Abstract: A connecting device comprises a buffer chamber (2), a first connecting line (3) between a liquid source (4) and an inlet (5) of the buffer chamber, a second connecting line (9) between an outlet (10) of the buffer chamber and the medical treatment apparatus (11), two valves (7, 8) arranged in series on the first connecting line, a pump (12) on the second connecting line, two liquid level sensors (15, 16) operating in the buffer chamber, a vent valve (18) connected to the buffer chamber. The liquid source is a centralized distribution plant of dialysate, while the medical treatment apparatus is a dialysis apparatus. The invention prevents back-contamination of the centralized plant with disinfectant sourced from the dialysis apparatus.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to dialysis venting devices and related methods. In some aspects, a dialysis system includes a fluid inlet line, a venting device in fluid communication with the fluid inlet line, and a fluid outlet line in fluid communication with the venting device. The venting device can include a housing defining a fluid chamber, a valve member disposed above the fluid chamber between a lower seat and an upper seat, and a pump that is operable to draw fluid into the fluid chamber from the fluid inlet line and to force fluid out of the fluid chamber into the fluid outlet line.

Abstract: A Continuous Ambulatory Hemofilter includes an outer casing, multifunction pump, hemofilter, reverse osmosis filter, power source, drainage bag, blood lines and fluid lines, characterized in that the hemofiltrate from the hemofilter is moved to a reverse osmosis filter. The ultrafiltrate fluid from the reverse osmosis filter flows to the out-flow tube of the hemofilter vein line through a dedicated fluid line. The exit of the reverse osmosis filter is connected to a drainage bag. The multifunction pump moves blood from a permanent jugular catheter to the hemofilter, and fluids between the hemofilter, reverse osmosis filter, vein line and drainage bag. An electrode is placed at the in-flow tube of the hemofilter to measure incoming blood osmolality. The electrode is connected to a microprocessor that is further connected to a computer-controlled valve at the out-flow line of the reverse osmosis filter. The microprocessor is connected with a memory card.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatus for cleansing blood through hemodialysis by the process of diffusion across a membrane into dialysate. This dialyzer also removes solutes from the blood by a process of convection, where fluid and dissolved solutes pass through the membrane out of the blood. In one embodiment in accordance with the present invention, the MECS dialyzer uses a counter-flow between the dialysate and blood through a plurality of microchannels. The dialyzer comprises a plurality of flat semi-permeable membranes interleaved between microchannel sheets to define a plurality of flow channels. The stack of membranes and microchannel sheets are aligned and consolidated to form the MECS dialyzer. The MECS dialyzer acts as a flow manifold with ports and headers to collect the blood and dialysate and direct them to and from the microchannels.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to solubilizing compounds, a device and a method for solubilizing and removing carboxylic acids and especially fatty acids from oils, fats, aqueous emulsion, aqueous media and organic solutions. Devices utilizing the inventive method shall be used for separating carboxylic acids from oils, fats, aqueous emulsion, lipophilic media or organic solutions, respectively by preparing an aqueous micro- or nanoemulsion of the carboxylic acids especially the fatty acids and the solubilizing compound which contains at least one amidino and/or gianidino group. Solubilization effects of solubilizing compounds combined with the inventive use of separation methods for carboxylic acids can be used to treat persons in need of removal of fatty acids or analyze carboxylic acids from blood or process other solutions in food, pharmacy, chemistry, bio fuel industry or other industrial processings.

Abstract: A method and a device for differentiation of substances in a body fluid, such as blood, plasma or used peritoneal dialysis fluid, for example for hemodialysis. The device has a compartment having several inlets for entering a body fluid, a transition fluid and a diffusion fluid for flowing parallel with each other in laminar flow layers with substantially equal flow velocities. The transition fluid layer is interposed between the body fluid layer and the diffusion fluid layer. The compartment further has a first outlet for removing the body fluid and the transition fluid and a second outlet for removing the diffusion fluid. Pumps are arranged for controlling the flow velocities so that a marker substance, such as albumin, will not diffuse from the body fluid layer across the transition layer, during the passage of the body fluid from the inlet to the outlet of the compartment.

Abstract: Dialysis systems comprising actuators that cooperate to perform dialysis functions and sensors that cooperate to monitor dialysis functions are disclosed. According to one aspect, such a hemodialysis system comprises a user interface model layer, a therapy layer, below the user interface model layer, and a machine layer below the therapy layer. The user interface model layer is configured to manage the state of a graphical user interface and receive inputs from a graphical user interface. The therapy layer is configured to run state machines that generate therapy commands based at least in part on the inputs from the graphical user interface. The machine layer is configured to provide commands for the actuators based on the therapy commands.

Abstract: Adsorption devices, systems, and methods are provided. In one embodiment, an adsorption device includes a fabric and an adsorbing complex attached at least partially attached to a surface of the fabric, the adsorbing complex being reactive to selectively adsorb a substance from a liquid passing through the fabric to remove at least a portion of the substance from the liquid. In one embodiment, the adsorption device can be incorporated into an extracorporeal blood circuit adapted to filter phosphate from blood of a hemodialysis patient without altering chemistry of the blood.

Abstract: Device for haemodiafiltration, which comprises a first circuit for a dialysis solution and a second circuit for blood, so that the toxic substances from the blood flow pass into the dialysis liquid within a haemofilter (11), a liquid pump (20) located upstream of the haemofilter (11) in the first dialysis liquid circuit, is adapted for injecting replacement liquid into the dialysis solution flow after a blood pump (15) finishes pumping blood to the interior of the haemofilter (11).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for the regulation of at least one filtration value in a machine for the treatment of a medical fluid, in particular in a blood treatment machine, having at least one centrifugal pumping means, to a hemodialysis machine and to a method and to a use therefor.

Abstract: An enclosure for containing a portable hemodialysis unit includes a housing suitable to support components for performing hemodialysis including a dialyzer, one or more pumps to circulate blood through the dialyzer, a source of dialysate, and one or more pumps to circulate the dialysate through the dialyzer. The housing may have a front panel at which blood circuit connections and dialysate fluidic connections are located, e.g., blood line connections for patient blood access, connections for a reagent supply, dialyzer connections for both blood flow and dialysate, etc. The enclosure may also include a pair of vertical, side-by-side doors hingedly mounted to the housing. With the doors in the closed position, access to the patient access and dialysate fluidic connections may be blocked, and the doors may allow for the retention of heat in the housing suitable for disinfection during a disinfection cycle.

Abstract: A method provides for checking the correct coupling of an adding device to a therapeutic appliance that includes an extracorporeal circuit with which the adding device is connected such that a drug can be introduced into the extracorporeal circuit by the adding device during operation of the therapeutic appliance. The adding device is coupled to the extracorporeal circuit on the suction side of a pump disposed in the extracorporeal circuit, with a portion in the region of negative pressure of the extracorporeal circuit being in connection with a portion of the adding device that is closed with respect to the other parts of the extracorporeal circuit, and with the pressure in the closed portion being varied and measured.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling the dialysate flow in a dialysis device. A change of the value of a control factor, caused by a variation of a property of the dialysate or of the blood or by a change of the dialysate flow, is determined in order to control the dialysate flow. The control factor is a measure for the exchange of substances via the dialyzer and thus the effectiveness of the dialyzer. If the change of the value of the control factor exceeds a limit, the dialysate flow is increased. On the other hand, the dialysate flow is reduced if the change of the value of the control factor falls short of the limit range.

Abstract: Dialysis systems are disclosed comprising new fluid flow circuits. Systems may include blood and dialysate flow paths, where the dialysate flow path includes balancing, mixing, and/or directing circuits. Dialysate preparation may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply in fluid communication with the dialysate flow path and/or the dialyzer able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and urge blood back to the patient may be included for certain emergency situations. Fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, and mixers that can be actuated using a control fluid, may be included. Control fluid may be delivered by an external pump or other device, which may be detachable and/or generally rigid, optionally with a diaphragm dividing the device into first and second compartments.

Abstract: Blood treatment system and method for high rate hemofiltration ensures against pyrogenic patient reaction by providing various mechanisms for filtering replacement fluid to remove endotoxins and other safety features including detecting incorrect fluid administration.

Abstract: Disclosed are hemodialysis and similar dialysis systems including fluid flow circuits. Hemodialysis systems may include a blood flow path, and a dialysate flow path including balancing, mixing, and/or a directing circuits. Preparation of dialysate may be decoupled from patient dialysis. Circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuit and/or the various fluid flow paths may be isolated from electrical components. A gas supply may be provided that, when activated, is able to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and blood back to the patient. Such a system may be useful during a power failure. The hemodialysis system may also include fluid handling devices, such as pumps, valves, mixers, etc., actuated using a control fluid. The control fluid may be delivered to the fluid handling devices using a detachable external pump. The fluid handling devices may have a spheroid shape with a diaphragm dividing it into two compartments.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing dialysis therapies are provided. In a general embodiment, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for dialysis treatment comprising first and second fluid flow pathways in a parallel arrangement. The first fluid flow pathway contains a first cation exchange resin, wherein greater than 90% of exchange sites of the first cation exchange resin are populated with hydrogen ions. The second fluid flow pathway contains a second cation exchange resin, wherein greater than 90% of exchange sites of the second cation exchange resin are populated with sodium ions. The apparatus can be used to maintain a constant and safe level of sodium in a constantly regenerated dialysis fluid over an extended period of time.

Abstract: A device and method for monitoring the connection of a blood treatment unit to a fluid system of an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus are described, in which the blood treatment unit includes an inlet and an outlet for connection to the fluid system and the fluid system includes a line system with a first line segment connected to the inlet and a second line segment connected to the outlet. An extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus includes a device for monitoring the connection of the blood treatment unit to the fluid system. The device and method for monitoring the connection of the blood treatment unit to the fluid system is based on measurement of pressure in the fluid system of the blood treatment apparatus. Solely on the basis of the pressure measurement, it is ascertained whether the connection of the blood treatment unit to the fluid system is correct or incorrect.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing gas accumulations from a component of an extracorporeal blood circuit, a control device for executing a method according to the present invention, a medical treatment apparatus which comprises at least one control device and/or stands in signal transmission or is connected for signal transmission with it, a digital storage medium, a computer program product as well as a computer program.

Abstract: Hemodialysis dialysis systems are disclosed. Hemodialysis systems of the invention may include a dialysate flow path including a balancing circuit, a mixing circuit, and/or a directing circuit. The circuits may be defined within one or more cassettes. The fluid circuits may be at least partially isolated, spatially and/or thermally, from electrical components of the system. A gas supply may be provided in fluid communication with the dialysate flow path and/or the dialyzer to urge dialysate through the dialyzer and blood back to the patient. The hemodialysis systems may include fluid handling devices, actuated using a control fluid, optionally delivered using a detachable pump. Fluid handling devices may be generally rigid and of a spheroid shape, optionally with a diaphragm dividing the device into compartments.

Abstract: This invention relates to dialysis systems and methods. In some implementations, a method includes applying vacuum pressure to a device of a dialysis system, and then determining, based on a detected fluid level or measured pressure, whether the device is functioning properly.

Abstract: The invention covers a cartridge for use in a hemodialysis machine, the cartridge comprising a dialysate flow path including a dialyzer, the dialysate flow path for delivering a flow of dialysate through the dialyzer; a mixing pump defining a chamber having volume variable between a maximum volume and a minimum volume for receiving a predetermined volume of a first dialysate solution base, second dialysate solution base, and a volume of water; a first dialysate solution base supply conduit having a first positive displacement pump having a first inlet valve and a first outlet valve associated therewith; a second dialysate solution base supply conduit having a second positive displacement pump having a second inlet valve and a second outlet valve associated therewith; a first and second fluid conduit associated joining respective first and second positive displacement pumps with the mixing pump; and a third fluid conduit for connecting the mixing pump outlet to a dialyzer filter inlet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for the carrying out of a blood treatment, in particular a dialysis treatment, wherein the system has at least one blood treatment device, in particular a dialyzer, and at least one tank from which treatment fluid, in particular dialysis fluid, is removed during the carrying out of the blood treatment and/or into which consumed treatment fluid, in particular consumed dialysis fluid, is filled during the carrying out of the blood treatment, wherein the tank is an element of at least one mobile apparatus which can be connected to the blood treatment device such that at least one fluid connection can be established between the tank and the blood treatment device.

Abstract: A cassette is described for holding circuit components used with a hemodialysis machine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a blood purification apparatus for extracorporeally circulating the blood of a patient so as to purify the blood for medical treatment incorporating a dialyzer and a method for priming the blood purification apparatus, wherein the present invention provides a blood purification apparatus and its priming method which can simply and easily automate the priming operation and also can surely and smoothly perform the bubble purging of the dialyzer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for regulating supply of substituate in an extracorporeal blood treatment with an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus comprising a dialyzer divided by a semipermeable membrane into a blood chamber and a dialyzing fluid chamber and a device for supplying substituate. Moreover, the present invention relates to an extracorporeal blood treatment apparatus having a device for regulating supply of substituate. Regulation of supply of substituate in the extracorporeal blood treatment takes place as a function of the rheological loading of the dialyzer. To regulate supply of substituate during extracorporeal blood treatment, rheological loading of the dialyzer is determined from transmembrane pressure on the dialyzer and flow resistance of the dialyzer and substituate rate is increased or reduced according to the loading.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the presence of blood in an extracorporeal blood circuit are disclosed. A control unit, which is connected to a blood detector and to one or several pressure sensors, determines whether blood is present in the membrane device based on the differential pressure there over and generates a signal if the presence of blood as detected by the blood detector and the presence of blood as determined based on the differential pressure value do not coincide with each other.

Abstract: A hemodialysis system includes (i) blood tubing; (ii) a peristaltic blood pump contacting the blood tubing to pump blood through the blood tubing; (iii) a dialyzer in fluid communication with the blood tubing; (iv) first and second peristaltic dialysate pumps; (v) a dialysate heater; (vi) a plurality of pinch valves; and (vii) a cassette including a rigid structure, a heating portion, first and second dialysate pumping tubes, and a plurality of incoming tubes, the rigid structure when the cassette is mounted for operation orienting (a) the heating portion adjacent to the dialysate heater so that dialysate can be heated by the dialysate heater, (b) the first and second dialysate pumping tubes adjacent to the first and second peristaltic dialysate pumps, and (c) the plurality of incoming tubes adjacent to the plurality of pinch valves to enable the tubes to be individually closed by the pinch valves.

Abstract: A panel assembly for being manually mounted on a blood therapy apparatus is characterized by three panels, a center panel configured for manually securing a hemofilter cartridge and opposite side panels, hingedly connected to the center panel. The side panels have generally flat, planar interior surfaces defined by a rim extending around its perimeter. Tubing is secured along and adjacent to the interior panel surfaces, which are also provided with tubing supports having slanted tubing channels for supporting arched pump rotor engaging tubing sections and prevent tubing droop.

Abstract: The invention provides container systems, kits and methods for peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions. Such a system, for example, includes a first compartment that contains a PD osmotic agent and a second compartment that contains a PD buffer agent. The compartments maintain their respective contents separately from one another for purposes of transport, storage and/or sterilization. However, the compartments are fluidly couplable, so that their respective contents can be combined with one another, e.g., following sterilization of the agents and prior to their introduction into the patient's abdomen. The invention provides, in other aspects, such systems, kits and methods that provide protective structure which inhibits breaking of a seal prior between the second compartment and an outlet of the system, prior to breaking of a seal between the first and second compartments.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating anemia especially in an EPO resistant hemodialysis patient, comprising hemodialysis with a high cut-off dialysis membrane, wherein the hemodialysis membrane is characterized in that it has a molecular weight cut-off in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 90 and 200 kD and a molecular weight retention onset in water, based on dextran sieving coefficients, of between 10 and 20 kD, and a ?MW of between 90 and 170 kD. The invention further relates to a high cut-off hemodialysis membrane for the treatment of anemia in hemodialysis patients, especially EPO resistant hemodialysis patients.

Abstract: A system for liver dialysis makes use of a high cut-off hemodialysis membrane for removing water-soluble and protein-bound toxins from the blood of a person in need. A high cut-off hollow fiber hemodialysis membrane has improved potential to remove albumin-bound toxins and inflammatory mediators.

Abstract: A hemodialysis system including (i) an instrument; (ii) first and second peristaltic dialysate pumps operated by the instrument; (iii) a cassette including a rigid structure and first and second dialysate pumping tubes carried by the rigid structure; and (iv) a mechanism configured to initially allow the cassette to be accepted by the dialysis instrument after which the mechanism engages the first and second dialysate pumping tubes for operation with the first and second peristaltic dialysate pumps.

Abstract: This patent application relates generally to processing devices in the medical device area.

Abstract: A method is provided for rinsing and/or filling a blood treatment device, in particular for priming such a device. The blood treatment device includes at least one membrane filter, in particular a hollow fiber membrane filter, at least one first partial circuit, and at least one second partial circuit, with the first and second partial circuit being separated by the membrane filter in a semipermeable manner. The first partial circuit is first filled with a fluid with a uniform and/or a pulsatile first volumetric flow rate that does not exceed a specified threshold value. At this value the fluid has not yet completely wetted and/or soaked the membrane, and/or the second partial circuit is at least temporarily open towards the atmosphere, and air is displaced from the first into the second partial circuit via the membrane filter, and/or during filling no negative pressure is applied to the first partial circuit.

Abstract: A device (25) and a method for detecting the cause of a deviation from an ideal operating state of an extracorporeal blood treatment, wherein blood to be treated in an extracorporeal blood circulation (9) flows through the blood chamber (3) of a dialyzer (1), subdivided by a semipermeable membrane (2) into a blood chamber (3) and a dialysis fluid chamber (4), and dialysis fluid flows through the dialysis fluid chamber (4). The method includes the following: changing a characteristic (170; 171) of the dialysis fluid upstream from the dialysis fluid chamber (1), measuring a characteristic of the dialysis fluid downstream from the dialysis fluid chamber, determining a dialysance or clearance at a certain point in time during the blood treatment, detecting a deviation in the dialysance or clearance, and detecting the cause of a deviation from an ideal operating state as a function of the certain point in time.

Abstract: A pumping cassette including a housing having at least two inlet fluid lines and at least two outlet fluid lines. At least one balancing pod within the housing and in fluid connection with the fluid paths. The balancing pod balances the flow of a first fluid and the flow of a second fluid such that the volume of the first fluid equals the volume of the second fluid. The balancing pod also includes a membrane that forms two balancing chambers. Also included in the cassette is at least two reciprocating pressure displacement membrane pumps. The pumps are within the housing and they pump the fluid from a fluid inlet to a fluid outlet line and pump the second fluid from a fluid inlet to a fluid outlet.

Abstract: A peritoneal dialysis system includes an automated peritoneal dialysis (“APD”) machine including a logic implementer and a wireless interface receiver. The system also includes at least one of a scale or a blood pressure monitor including a wireless interface transmitter. The scale or blood pressure monitor is operable to send at least one of patient blood pressure data and patient weight data wirelessly, respectively, to the wireless interface receiver. The logic implementer is configured to store the patient blood pressure data or patient weight data. A server computer is configured to communicate with the logic implementer to receive the stored at least one patient blood pressure data and patient weight data.

Abstract: A peritoneal dialysis machine includes an enclosure; dialysate pump located within the enclosure; a graphical user interface allowing a patient to program a treatment including at least one patient fill performed by the dialysate pump, at least one dwell, and at least one drain performed by the dialysate pump; and the GUI further programmed to provide an alert when it is time to begin the treatment so as to complete the at least one patient fill, dwell and drain by a prescribed time.

Abstract: A separating material formed by a solid substrate having a substrate surface, primary or secondary amines coupled to the substrate surface, and a graft polymer formed on the substrate by covalently coupling the primary or secondary amines with a thermally labile radical initiator and subsequently contacting the substrate surface with a solution of one or more polymerizable monomers. Methods for the extracorporeal treatment of blood, blood plasma or blood serum employing the separating material, for affinity adsorption, ion-exchange adsorption, hydrophobic adsorption, or hydrophilic adsorption employing the separating material, and a separating column employing the separating material are also disclosed.

Abstract: A peritoneal function testing apparatus tests the peritoneal function of a dialysis patient easily and with high accuracy. Standards of four kinetic parameters (CCr, Kt/V, MTACu, and MTACc) available in a definite dialysis guideline are computed in accordance with a relational expression, and a curve showing the relation between MTACu/c and the drained fluid volume is indicated in a graph together with the PET data of the patient which has been prepared separately. Thus, the peritoneal function can be evaluated based on the relative position of the patient's data and the curve showing the standard values in the graph.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dialyser having a blood-pressure measuring unit assigned to the dialyser, a pulse-wave-transit-time measuring system assigned to the dialyser and an evaluation unit, the evaluation unit being configured such that a signal representing the blood pressure can be derived from this pulse wave transit time; the parameters describing the relationship between the pulse wave transit time and the blood pressure can be determined from a plurality of measurements made by the blood-pressure measuring unit and simultaneous measurements made by the pulse-wave-transit-time measuring system, it being possible to determine at least two of these pairs of measured values at times when the absolute and/or the relative pulse-wave-transit-time deviation is above a threshold value.

Abstract: Monitoring of the performance of a blood fluid removal medium of a blood fluid removal device includes monitoring of condition, such as fluid flow rate or concentration of blood waste product, downstream of the medium. Upstream monitoring of the condition may also be performed to enhance the ability to determine whether the blood fluid removal medium is performing within predetermined ranges.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out selected fluid management and/or renal replacement patient therapy is characterized by an interactive operator control system having operator inputs for selectively changing a panel kit, replacing a filter cartridge, and/or changing to a different patient therapy during a currently running patient therapy, and providing operator instructions for carrying out tasks for completing same. In one embodiment, the interactive operator control system is also characterized by automatically serially identifying different setup steps to be carried out during system setup, displaying the successive steps substantially throughout the system setup as well as displaying on the operator interface screen sequential tasks to be carried out for each of the different setup steps.

Abstract: A method for controlling an apparatus for treating blood outside the human body, with a view to improving the operation of the apparatus, the apparatus including a semi-permeable membrane carrying out an exchange of solutes, referred to as dialysis, and of liquid, referred to as ultrafiltration, with the blood, the method including at least one iteration of the following steps: determination of a so-called instantaneous value, of an ultrafiltration coefficient corresponding to the ratio of an ultrafiltration flow rate to a difference in pressure, the so-called transmembrane pressure, on either side of the semi-permeable membrane, comparison of the instantaneous value with at least one previously determined characteristic value; and control of the treatment apparatus to reach a maximum value of the ultrafiltration coefficient, the control including a variation of the ultrafiltration flow rate up to a value corresponding to the maximum value of the ultrafiltration coefficient.

Abstract: A method for exchanging heat between an effluent fluid and a blood fluid and a heat exchanger for heat exchange. The heat exchanger comprises a first and a second fluid circuit extending through the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger further comprises a stack of fluid plates and a membrane arranged between each of the fluid plates where one interspace is formed between each fluid plate and membrane. The first and the second fluid circuit is each constituted by a passage extending through the fluid plates and membranes and along the fluid plates and membranes in at least two interspaces According to the method for heat exchanging an effluent fluid is passed through the first fluid circuit and a blood fluid is passed through the second fluid circuit such that the effluent fluid is passed along one side of a membrane and simultaneously the blood fluid is passed along the other side of the membrane. Heat is thus exchanged between the effluent fluid and the blood fluid over the membrane.

Abstract: A method for exchanging heat between an effluent fluid and a treatment fluid and a heat exchanger for heat exchange as well as an arrangement and a kit comprising a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger comprises a first and a second fluid circuit extending through the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger further comprises a stack of fluid plates and a membrane arranged between each of the fluid plates where one interspace is formed between each fluid plate and membrane. The first and the second fluid circuit is each constituted by a passage extending through the fluid plates and membranes and along the fluid plates and membranes in at least two interspaces. According to the method for heat exchanging an effluent fluid is passed through the first fluid circuit and a treatment fluid is passed through the second fluid circuit such that the effluent fluid is passed along one side of a membrane and simultaneously the treatment fluid is passed along the other side of the membrane.

Abstract: The invention relates to prediction of a rapid symptomatic drop in a subject's blood pressure, e.g. during a medical treatment or when operating an aircraft. To this aim, a pulse shape parameter (Pps) with respect to a peripheral body part (105) of the subject (P) is registered by means of a pulse oximetry instrument (110) adapted to detect light response variations in blood vessels. An initial pulse magnitude measure is calculated based on a pulse shape parameter (Pps) received at a first instance. During a measurement period subsequent to the first instance, a respective pulse magnitude measure is calculated based on each of a number of received pulse shape parameters (Pps). It is further investigated, for each pulse magnitude measure in the measurement period, whether or not the measure fulfills a decision criterion relative to the initial pulse magnitude measure. An alarm triggering signal (?) is generated if the decision criterion is found to be fulfilled.

Abstract: An optical blood monitoring system with a ratiometric model determines hematocrit values for a hemodialysis patient, from which hemoglobin values for the patient are estimated. The ratiometric model is calibrated, normally against a cell counter, using blood from a blood bank. The blood from a blood bank is preserved in a long term preservative which is typically different than that found in clinical settings. The hematocrit value determined by the ratiometric model is scaled by scaling factor so that the estimated hemoglobin level output from the monitor consistently matches that measured in a clinical setting. The hematocrit scaling factor is substantially about 1.033 when the patient's blood sample is stored in a short term preservative ethylene diamine tetra acetic, and is substantially about 1.06 when the hematocrit is measured in the blood sample without preservative being added to the blood sample. The hemoglobin value can also be adjusted for altitude.

Abstract: A dialysis system instrument includes a dialysis instrument, a disposable pumping and valving cassette apparatus operable with pumping and valving actuators of the dialysis instrument, the disposable cassette including an electronic cell and electronics associated with the electronic cell, the electronics configured to determine an electrical property of a solution flowing through the electronic cell of the disposable apparatus.