Abstract: A ?-conjugated metal complex immobilized substrate, in which ?-conjugated metal complex molecules are connected to a substrate via a ?-conjugated molecular structure, is adapted for observing an electron transfer (redox reaction) of the ?-conjugated metal complex molecules in aqueous electrolytes. An electrochemical device including this ?-conjugated metal complex immobilized substrate and an aqueous electrolyte with cations having an ion radius of r (m) that is not less than a radius of a sphere inscribed in a clearance formed between the ?-conjugated metal complex molecules. The device utilizes an electron transfer (redox reaction) of the ?-conjugated metal complex molecules in the aqueous electrolyte.

Abstract: A photoelectrolysis cell is described herein. The cell includes a photoelectrode based on a material having the general formula (Ln1?xMx)(Nb1?yTay)O1+xN2?x. Ln is at least one lanthanide element; M is at least one alkaline earth metal; 0?x?0.99; and 0?y?1. The photoelectrolysis cell further includes a counter-electrode formed from at least one metal or metallic alloy. An electrolyte which is in contact with both the photoelectrode and the counter-electrode is another component of the cell, along with a means for collecting hydrogen produced by the cell. A related process for producing hydrogen in a photoelectrolysis cell is also described.

Abstract: Aimed at providing an electrolytic Ni plating apparatus capable of suppressing passivation of the surface of a Ni anode, preventing current efficiency and rate of film formation from being degraded, providing a stable Ni plating so as to contribute to improvement in quality, and maintaining a stable production capacity. The electrolytic Ni plating apparatus of the present invention is provided with a nickel (Ni) anode having an average grain size of 10 ?m or smaller.

Abstract: An anode for the electrolysis of aluminium made from an outer dense layer of a ceramic material on a dense core made from a composite of the ceramic material of the outer layer and an electronic conductor.

Abstract: An electrode plate for electrolysis is composed of a plate-form porous ceramic body for electrolyzing a hydrogen-comprising-compound solution, and a conductive portion provided at a part of the ceramic body, wherein particles for composing the ceramic body are comprised of any of fluoride carbon and an element difficult to react to oxygen, and wherein an outmost-nucleus-orbit electron number of the element is even, and porosity having an energy concentration field is provided between the particles in the ceramic body.

Abstract: A ruthenium oxide electrode. The ruthenium oxide electrode includes a substrate, a ruthenium oxide film formed thereon, and a conductive wire connecting to the ruthenium oxide film. The invention also provides a method of fabricating the ruthenium oxide electrode.

Abstract: The purpose of the invention is a process for making a solid part designed to form all or part of an anode for the production of aluminium by fused bath electrolysis, containing a cermet formed from at least one metallic oxide such as a mixed oxide with spinel structure, and at least one metallic phase, in which a mixed oxide is used containing a metal R in the form of a cation in its chemical structure, the said metal R being fully or partly reducible by a reduction operation during the manufacturing process, so as to form all or part of the said metallic phase. This process can provide a cermet with a uniform distribution of fine metallic particles.

Abstract: A detecting electrode is a NOx-decomposing electrode having a certain or a high NOx-decomposing/reducing ability, which is formed on a third solid electrolyte layer for decomposing a NOx to produce oxygen. The detecting electrode contains a noble metal Pt, a material ZrO2 of the third solid electrolyte layer, and a mixture containing silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3). Specifically, the detecting electrode contains 80% to 90% by weight of the Pt, 9.5% to 19.8% by weight of the ZrO2, and 0.2% to 0.5% by weight of the mixture containing silica and alumina.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to overcoming a problem of rate-limiting diffusion of a substrate toward an enzyme, which is a constituent of a microorganism, while ensuring proliferation of the microorganism, in a microbial electrode using a microorganism as an electrode catalyst. A microbial electrode is prepared using a microorganism expressing an enzyme on the surface layer of the cell membrane or cell wall thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing an electrode comprising depositing on an electrode substrate a binder dispersion comprising a precursor of a conductive or semiconductive oxide, forming a conductive or semiconductive oxide coating from the precursor on the electrode substrate, depositing an electroconductive titanium oxide and electrode particles on the conductive or semiconductive oxide coating, adhering the electroconductive titanium oxide and the electrode particles to the formed conductive or semiconductive oxide coating. The invention also relates to an electrode obtainable by the process, and the use thereof in an electrolytic cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a spirally coiled battery element obtained by spirally coiling an anode (3) and a cathode (2) through a separator (4) is accommodated in a battery can (5) filled with a non-aqueous electrolyte. A fluoride MFn (M indicates at least one metal selected from between Cu, Ni, Ag, Ti, Sn and Cr, and n is an integer.) is included in the anode before an initial charging operation, and assuming that the initial charging capacity of the battery is Q [mAh] and a Faraday constant is F [C/mol], an amount m [mol] of the fluoride MFn included in the anode is located within a range represented by the following expression 0.0036 Q/nF?m?0.36 Q/nF.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component, in particular an aluminium electrowinning anode, for use at elevated temperature in an oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises: applying onto a metal-based substrate layers of a particle mixture containing iron oxide particles and particles of a reactant-oxide selected from titanium, yttrium, ytterbium and tantalum oxides; and heat treating the applied layers to consolidate by reactive sintering of the iron oxide particles and the reactant-oxide particles to turn the applied layer into a protective coating made of a substantially continuous reacted oxide matrix of one or more multiple oxides of iron and the metal from the reactant-oxide. The metal-based substrate comprises at its surface during the heat treatment an integral anchorage-oxide of at least one metal of the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel indole carboxylic ester trimer which is characterized by being represented by the following general formula (1): wherein R represents a straight or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms; n is an integer of 1-4; Xa? represents at least one anion selected from a group of anions having a valency of 1-3 consisting of chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, fluoride ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, hydrogen sulfate ion, phosphate ion, borofluoride ion, perchlorate ion, thiocyanate ion, acetic acid ion, propionic acid ion, methanesulfonic acid ion, p-toluenesulfonic acid ion, trifluoroacetic acid ion and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ion; a represents the ionic valence number of X and is an integer of 1-3; and m is 0-0.5.

Abstract: A method of forming a dense and crack-free hematite-containing protective layer on a metal-based substrate for use in a high temperature oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises applying onto the substrate a particle mixture consisting of: 60 to 99 95 weight %, in particular 70 to 95 weight % such as 75 to 85 weight %, of hematite with or without iron metal and/or ferrous oxide; 1 to 25 weight %, in particular 5 8 to 20 weight % such as 8 to 15 weight %, of nitride and/or carbide particles, such as boron nitride, aluminium nitride or zirconium carbide particles; and 0 to 15 weight %, in particular 5 to 15 weight %, of one or more further constituents that consist of at least one metal or metal oxide or a heat-convertible precursor thereof.

Abstract: Stable anodes comprising iron oxide useful for the electrolytic production of metal such as aluminum are disclosed. The iron oxide may comprise Fe3O4, Fe2O3, FeO or a combination thereof. During the electrolytic aluminum production process, the anodes remain stable at a controlled bath temperature of the aluminum production cell and current density through the anodes is controlled. The iron oxide-containing anodes may be used to produce commercial purity aluminum.

Abstract: Highly active hydrogen evolving cathode using a platinum group metal catalyst in an amount smaller than that used in the conventional hydrogen evolving cathode. The hydrogen evolving cathode includes a conductive substrate, and a catalyst layer comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of silver and a silver oxide compound, and at least one selected from the group consisting of a platinum group metal, a platinum group metal oxide and a platinum group metal hydroxide, formed on a surface of the conductive substrate.

Abstract: An electrolytic electrode having an interlayer having more excellent peeling resistance and corrosion resistance and longer electrolytic life than conventional electrolytic electrodes and capable of flowing a large amount of current at the industrial level and a process of producing the same are provided. The electrolytic electrode includes a valve metal or valve metal alloy electrode substrate on the surface of which is formed a high-temperature oxidation film by oxidation, and which is coated with an electrode catalyst. The high-temperature oxidation film is integrated with the electrode substrate, whereby peeling resistance is enhanced. Further, by heating the high-temperature oxidation film together with the electrode catalyst, non-electron conductivity of the interlayer is modified, thereby making it possible to flow a large amount of current.

Abstract: An electrode for use in hydrogen generation comprising a conductive base and a coating layer formed thereon of a composition obtainable by thermally decomposing, in the presence of an organic acid, a mixture comprising at least one type of platinum compound.

Abstract: A diamond electrode having a prolonged life by combining a conventional diamond electrode having a relatively short life with other components is provided. A diamond electrode for electrolysis includes an electrode substrate, at least the surface of which comprises Magneli phase titanium oxide, and conductive diamond supported as an electrode catalyst on a surface of the electrode. The electrode catalyst may contain a titanium oxide powder. Magneli phase titanium oxide improves conductivity without forming a stable oxide layer on the substrate surface.

Abstract: Electrode at least comprising an electroconductive support of a titanium-palladium alloy, titanium, tantalum or compounds or alloys of titanium or of tantalum, an electrochemically active coating and an interlayer between the support and the electrochemically active coating, wherein the interlayer consists of titanium carbide and/or titanium boride and is applied to the support by flame or plasma spraying. Process for producing these electrodes and their use in an electrochemical cell for producing chlorine or chromic acid.

Abstract: A lanthanum gallate-based sintered body comprises a base material formed of lanthanum gallate-based oxide, and grains having a K2NiF4 structure and/or grains having a layered perovskite structure are dispersed into the base material. Consequently, the lanthanum gallate-based sintered body has a high mechanical strength and is excellent in thermal resistance. Further, a SOFC having excellent properties can be obtained by using the lanthanum gallate-based sintered body as the solid electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention is directed to conductive polymer compositions, catalytic ink compositions (e.g., for use in screen-printing), electrodes produced by deposition of an ink composition, as well as methods of making, and methods of using such compositions and electrodes. An exemplary ink material comprises a metal catalyst (e.g., platinum black and/or platinum-on-carbon), graphite as a conducting material, a polymer binding material, and an organic solvent. In one aspect, the polymer binding material comprises a polymer binder blend comprising first and second polymers, wherein the first polymer has a glass transition temperature higher than the second polymer. In a second aspect, the polymer binding material comprises a hydrophilic acrylic polymer, copolymer, or terpolymer. The conductive polymer compositions of the present invention may be used, for example, to make electrochemical sensors. Such sensors may be used, for example, in a variety of devices to monitor analyte amount or concentrations in subjects.

Abstract: An improved electrical connection between an inert anode and a conductor rod is disclosed. The conductor rod has a smaller diameter than a hole in the anode such that a gap is provided between the conductor rod and the anode. The gap is filled with an electrically conductive particulate material, such as Cu, Ni and/or Ag. The particulate conductor material is at least partially sintered before or during operation of the anode. To ensure a good connection between the conductor rod and the anode, the particle size distribution of the particulate connector material may be controlled.

Abstract: There are provided an electrode for electrolysis which takes into consideration safety to human bodies and environmental pollution upon disposal of the electrode, produces ozone with high efficiency and has excellent durability, a production process of the electrode, and an active oxygen producing device using the electrode. In an electrode 5 for electrolysis which has an electrode catalyst at least on the surface and produces ozone or active oxygen in for-treatment water by electrolysis, the electrode catalyst contains a dielectric which constitutes more than 70% of the surface area of the electrode catalyst.

Abstract: Electrode having high activity to oxygen gas and low activity to flammable gas is provided. An oxygen pump includes oxide-ion conductive solid electrolyte 2, electrode 8 which is an inactive electrode, and active electrode 10. Electrode 8 is an electrode that includes Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-?. Electrode 8 is disposed on the gas detection chamber 12 side of solid electrolyte 2. Active electrode 10 is disposed on the open space side of solid electrolyte 2. Gas detection chamber 12 is an enclosed space defined by solid electrolyte 2, insulation layers 6, and diffusion control layer 4.

Abstract: An electrode for use in an electrochemical sensor includes a catalyst dispersed within an electrolyte. Preferably, the catalyst is immobilized within a matrix of the electrolyte. In one embodiment, the electrode of the present invention includes at least one catalyst/electrolyte layer having a mixture of a powdered catalyst, a powdered, quasi-solid electrolyte and a binder material compressed together. The quasi-solid electrolyte can include a liquid electrolyte immobilized by a high-surface-area, high-pore-volume solid.

Abstract: A material suitable for use as the active anode surface in the electrolytic reduction of alumina to aluminium metal defined by the formula: A1+xB1+?CdO4 where A is a divalent cation or a mixture of cations with a relative preference for octahedral coordination, B is a trivalent cation or mixture of cations with a relative preference for tetrahedral coordination, C is a trivalent cations with a relative preference for octahedral coordination or a four-valent cation with a relative preference for octahedral coordination, O is the element oxygen: When C is trivalent x=0, 0.8<d<1, ?<0.2 and x+d+d is essentially equal to 1. When C is four-valent 0.4<x<0.6, 0.4<d<0.6, ?<0.2 and x+d+? is essentially equal to 1.

Abstract: An electrolytic copper plating method characterized in employing phosphorous copper as the anode upon performing electrolytic copper plating, and performing electrolytic copper plating upon making the crystal grain size of the phosphorous copper anode 10 to 1500 ?m when the anode current density during electrolysis is 3 A/dm2 or more, and making the grain size of the phosphorous copper anode 5 to 1500 ?m when the anode current density during electrolysis is less than 3 A/dm2. The electrolytic copper plating method and phosphorous copper anode used in such electrolytic copper plating method is capable of suppressing the generation of particles such as sludge produced on the anode side within the plating bath, and is capable of preventing the adhesion of particles to a semiconductor wafer. A semiconductor wafer plated with the foregoing method and anode having low particle adhesion are provided.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell has a catalytic layer comprising a material and a polymer electrolyte, and the catalytic layer contains a fibrous material such as carbon whiskers or hydrophilic fibers. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell in the present invention having a catalytic layer comprising a catalytic material, an ion conducting material, an electron conducting material, and a void forming agent, and voids having diameters of from 60 to 1000 nm in the catalytic layer has a void volume of from 0.15 to 0.25 cm3/g.

Abstract: An oxygen-depolarized cathode for aqueous hydrochloric acid electrolysis membrane cells is described, the cathode being in contact with the membrane and capable of preventing the release of hydrogen into oxygen even at the highest current densities. Hydrochloric acid may also be of technical grade with a concentration limited to 15%, whereas the operating temperature must not exceed 60° C. The cathode contains a mixture of rhodium sulphide and a metal of the platinum group applied in a single layer or alternatively applied separately in two distinct layers.

Abstract: A complex oxide and an oxide-ion conductor made of the complex oxide are provided. The complex oxide has a basic composition of (Sm1-xAx)(Al1-yBy)O3, wherein “A” represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of barium, strontium and calcium, “B” represents an element selected from the group consisting of magnesium, iron and cobalt, x is a value in a range of 0.10 to 0.30, and y is a value in a range of 0 to 0.30.

Abstract: In one aspect, the invention provides a photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrode or photoelectrode for use in splitting water by electrolysis. The photoelectrode has an electrically conductive surface in contact with an electrolyte solution. This surface is a doped tin oxide layer, which is in electrical contact with the semiconductor solar cell material of the PEC photoelectrode. In a variation of the present invention, another layer of metal oxide having transparent, anti-reflective, and conductive properties is disposed between the doped tin oxide layer and the semiconductor material.

Abstract: Ceramic inert anodes useful for the electrolytic production of aluminum are disclosed. The inert anodes comprise oxides of Ni, Fe and Al. The Ni—Fe—Al oxide inert anode materials have sufficient electrical conductivity at operation temperatures of aluminum production cells, and also possess good mechanical stability. The Ni—Fe—Al oxide inert anodes may be used to produce commercial purity aluminum.

Abstract: A locally distributed electrode is made by placing a conducting metallic oxide layer and a counter electrode in contact with a noble metal electroplating solution and applying a negative potential to the metallic oxide layer relative to the counter electrode, such that the noble metal is electrodeposited from the solution preferentially at defect sites on a surface of the metallic oxide layer. The noble metal nuclei are selectively electrodeposited at the defect sites to form a locally distributed electrode made up of a dot matrix of metallic islands. For reversible electrochemical mirror (REM) devices, the presence of the noble metal renders mirror metal electrodeposition at the defect sites reversible so that the defects become part of the dot matrix electrode and extraneous deposition of the mirror metal on the conducting metallic oxide is avoided.

Abstract: Materials and methods are provided for producing patterned multi-array, multi-specific surfaces for use in diagnostics. The invention provides for electrochemiluminescence methods for detecting or measuring an analyte of interest. It also provides for novel electrodes for ECL assays. Materials and methods are provided for the chemical and/or physical control of conducting domains and reagent deposition for use multiply specific testing procedures.

Abstract: Methods and insulator electrode devices for performing electrochemical reactions are disclosed. The devices consist of high specific surface area electrodes based on a channeled conducting base material that has been coated with an organic or inorganic insulating film or multiple layers of such films. The chemical reactions are exemplified by exciting one or several label compounds into an excited state which is spontaneously de-excited by emission of ultraviolet, visible or infrared light, in aqueous solution. This provides the basis for reproducible analytical applications in bioaffinity assays such as immunoassays and DNA-probing assays.

Abstract: An anode of a cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a nickel-iron alloy substrate having a nickel metal rich outer portion with an electrolyte pervious integral nickel-iron oxide containing surface layer which adheres to the nickel metal rich outer portion of the nickel-iron alloy and which in use is electrochemically active for the evolution of oxygen. The oxide surface layer has a thickness such that, during use, the voltage drop therethrough is below the potential of dissolution of nickel-iron oxide. The nickel metal rich outer portion may contain cavities some or all of which, after oxidation, are partly or completely filled with iron oxides to form iron oxide containing inclusions.

Abstract: An electrode comprises an elongate hollow tube made of porous titanium suboxide the inside wall of which is contacted at spaced apart locations by an electrical conductor so that the current is substantially uniformly distributed along the length of the electrode.

Abstract: Multilayer articles, particularly multilayer articles having electrical or ionic conductivity, are made using an improved melt extrusion process. The process includes a combination step in which a macroscopically homogeneous mass is formed prior to introduction into an extruder. The multilayer article may include an electrode layer and a separator layer that are extruded onto a metal current collector. Such structures are particularly useful in lithium-ion batteries.

Abstract: Bubble-free electrodes, electrochemical cells including bubble-free electrodes, analytical devices, and methods for preparing and using them are provided. The analytical devices each include at least one bubble-free electrode. Analytical devices that include an electrochemical cell and a sample containment device are also provided, wherein the electrochemical cell includes an anodic reservoir, a cathodic reservoir, an electrical connection between the anodic reservoir and the cathodic reservoir, and a first bubble-free electrode disposed within one of the anodic reservoir and the cathodic reservoir. A second electrode is disposed within the other reservoir and a power source is provided having a positive terminal that is normally in electrical contact with the first electrode, and a negative terminal that is normally in electrical contact with the second electrode.

Abstract: A sintered electrode assembly is made of an inert electrode (15) containing a sealed metal conductor (20) having a surface feature (30) such as a coating or wrapping which aids in bond formation with the inert electrode (15) at their interface (45), where the metal conductor (20) is directly contacted by and is substantially surrounded by the inert electrode (15) without the use of metal foam or metal powders.

Abstract: A rhodium sulfide electrocatalyst formed by heating an aqueous solution of rhodium salt until a steady state distribution of isomers is obtained and then sparging hydrogen sulfide into the solution to form the rhodium sulfide and a membrane electrode assembly with the said electrode and a process for electrolyzing hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A wall construction for an electrolytic cell to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing gas in which an electrolyte layer of less than 200 microns and a cathode layer of less than 500 microns are supported by an anode that can have a sufficient thickness to also contain the separated oxygen at pressure. The cathode is formed from the same material as the electrolyte and also a noble metal or noble metal alloy and a mixed conductor. The cathode contains a sufficient amount of the noble metal or noble metal allow and the mixed conductor that the total resistance thereof is not greater than about 70 percent of the total resistance of the anode and the cathode. In a preferred embodiment, first and second porous interfacial layers are situated between an anode layer and the electrolyte and the electrolyte and a cathode layer, respectively.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for plating a metal onto a substrate. The apparatus generally includes an anode electrode disposed in the electrochemical cell and a cathode electrode disposed opposite the anode electrode in the electrochemical cell. The apparatus further includes an electrode lid having more than one aperture disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, the apertures configured to electrically connect the cathode electrode and the anode electrode.

Abstract: Cermet material obtained from unused inert anodes, used inert anodes and cermet used in the production of inert anodes is beneficiated into a nonferrous metal concentrate composition from which metal values contained in the composition may be readily recovered by using a conventional smelting process.

Abstract: A method of making cermet inert anodes for the electrolytic production of metals such as aluminum is disclosed. The method includes the step of spray drying a slurry comprising ceramic phase particles and metal phase particles. The resultant spray dried powder, which comprises agglomerates of both the ceramic phase and metal phase particles, may then be consolidated by techniques such as pressing and sintering to produce a cermet inert anode material. The ceramic phase may comprise oxides of Ni, Fe and at least one additional metal selected from Zn, Co, Al, Li, Cu, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Hf and rare earths. The metal phase may comprise Cu, Ag, Pd, Pt, Au, Rh, Ru, Ir and/or Os. The consolidated cermet inert anode material exhibits improved properties such as reduced porosity. The cermet inert anodes may be used in electrolytic reduction cells for the production of commercial purity aluminum as well as other metals.

Abstract: A solid material (12′) circumscribing an anode system (10) in an electrolysis apparatus is made from a mixture of cryolite and/or alumina (Al2O3), where the solid material (12′) contacts and surrounds the anodes (14, 14′).

Abstract: An electrode composition comprises a support material that is non-oxidizable at anodic potentials less than about 4 volts, and a catalyst material comprising active electrocatalytic sites. In another embodiment, the electrode can further comprise a proton conductive material disposed on the support and catalyst materials.

Abstract: WC powder (11) and W powder (12) are mixed and entered in a press mold and compressed and molded, thereby forming a discharge surface treatment electrode (10). Discharge is caused to occur between the discharge surface treatment electrode (10) and a workpiece (16) by a discharge surface treatment power unit (17), whereby a component of the discharge surface treatment electrode (10) melted by discharge heat is deposited on the workpiece (16). W, a component of the discharge surface treatment electrode (10), reacts with C, a component of work liquid (4), to produce WC and together with the WC which is a component of the discharge surface treatment electrode (10) a hard film (20) made of WC is formed on the workpiece (16). The hardness and strength of the hard film formed on the workpiece (16) by the discharge surface treatment can be enhanced.

Abstract: An inert anode (10) for use in an electrolysis process to make metals such as aluminum, contains a hollow interior with an open top portion (16), an interior closed bottom (18) and interior walls (19) where the top interior side walls (16) have at least one interior groove (20) which helps relieve stress on the anode material and helps provide locking and support of the anode.