Abstract: Low sulfur gasoline is produced from a catalytically cracked, sulfur-containing naphtha by fractionating the naphtha feed into a low boiling fraction in which the majority of the sulfur is present in the form of mercaptans and a high-boiling fraction in which the sulfur is predominantly in non-mercaptan form such as thiophenes. The low boiling fraction is desulfurized by a non-hydrogenatile mercaptan extraction process which retains the olefins present in this fraction. The second fraction is desulfurized by hydrodesulfurization, which results in some saturation of olefins and loss of octane. The octane loss is restored by treatment over an acidic catalyst, preferably an intermediate pore size zeolite such as ZSM-5, to form a low sulfur gasoline product with an octane number comparable to that of the feed naphtha but which contains some recombined sulfur in the form or mercaptans which are removed in a final hydrotreatment.

Abstract: Low sulfur gasoline of relatively high octane number is produced from a catalytically cracked, sulfur-containing naphtha by hydrodesulfurization followed by treatment over an acidic catalyst, modified to reduce surface acidity, and preferably an intermediate pore size zeolite such as ZSM-5. The treatment over the acidic catalyst in the second step restores the octane loss which takes place as a result of the hydrogenative treatment and results in a low sulfur gasoline product with an octane number comparable to that of the feed naphtha. In favorable cases, using feeds of extended end point such as heavy naphthas with 95 percent points above about 380.degree. F. (about 193.degree. C.), improvements in both product octane and yield relative to the feed may be obtained.

Abstract: This invention relates to the production of high viscosity index lubricants from mineral oil feedstocks, e.g., petroleum waxes, by hydrocracking in a first stage, followed by a combined hydroisomerization-hydrotreating process in a second stage, wherein the temperature in the second stage is closely controlled by regulating the amount of nitrogen-containing compounds which are permitted into the second stage.

Abstract: A process for making a lubricant oil of low pour point and improved oxidation stability by catalytically hydro-dewaxing a lube chargestock containing paraffin wax in a vertical column reactor having a cascade series of fixed downflow catalyst beds over dewaxing catalyst comprising acid medium pore size zeolite. The treatment is carried out by selectively hydrodewaxing paraffinic wax contained in the liquid petroleum in a first serial catalyst bed under adiabatic cracking temperature conditions while controlling adiabatic exothermal heat of reaction within a 30.degree. C. maximum excursion from the initial reaction temperature, thereby producing lighter olefinic components, recovering partially hydrodewaxed liquid petroleum from a bottom portion of the first serial catalyst bed, and redistributing said partially hydrodewaxed liquid petroleum for contact with said catalyst in at least one downstream fixed catalyst bed.

Abstract: A process combination is disclosed to selectively upgrade naphtha to obtain products suitable for further upgrading to reformulated fuels. A naphtha feedstock is hydrogenated to saturate aromatics, followed by selective isoparaffin synthesis to yield light and heavy naphtha and isobutane. The heavy naphtha may be processed by reforming, light naphtha may be isomerized, and isobutane may be upgraded by dehydrogenation, etherification and/or alkylation to yield gasoline components from the process combination suitable for production of reformulated gasoline.

Abstract: The recovery of distillate products from a hydrocracking process includes passing the liquid-phase portion of the reaction zone effluent into a stripping column. A naphtha sidecut stream is recovered off the stripping column and combined with the net overhead liquid of the column. These combined streams are then combined with the naphtha recovered from the primary product recovery column. This minimizes the hydrogen sulfide present in the total naphtha product.

Abstract: The present invention is a catalytic hydrocracking process which minimizes the fouling of the process unit with 11.sup.+ ring heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds by means of hydrogenating and converting at least a portion or slipstream of the hydrocarbon effluent from the hydrocracking zone containing trace quantities of 11.sup.+ ring heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds in a 11.sup.+ ring heavy polynuclear aromatic compound conversion zone containing a hydrogenation catalyst having a hydrogenation component at hydrogenation conditions to selectively reduce the concentration of 11.sup.+ ring heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds before the hydrocracking zone effluent is cooled below about 400.degree. F. At least a portion of the effluent from the 11.sup.+ ring heavy polynuclear aromatic compound conversion zone is cooled and separated to produce at least a portion of the unconverted recycle stream.

Abstract: A two-stage method is provided for converting diamondoid-containing wash oils to gasoline comprising a first hydrocracking stage and a second reforming stage. In the most preferred embodiment, process conditions are controlled to effect a substantially hydrogen-balanced conversion of diamondoid-containing solvent to a motor gasoline blending component.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for dewaxing a waxy hydrocarbon feedstock and for upgrading the olefinic interstage by-product to a high-octane gasoline blending stream. Waxy hydrocarbon feedstock is catalytically dewaxed until the catalyst is deactivated. Hydrogen-rich gas or, optionally, oxygen-containing gas, is then circulated to at least partially reactivate the catalyst. The interstage by-product, stored during the dewaxing run, is then upgraded in the reaction zone to a high-octane gasoline blending component.

Abstract: A catalytic hydrocracking process which comprises: (a) contacting a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock having a propensity to form heavy polynuclear aromatic compounds and a liquid recycle stream in a hydrocracking zone to convert a substantial portion of the hydrocarbonaceous components in the feedstock to lower boiling products; (b) recovering a hydrocarbon effluent from the hydrocracking zone and partially condensing the hydrocarbon effluent from the hydrocracking zone and separating the same into a lower boiling hydrocarbon product stream and an unconverted hydrocarbon stream having at least a portion boiling above about 400.degree. F. (204.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of a feed rich in fused two-ring aromatic and fused two-ring hydroaromatic hydrocarbons, notably light cat cycle oil, furnance oils, coal liquids, tar sands liquids, shale oil liquids, and the like to high density jet fuels. Sulfur or nitrogen, or both are removed from said feed and a hydrodesulfurized/hydrodenitrogenated liquid product separated therefrom is hydrotreated in a second stage over a highly active fluorided Group VIII metal-on-alumina catalyst at conditions sufficient to selectively hydrogenate and saturate the fused two-ring aromatics and/or partially saturated fused two-ring hydroaromatics at high selectivity to naphthenes without any significant conversion thereof to lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. High density jet fuels having an API gravity ranging from about 25 to about 35, with a total aromatic content well below about 50 percent, preferably 5 percent to about 30 percent, are produced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical process involving a processing step which is sensitive to the presence of at least one component contained within the stream to be processed and to an economical and efficient method of temporarily removing such deleterious component from the stream so as to have the deleterious component by-pass the step which is sensitive to this component using an adsorbent for such removal wherein the adsorbent is regenerated by the product effluent stream leaving the sensitive processing step.

Abstract: A process for the production of high octane gasoline, or high octane gasoline blending components, from a sulfur-containing feed rich in fused two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, inclusive of naphthalenes. The feed is hydrogenated in a first reaction zone to desulfurize the feed and saturate one ring of the fused two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons, but insufficient to saturate the second ring of said molecular species, to form tetralins. The product, as a feed, is reacted in a second reaction zone over a catalyst comprised of elemental iron and one or more alkali or alkaline-earth metals components to selectively hydrogenate and crack the previously hydrogenated fused two-ring aromatic hydrocarbons to produce lower molecular weight higher octane components suitable per se as gasoline, or gasoline blending components.

Abstract: An upgrading process for paraffinic naphthas subjects a full range naphtha to hydrocracking over a zeolite beta hydrocracking catalyst to effect a selective, partial hydrocracking in which the higher molecular weight n-paraffinic components of the naphtha are hydrocracked preferentially to the lower molecular weight components with concurrent isomerization of n-paraffins to isoparaffins, to form a hydrocracked effluent which comprises isobutane, C.sub.5 to C.sub.7 paraffins and relatively higher boiling naphthenes and paraffins. The hydrocracked effluent is split to remove the isobutane and the C.sub.5 and C.sub.7 paraffins with the balance of the higher boiling components being used as a reformer feed. Removal of the C.sub.5 and C.sub.7 paraffins permits improved reformer operation with the production of a higher octane product. The isomerization of the paraffins which occurs in the hydrocracking step provides a C.sub.5 to C.sub.

Abstract: A first aspect of the invention is concerned with fuels and particularly jet and diesel fuels which comprise blends of substituted mono cyclohexane material and two ring non-fused cyloalkane material. The first material may be n-propylcyclohexane or n-butylcyclohexane. The second material may be nuclear substituted bicyclohexyl and may include cyclohexylbenzene. A second aspect of the invention concerns producing constituents for the fuel from heavy aromatic materials by breaking down the heavy aromatics to naphthas, separating light napthas and other constituents of the fuel before reforming a heavy naptha fraction to provide a BTX fraction which may be treated by hydroalkylation or pyrolysis to provide two ring non-fused cycloalkanes. The product may be enriched by hydrogenation.

Abstract: An improved sulfur trap for the sulfur level reduction of a reformer feed leaving a hydrofiner to render it suitable for use in a reforming unit employing a sulfur-sensitive reforming catalyst. The nickel catalyst contained in said sulfur trap is one wherein the average crystallite size of the nickel is at least about 75.ANG., and at greater than 50 percent of the nickel is in reduced state, based on the total weight of the supported component.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for improving the yield and hydrogen production of catalytic reforming of gasoline derived from mineral oil sources, which at the same time improves knock resistance of the fuel derived. A positive amount of coal-derived feedstocks including refined light coal oil, light oil derived from coal mineral oil refining, gasoline derived from hydrocracking of coal mineral oil and the top product of coal hydrogenation are added to the conventional mineral oil-derived feedstock. An improvement in catalyst residence time is also achieved.

Abstract: A process is provided for catalytically dewaxing a middle distillate with a ZSM-5 type catalyst. In this process the olefinic by-product is separated and catalytically converted to additional fuel oil and gasoline of good quality.

Abstract: A method for reducing the pour point of a hydrocarbon oil which comprises contacting said oil under dewaxing conditions with a zeolite dewaxing catalyst thereby forming a dewaxed oil that contains olefins, and contacting said dewaxed oil and said contained olefins with a solid acidic catalyst under conditions effective to increase the stability of said oil.

Abstract: An integrated combination of fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking select fractions of crude oil and FCC cycle oils to conserve hydrogen process requirements in the production of gasoline is discussed. Liquid products of hydrocracking are separated into low boiling components and a high boiling fraction is recycled to the FCC operation. Select fractions obtained from hydrocracking, FCC and crude oil distillation are upgraded by reforming and alkylation.

Abstract: A cycle oil is hydrogenated under conditions such that the product of the hydrogenation process can be fractionated to obtain a more valuable naphtha reforming charge stock and a furnace oil fraction.

Abstract: A process is described for producing gasoline from a paraffinic hydrocarbon feed wherein the feed is catalytically cracked and then reformed. In the process a novel porous hydrocracking catalyst composite is employed. This catalyst comprises a silica-alumina cracking base component and a noble metal hydrogenation component. It is stabilized as a result of a unique method used for introducing the noble metal in the form of a highly dispersed gravimetric precipitate into a gelatinous silica-alumina cogel precursor of the cracking base component. An organic gravimetric reagent is used for the precipitation. The resulting crackate is reformed by ordinary methods.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon conversion is effected by hydrocracking a charge stock at mild cracking conditions followed by alkyl transfer typically transalkylation or disproportionation or isomerization under conditions conducive to extended catalyst life.

Abstract: Production of ethylene is disclosed by a route which involves hydrocracking of a C.sub.3 or higher feedstock, e.g. a gas oil, followed by ethane pyrolysis. The feedstock/hydrogen ratio is chosen to favor C.sub.2 production (mainly ethane but also a small proportion of ethylene) in the hydrogenation zone and the reaction is prevented from self-quenching by supplying to the hydrocracking reaction zone hot combustion gases produced by at least partial oxidation of a fuel.

Abstract: Alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons useful as chemical raw material, solvents and the like are provided in high purity by hydrocracking of a fraction rich in alkyl aromatics and lean in aliphatic hydrocarbons over a particular zeolite catalyst associated with a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component. The charge stock is characterized by substantial absence of benzene and lighter hydrocarbons. The technique is particularly well suited to production of maximum xylenes from a fraction containing higher boiling and lower boiling alkyl aromatics. Toluene derived from the hydrocracking reaction is disproportionated in the presence of hydrogen over a zeolite catalyst and the disproportionation effluent is processed through the same recovery train as the hydrocracked product.

Abstract: Upgrading a full boiling range naphtha by the combination of reforming only a low boiling portion of the naphtha followed by contacting the reformate product thereof combined with the high boiling portion of the naphtha over a ZSM-5 type catalyst conversion operation is described.

Abstract: A process for producing high octane low lead content or unleaded gasoline from a hydrocarbon feedstock by hydrocracking the hydrocarbon feedstock; fractionating the hydrocracking effluent in a fractionation zone, thereby obtaining a stream rich in singly branched hexanes; isomerizing the singly branched hexanes to doubly branched hexanes in an isomerization zone operated at a reaction temperature below 300.degree.F.; and combining the doubly branched hexanes with C.sub.7 + hydrocarbons derived from the hydrocracking effluent, thereby obtaining a high octane gasoline or gasoline blending stock. In a preferred embodiment, the isomerization zone effluent is fractionated to give a cyclohexane-rich stream which stream is catalytically reformed and then the reformate is combined with the doubly branched hexanes from the isomerization zone.

Abstract: An improved combination process for the production of an unleaded, narrow boiling range, high octane motor fuel which involves (1) a novel form of low-severity hydrocracking followed by (2) catalytic reforming wherein the exothermic conversion in the hydrocracking zone is controlled by adjusting the hydrocracking reaction zone pressure. The process is effected without the intermediate separation of the product effluent from the low-severity hydrocracking zone, and therefore, provides a true "in-line" hydrocracking/reforming combination process.