Abstract: Refinery feedstocks can be characterized based on any of: dissociation of acids in the crude, breakup of naphthenic acid molecular associations, and/or dissociation of sulfur compounds in the feedstocks. The characterization is performed as a function of temperature via any of electrical resistivity measurement, vibrational spectroscopic analysis, voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and combinations thereof The method can be practiced in any of refinery, terminal, and laboratories. It can be used in conjunction with models and hardware to optimize the usage of refinery feedstocks in the blending and valuation of the feedstocks. In one embodiment, the characterization of refinery feedstocks is via the use of EIS.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, an electrochemical sensor (10) for detecting the concentration of analyte in a fluid test sample is disclosed. The sensor (10) includes a counter electrode having a high-resistance portion for use in detecting whether a predetermined amount of sample has been received by the test sensor.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for measuring an analyte in a fluid, the electrochemical sensor having a first working electrode that includes a redox species sensitive to the analyte to be measured and a second working electrode made from a conducting substrate absent the redox species. The electrochemical sensor being capable of operation so that electrochemical effects of active contaminants in the fluid can be removed/attenuated from electrochemical signals produced by the reduction/oxidation of the redox species in the presence of the analyte.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for measuring the concentration of a peroxide using a CNT sensor. The CNT sensor comprises a working electrode that is arranged on an insulating substrate, a monolayered carbon nano-tube that is contacted with the working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. A sample is provided on the monolayered carbon nano-tube, and a potential difference is made between the working electrode and the counter electrode. In this manner, the concentration of the peroxide in the sample can be measured. The measurement method can be applied to clinical tests or the like.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a fuel cell electrode catalyst comprising molybdenum, a different transition metal element, and a chalcogen element and having high activity is provided with an index for performance evaluation that is useful for Ogood catalyst design. Also, a fuel cell electrode catalyst is provided, such catalyst comprising at least one transition metal element (M1), molybdenum (Mo), and at least one chalcogen element (X), wherein the value of (Mo—O coordination number)/[(Mo—O coordination number)+(Mo—X coordination number)] is 0.44 to 0.66.

Abstract: The subject matter disclosed herein relates to systems, methods and/or devices for calibrating sensor data to be used in estimating a blood glucose concentration. A relationship between sensor signal values and reference readings may be used to estimate a relationship between sensor signal values and measurements of blood glucose concentration.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention disclosed herein comprise amperometric glucose sensor systems that include multiple working electrodes having different material properties as well as algorithms and other elements designed for use with such systems. While embodiments of the innovation can be used in a number of contexts, typical embodiments of the invention include glucose sensors used to facilitate the management of diabetes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device and method for non-invasive detection of an analyte in a fluid sample. In one embodiment, the device comprises: a collection chamber containing an absorbent hydrogel material; a fluidic channel connected to the collection chamber; a sensing chamber connected to the fluidic channel, wherein the device is comprised of a compressible housing that allows transfer of fluid collected by the collection chamber to be transferred to be extracted and withdrawn to the sensing chamber upon compression of the device, wherein the sensing chamber contains a material that specifically detects the analyte and wherein the sensing chamber is operably linked to a processor containing a potentiostat that allows detection of the analyte using electrochemical sensing.

Abstract: Embodiments of nanoelectronic sensors are described, including sensors for detecting analytes such ammonia. An environmental control system employing nanoelectronic sensors is described. A personnel safety system configured as a disposable badge employing nanoelectronic sensors is described. A method of dynamic sampling and exposure of a sensor providing a number of operational advantages is described.

Abstract: A method and an article of an electrically conductive ceramic interconnect bonded to a compatible ceramic housing for an oxygen partial pressure sensor system. The interconnect includes a LaxSryAlzMn1?zO3 (LSAM) having a stoichiometry enabling good electrical conductivity at high temperatures and the LSAM also bonded to a yttria stabilized zirconia forming a stable and durable seal.

Abstract: Provided is a simple, rapid blood cell analysis method (assay method using erythrocytes) utilizing a novel index. Using a measurement system having a working electrode and a counter electrode, an adhesion level of erythrocyte on the working electrode to which a positive potential, or a current that generates a positive potential, is applied is detected by an electrochemical measurement method. Oxidation stress is evaluated using the detection result.

Abstract: Methods for determining a concentration of an analyte in a sample, and the devices and systems used in conjunction with the same, are provided herein. In one exemplary embodiment of a method for determining a concentration of an analyte in a sample, a sample including an analyte is provided in a sample analyzing device having a working and a counter electrode. An electric potential is applied between the electrodes and a measurement of a parameter correlating to changes in a physical property of the sample analyzing device is calculated. A concentration of the analyte in view of the parameter correlating to a change in the physical property can then be determined Systems and devices that take advantage of the parameter correlating to changes in a physical property to make analyte concentration determinations are also provided.

Abstract: An electrochemical method of identifying the presence of a target protein in a sample is provided. The method comprises providing a redox probe modified to include a detector that is suitable to bind to the target protein, and exposing the sample to the detector-modified redox probe. A change in the electrochemical signal produced by the redox probe as compared to a control signal is indicative of the presence of the target protein.

Abstract: An electrochemical test sensor is adapted to measure glucose and correct for the oxygen effect in a fluid sample. The test sensor comprises a base, first and second working electrodes, and a counter electrode. The first working electrode includes glucose oxidase, a mediator and peroxidase. The second working electrode includes glucose oxidase and the mediator. The first working electrode, the second working electrode and the counter electrode are located on the base. In other embodiments, an electrochemical test sensor is adapted to measure cholesterol, lactate, pyruvate or xanthine and correct for the oxygen effect in a fluid sample.

Abstract: The present invention provides a linker for joining an electrode and a capture probe on a biochip, and a biochip comprising the linker. The impedance baseline of the linker of the present invention is three orders lower than the conventional long chain thiol linker when adopting in a fadaraic impedance biochip construction. With lower impedance baseline, the device designed to measure the signal of the biochip of the present invention could be further simplied on the electrical circuit design and be made in lower cost, compacter size and get the potential to be used in point-of-care applications. The present invention also provides a method of quantitatively detecting a concentration of a target analyte in a fluid sample by adopting the biochip and the linker of present invention.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: An oxidative peak in a cathodic scan is observed in the cyclic voltammetry of glucose at gold electrodes, its peak current density being proportional to glucose concentration in a wide potential range. The application of this phenomenon in blood glucose sensing has been hindered by the presence of inhibitors: the most problematic are chlorides due to their high concentration and difficult separation from glucose. The present invention provides a solution to this problem involving a three electrode, four step pulsed electrochemical detection technique.

Abstract: A biosensor system determines an analyte concentration of a biological sample using an electrochemical process without Cottrell decay. The biosensor system generates an output signal having a transient decay, where the output signal is not inversely proportional to the square root of the time. The transient decay is greater or less than the ?0.5 decay constant of a Cottrell decay. The transient decay may result from a relatively short incubation period, relatively small sample reservoir volumes, relatively small distances between electrode surfaces and the lid of the sensor strip, and/or relatively short excitations in relation to the average initial thickness of the reagent layer. The biosensor system determines the analyte concentration from the output signal having a transient decay.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the synthesis of lipophilic or immobilized monobasic phosphate (H2PO4) ionophores (7, 8a, 8b and 11) to be used as ion recognition molecules for monobasic phosphate (H2PO4?) in the cocktail preparation of hydrophobic polymer membranes in ion selective electrode (ISE) or ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) chemical sensors for detection of monobasic phosphate (H2PO4) ionic species in soil, synthetic media, hydrophonic liquid, tree sap, ground water and rivers.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical device includes a conductor, and an active layer formed on the conductor and including a polybenzimidazole polymer that contains at least one of the functional group of the following formula:

Abstract: Control and calibration solutions are described that provide control and calibration data that is recognized by a test meter allowing the meter to segregate the control and calibration data from regular test data. Recognition and segregation of the control and calibration data can occur automatically with no additional input from the meter's user. Methods for use of the solutions are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems and methods for calibrating a continuous analyte sensor, such as a continuous glucose sensor. One such system utilizes one or more electrodes to measure an additional analyte. Such measurements may provide a baseline or sensitivity measurement for use in calibrating the sensor. Furthermore, baseline and/or sensitivity measurements may be used to trigger events such as digital filtering of data or suspending display of data.

Abstract: An electrochemical-based analytical test strip for the determination of an analyte (such as glucose) in a bodily fluid sample (for example, whole blood) includes an electrically insulating base layer, a patterned conductor layer disposed over the electrically-insulating layer, and a patterned insulation layer, with an electrode exposure window therethrough, disposed over the patterned conductor layer. The patterned conductive layer of the electrochemical-based analytical test strip includes at least one working electrode and a counter/reference electrode. In addition, at least a portion of the electrode exposure window is configured to expose a working electrode exposed portion and a counter/reference electrode exposed portion, with the working electrode exposed portion being rectangular in shape and the counter/reference electrode exposed portion being one of a crossroads shape and an at least six-sided portion of a crossroads shape.

Abstract: A sensor supervision system for periodically providing a test to accesses the status of a gas detection sensor, such as a carbon monoxide (CO) sensor, is provided. To access the status of the CO sensor, a processor provides a voltage to the sensor supervision system, such that a voltage is applied to CO sensor, charging the CO sensor. The status of the CO sensor is accessed by determining the change in the voltage charge of the CO sensor between two sampling time points. If the first sample voltage is substantially equal to the second sample voltage, i.e., a substantially constant voltage, the carbon monoxide sensor fails the test. However, if there is an change is the voltage change between the first and second sampled time points, the CO sensor passes the test.

Abstract: A sensor chip (200) is configured to measure the temperature of a blood sample and includes a capillary section (40) and an electrode unit (11, 12). The capillary section (40) allows the blood sample to be introduced therein. The electrode unit (11, 12) is configured to measure the temperature of the blood sample and includes a working electrode and a counter electrode. The working electrode and the counter electrode respectively include a reaction reagent layer (20) containing an electrolyte. Further, the electrode unit (11, 12) is configured to receive a predetermined voltage to be applied in measuring the temperature of the blood sample for allowing a result of the measurement to be less affected by increase and reduction in a glucose concentration and the like.

Abstract: A bifunctional total NOx and O2 sensor assembly with an internal reference for high temperature sensing. Two electrochemical total NOx(NO+NO2) measuring systems and method were coupled with a metal/metal oxide internal oxygen reference to detect O2 and NOx simultaneously in a combustion environment using a single sensor. A Pd/PdO-containing reference chamber was sealed within a stabilized zirconia superstructure by a high pressure/temperature bonding method. An amperometric and potentiometric NOx sensor assembly was built on the outside of the Pd/PdO chamber. Pt-loaded zeolite Y was used to obtain total NOx capacity and also to cover the Pt electrodes for detecting oxygen in the presence of NOx.

Abstract: A sensor chip (200) includes a measuring unit (41) and a measuring unit (42). The measuring unit (41) includes an electrode system (temperature electrodes) having a portion (31) of an electrode (11) and a portion (32) of an electrode (12), and a portion of a capillary (40) containing the portion (31) and the portion (32). The measuring unit (42) includes an electrode system (analysis electrodes) having a portion (33) of a sensor electrode (13) and a portion (34) of an electrode (14), and a portion of a capillary (40) containing the portion (33) and the portion (34) in addition to a reaction reagent layer (20). Data (a) related to the temperature of the blood sample is acquired based on the dimension of a current flowing through the temperature electrodes, and data (b) related to a concentration of an analyte in the blood sample is acquired based on the dimension of a current flowing through the analysis electrodes.

Abstract: A method for detecting an organic carbonyl species involves exposing a metal oxide-free film of a polyaniline to an environment suspected of containing an organic carbonyl species, detecting a change in electrical conductivity and/or an optical or luminescent property of the polyaniline, and, correlating the change in electrical conductivity and/or optical or luminescent property to a presence of the organic carbonyl species in the environment. Further, sensors for organic carbonyl species are disclosed having a metal oxide-free film of a polyaniline supported on an electrically insulating substrate. The method and sensors provide a good balance between response time and sensitivity, being considerably faster than metal oxide and metal oxide/polymer based sensors, while having greater sensitivity than other polymer-based sensors.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochemical assay for a phenol analyte in a body fluid sample wherein said sample, or fluid therefrom, is contacted with the working electrode of an electrode assembly comprising a working electrode, a counter-electrode, a voltage supply to said working and counter-electrodes and a current meter for determining the current between said working and counter-electrodes, and wherein a first compound capable of reversible oxidation and reduction is disposed at said working electrode, said first compound being capable in either an oxidized or a reduced form of binding to said phenol analyte, characterized in that said first compound in its oxidized or reduced form comprises a group of structure I R1-NH—C*—(C*—C*)n—C*-QR? (I) (where n is 0 or 1; Q is 0, S, NH or NR?; C*—(C*—C*)n—C* is a two or four carbon string in a conjugated delocalised electron system optionally substituted by a group comprising R; R is an electron-donating or withdrawing substituent; and R? is H or a group R, at le

Abstract: One aspect concerns a technique for detecting analyte concentrations, such as glucose concentrations, in blood or other bodily fluids. This technique utilizes an electrochemical test strip that includes a mediator system that generates a linear faradic response at relatively low applied potential differences. An alternating current excitation signal is applied to blood in the test strip. The alternating current excitation signal includes a low frequency signal and a high frequency signal that has a higher frequency than the low frequency signal. The glucose concentration is determined by measuring a low frequency response to the low frequency signal, measuring a high frequency response to the high frequency signal, estimating the glucose concentration based on the low frequency response, and correcting the glucose concentration for one or more error-causing variables based on the high frequency response.

Abstract: The blood glucose analysis technique and system described herein address the issue of hematocrit interference when rapidly detecting glucose concentrations. It addresses this issue by using a differential pulse voltammetry technique in which short high, frequency voltage pulses are applied to keep the diffusion layer within the reagent of the working electrode, and the pulses are applied in a limited voltage window (or range) that is below the peak, diffusion-limited current. The readings below the peak are then used to determine glucose concentrations. With this technique, glucose concentrations can be determined relatively fast (e.g., within 5 seconds) and independently of the hematocrit levels of the fluid being analyzed.

Abstract: Methods for determining a concentration of an analyte in a sample, and the devices and systems used in conjunction with the same, are provided herein. In one exemplary embodiment of a method for determining a concentration of an analyte in a sample, the method includes detecting a presence of a sample in an electrochemical sensor including two electrodes. A fill time of the sample is determined with the two electrodes and a correction factor is calculated in view of at least the fill time. The method also includes reacting an analyte that causes a physical transformation of the analyte between the two electrodes. A concentration of the analyte can then be determined in view of the correction factor with the same two electrodes. Systems and devices that take advantage of the fill time to make analyte concentration determinations are also provided.

Abstract: Methods for determining a concentration of an analyte in a sample, and the devices and systems used in conjunction with the same, are provided herein. In one exemplary embodiment of a method for determining a concentration of an analyte in a sample, a sample including an analyte is provided in a sample analyzing device having a working and a counter electrode. An electric potential is applied between the electrodes and a fill time of the sample into the device is calculated. A concentration of the analyte in view of fill time can then be determined. Systems and devices that take advantage of the fill time to make analyte concentration determinations are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a unique solution to the problems of both steady-state and transient signals produced by a variety of interfering stimuli, including humidity, which relies upon the inclusion in a gas sensing electrode in an electrochemical gas sensor of a catalyst material in addition to a first catalyst material reactive to the target gas, the additional, or second, catalyst material producing a response to an interfering stimulus which is of the opposite polarity to that generated by the first catalyst material.

Abstract: Disclosed is a strip having a temperature compensating function, in which the temperature of the strip for blood collection for use in a blood glucose monitor is sensed and used as an error compensation value upon measuring blood glucose, thereby obtaining a very accurate blood glucose measurement regardless of ambient temperature and humidity and which includes first and second electrodes formed adjacent to each other to measure blood glucose, a connector inserted into a blood glucose monitor so as to be electrically connected thereto and one surface of which has upper terminals respectively connected to the first and second electrodes, a rectangular substrate including a chemically reactive member applied on or attached to the first and second electrodes, an upper cover covering an upper surface of the substrate and including a cut part to expose portions of the first and second electrodes, and a temperature sensor attached to the substrate to sense the temperature of the strip.

Abstract: Carbohydrate detectors employing abiotic fuel cell designs are disclosed. The detectors produce current output using reactions between chemical dyes in alkaline solutions and carbohydrates, such as glucose. A linear relationship between current output of the detector and glucose concentration has been observed. This relationship may be used with measurements of current output when the glucose concentration is unknown to determine the unknown glucose concentration. In certain embodiments, the abiotic detectors may further employ electrodes, such as high surface area carbon materials and commercial air breathing electrodes, without the use of catalysts (i.e., precious metals or biocatalytic species) for glucose detection Organic dyes, such as methyl viologen (MV), methylene blue, methylene green, Meldola's blue, indigo carmine, safranin O, and the like, may serve as the electron mediators.

Abstract: A dual chamber, multi-analyte test strip has a first insulating layer, a first electrically conductive layer, with a first working electrode, disposed on the first insulating layer and a first patterned spacer layer positioned above the first electrically conductive layer. The first patterned spacer layer has a first sample-receiving chamber, with first and second end openings, defined therein that overlies the first working electrode. The test strip also includes a first counter/reference electrode layer that is exposed to the first sample receiving chamber and is in an opposing relationship to the first working electrode. The test strip further includes a counter/reference insulating layer disposed over the first counter/reference electrode layer and a second counter/reference electrode layer disposed on the counter/reference substrate. Also included in the test strip is a second patterned spacer layer that is positioned above the second counter/reference electrode layer.

Abstract: A gas sensor and method thereof are provided. The example gas sensor may include first and second electrodes formed on a substrate, a carbon nanotube connecting the first and second electrodes on the substrate, a light source disposed above the carbon nanotube and an ampere meter measuring current flowing between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: Measurement of the series track resistance of a working and counter electrode pair in an electrochemical test strip provide error detection for multiple variations in the quality of the test strip, as well as the operation of strip in the test meter. In particular, a single measurement of series resistance can be used to detect and generate an error message when an incorrect reading is likely to result due to (1) damaged electrode tracks, (2) fouled electrode surfaces, (3) dirty strip contacts, or (4) short circuit between the electrodes.

Abstract: A method of determining chemical oxygen demand (COD) of a water sample which is useful in a probe configuration includes the steps of a) applying a constant potential bias to a photoelectmchemical cell, having a photoactive working electrode optionally a reference electrode and a counter electrode, and containing a supporting electrolyte solution; b) illuminating the working electrode with a light source and recording the background photocurrent produced at the working electrode from the supporting electrolyte solution; c) adding a water sample, to be analysed, to the photoelectrochemical cell; d) illuminating the working electrode with a light source and recording the steady state photocurrent produced with the sample; e) determining the chemical oxygen demand of the water sample using the formula (I): where ? is the Nernst diffusion layer thickness, D is the diffusion coefficient, A is the electrode area, F the Faraday constant and iss the steady state photocurrent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for distinguishing between a sample and a control liquid in a system for analyzing a specific component in the sample by using an analyzing tool having a working electrode and an counter electrode. This discriminating method includes a first step of applying a voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode, a second step of measuring a response current at certain intervals by use of the working electrode and the counter electrode, a third step of calculating a relative value for a peak value or an end value of the response current, a fourth step of calculating a change rate of the relative value, and a fifth step of distinguishing between the sample and the control liquid based on the change rate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new antioxidant sensor based on metallic or metallic oxide modified electrode and its associated method for electrochemically generating hydroxyl radicals and their subsequent use for the electrochemical measurement of antioxidant activities based on hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of the tested sample.

Abstract: Provided is an immunoassay for detecting a test substance with high sensitivity. The immunoassay is a method of detecting or measuring a test substance contained in a sample liquid, and includes: reacting, with the test substance, a first specifically binding substance which is immobilized on a support and is capable of binding specifically to the test substance and a second specifically binding substance which is labeled with a labeling substance and is capable of binding specifically to the test substance; separating, from the support, the second specifically binding substance which is unreactive with the test substance; eluting the labeling substance retained on the support; depositing the eluted labeling substance on a test element; and measuring electrochemically a catalyst reaction amount of the labeling substance deposited on the test element.

Abstract: Devices and methods are provided for continuous measurement of an analyte concentration. The device can include a sensor having a plurality of sensor elements, each having at least one characteristic that is different from other sensor(s) of the device. In some embodiments, the plurality of sensor elements are each tuned to measure a different range of analyte concentration, thereby providing the device with the capability of achieving a substantially consistent level of measurement accuracy across a physiologically relevant range. In other embodiments, the device includes a plurality of sensor elements each tuned to measure during different time periods after insertion or implantation, thereby providing the sensor with the capability to continuously and accurately measure analyte concentrations across a wide range of time periods.

Abstract: A method for detecting the presence or absence of a gas bubble in an aqueous liquid is provided comprising providing a sensor positioned within a measuring chamber, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the concentration of a gaseous component dissolved in a liquid, the sensor comprising a sensitive region; setting a gas partial pressure at the sensor, wherein the gas partial pressure differs from an expected value of the gas partial pressure of the gaseous component of a liquid to be measured; exposing the sensor to the liquid to be measured; resting the liquid until standstill is attained; recording a signal from the sensor as a function of time until the signal becomes constant; and detecting the presence or absence of a gas bubble from the variation of the signal over time. The gas bubble, if present, is in at least partial contact with the sensitive region of the sensor.

Abstract: A biomolecules detection method which detects a detection target biomolecule by a measurement of an electrochemical response, the method including: a standard solution measurement process which measures an electrochemical response of a standard solution which includes an electrochemically reactive agent having a direct or indirect binding capacity to the detection target biomolecule; sample solution measurement process which measures the electrochemical response of a sample solution, the sample solution containing, a sample material containing the detection target biomolecule, and the electrochemically reactive agent; a comparison process which compares an electrochemical response measurement result of the standard solution and an electrochemical response measurement result of the sample solution, and thereby obtains a comparison result; and a biomolecules content information detection process which, based on the comparison result, detects a content information of the detection target biomolecule in the sampl

Abstract: A flexible indwelling electrochemical-based biosensor includes an elongated framework and an integrated electrochemical-based biosensor. The elongated framework is formed of an electrically conductive flexible material (e.g., a Nitinol) with a body portion, a sharp head, a distal end and a proximal end. The integrated electrochemical-based biosensor (such as an electrochemical-based glucose sensor) is integrated with the elongated framework in that the biosensor has a sensing element that is disposed over the body portion or sharp head of the elongated framework and a portion of the elongated framework is configured as an electrode component that electrically cooperates with the sensing element. The electrode component can, for example, be configured to electrically cooperate as a working electrode, counter electrode, reference electrode or combined reference/counter electrode of the sensing element.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for utilizing sensors with existing devices. An interface module is used in combination with a newer sensor, such as a fluorescence oxygen sensor, and an older legacy device. The older legacy device supplies a polarizing voltage, and anticipates a measured current of between 0 and 100 nA. The newer sensor requires no polarizing voltage and delivers an output of 0-10 volts in one embodiment, and 4-20 mA in another embodiment. The interface module receives the output from the sensor, and converts it into a useable signal to the legacy device. In another embodiment, the interface module comprises a number of outputs, such that both legacy devices and newer devices can be in communication with the sensor simultaneously. The interface module can be used in conjunction with a reactor chamber or other pharmaceutical process.

Abstract: A method for detecting the presence or absence of a gas bubble in an aqueous liquid is provided comprising providing an amperometric sensor positioned within a measuring chamber, wherein the amperometric sensor is configured to determine the concentration of a gaseous component dissolved in a liquid, the amperometric sensor comprising a sensitive region; positioning the liquid in the measuring chamber; taking at least one first measurement value of the gaseous component from a first portion of the liquid after a predetermined response time, the first portion located in the sensitive region of the sensor; moving the liquid along in the measuring chamber, such that a second portion of the liquid, which had previously been located outside the sensitive region of the amperometric sensor, is positioned in the sensitive region; taking at least one second measurement value of the gaseous component from the second portion of the liquid; and detecting the presence or absence of a gas bubble by comparing the first and

Abstract: The invention concerns a method and a system for producing a signal, in particular an electric signal, or a substance having a coagulating or anticoagulant effect. The method is characterised in that it is based on a source substance with coagulating effect, in particular, Ca++ ions, or an anticoagulant affect, in particular heparin. The method consists in: transforming the electromagnetic field derived from said source substance located in the chamber, into a signal, in particular an electric signal, using a transducer-receiver sensing the electromagnetic field; applying to a receiving substance located in the chamber, in particular water or a water-ethanol mixture or homeopathic granules, said signal derived from said transducer-receiver, using a transducer-transmitter. After said treatment, the receiving substance, initially inactive, has a coagulating or anticoagulant effect.