the controlled gasification of a carbonaceous feedstock, including: a pyrolysis unit including a heater and a conveyor for transporting the feedstock through the heater; a resultant chamber disposed downstream of the pyrolysis unit for separating gas products and solid products; means for adjusting the temperature of the solid products; and a filter for sequestering noxious materials from the gas products, wherein the filter uses at least some of the solid products to filter at least a portion of the gas products.

Abstract: To provide a method for catalytically cracking waste plastics wherein the efficiency in decomposition is high; even polyethylene composed of linear chain molecules difficult in decomposition is decomposable at a low temperature and decomposed residue is hardly produced; the process is simple since dechlorination can be achieved at the same time with catalytically cracking waste plastics in one reaction vessel; and oil fractions can be recovered at 50% or more on a net yield basis. The method for catalytically cracking waste plastics of the present invention has a constitution in which waste plastics are loaded as a raw material into a granular FCC catalyst heated to a temperature range from 350° C. to 500° C. inside a reaction vessel, thereby decomposing and gasifying the waste plastics in contact with the FCC catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing gaseous products, and in particular methane and/other value added gases such as hydrogen, via the catalytic hydromethanation of a carbonaceous feedstock in the presence of steam and syngas, wherein a hydromethanation reactor is combined with a syngas generator in a particular combination.

Abstract: The invention relates to waste processing and to producing hydrocarbons from domestic and industrial organic waste by pyrolysis. The inventive waste processing method involves carrying out the first and second pyrolysis stages, fractionating pyrolysis products and processing each fraction for producing useful products. The second pyrolysis stage is carried out simultaneously with the electromagnetic action produced on the pyrolysis products. The device for carrying out said method comprises a two-sectional pyrolysis reactor. An electromagnetic source is arranged on the second section of the reactor. The output of the second section is connected to a system for dividing the vaporous pyrolysis products. The technical result consists in increasing the waste processing effectiveness and producing solid, liquid and vaporous fuel components.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for producing hydrocarbon materials from a feed composition, the apparatus including a feed port; a viscous shear apparatus; a thermal decomposition assembly including a ribbonchannel reactor which includes an inner heated hollow cylinder; an outer heated hollow cylinder, one of which is rotatable with respect to the other, both heated hollow cylinders providing heat to the feed composition to convert it to a vapor fraction and a solid residue fraction; low height flighting mounted with respect to the inner and outer heated hollow cylinders to move the feed composition through the thermal decomposition assembly; at least one vapor port for removing the vapor fraction; and at least one solids port for removing the solid fraction.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic material disposal method comprising a step for thermally decomposing a raw organic material and a gas treatment step for treating a gas generated in the preceding step, wherein the thermal decomposition step comprises a substep of decomposing the raw organic material into a carbide and a gaseous component, and the gas treatment step comprises the following substeps (1) to (5): (1) catalytically oxidizing the gaseous component produced in the thermal decomposition step; (2) neutralizing/washing the oxidized gas; (3) subjecting a waste water produced in the neutralization/washing step to the solid-liquid separation; (4) further thermally decomposing a solid component separated in the solid-liquid separation step together with the raw organic material in the thermal decomposition step; and (5) re-using a liquid component separated in the solid-liquid separation step in the solid-liquid separation step and/or the neutralization/washing step.

Abstract: The production of feed for an olefin hydration zone is improved by integrating treatment of an alcohol containing stream from a fermentation zone into an alcohol separation section. The process passes a stream comprising alcohol, water and an organic acid to a separation column. The separation column concetrates the alcohol and organic acids into an upper column fraction. An additive for neutralization the organic acid into contact with said upper column fraction and reacts with the organic acid to produce a neutralization product that passes to a lower portion of the separation column. The column provides an overhead stream for an olefin dehydration zone having an increased concentration of alcohol and a reduced concentration of organic acid. A column bottoms stream containing the neutralization product returns as an input stream to supply the neutralization product to a fermentation zone that produces the alcohol containing stream.