Abstract: Water may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a demulsifier. The demulsifier includes the product of oxyalkylating a resin prepared from a formulation including a phenol and a compound selected from the group consisting of an aldehyde, a diamine a polyamine and mixtures thereof. The demulsifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A reducing water purification material having a reducing iron-based precipitate selected from green rust, iron ferrite, reducing iron hydroxide, and a mixture thereof. A wastewater treatment process having steps of adding a reducing iron compound to wastewater, leading the wastewater to which the reducing iron compound is added to a reaction tank and forming a precipitate, separating the formed precipitate by a solid-liquid separation to obtain a sludge, and alkalinizing all or a portion of the separated sludge to form an alkaline sludge followed by returning to the reaction tank, wherein in the precipitation step, the wastewater to which the reducing iron compound is added and the alkaline sludge are mixed and are allowed to react in a non-oxidizing atmosphere under alkaline condition to form a reducing iron compound precipitate as the precipitate, thereby incorporating contaminants in the precipitate to remove the contaminants from the wastewater.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a procedure for elimination of boron from sea-water by reverse osmosis membranes characterized in that it comprises: adding to sea-water a composition consisting of at least one metal together with at least one antiscaling-dispersant agent, and a second phase in which an alkalinizing agent is added until a pH of between 8-9.5 is achieved, which can furthermore consist of a third phase in which the fluoride content of the sea-water is increased following the second phase, or a third phase in which a high molecular weight alcohol is added to the water.

Abstract: A fiber reaction process whereby reactive components contained in immiscible streams are brought into contact to effect chemical reactions and separations. The conduit reactor utilized contains wettable fibers onto which one stream is substantially constrained and a second stream is flowed over to continuously create a new interface there between to efficiently bring about contact of the reactive species and thus promote reactions thereof or extractions thereby. Co-solvents and phase transfer catalysts may be employed to facilitate the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to Group 1 metal/porous metal oxide compositions comprising porous metal oxide selected from porous titanium oxide and porous alumina and an alkali metal or an alkali metal alloy. The compositions of the inventions are described as Stage 0 and I materials. These materials differ in their preparation and chemical reactivity. Each successive stage may be prepared directly using the methods described below or from an earlier stage material. Stage 0 materials may, for example, be prepared using liquid alloys of Na and K which are rapidly absorbed by porous metal oxide under isothermal conditions, preferably at or just above room temperature, to form loose black powders that retain much of the reducing ability of the parent metals. When the low melting Group 1 metals are absorbed into the porous metal oxide at about 150° C., an exothermic reaction produces Stage I material, loose black powders that are stable in dry air. Further heating forms higher stage materials of unknown composition.

Abstract: This is a method that is an environmentally friendly hybrid microbiological control compromising a physical method through fine filtration, which removes nutrients, bacteria and suspended solids from open recirculating cooling systems. The method for microbiological control in cooling systems wherein a recirculating fluid containing an oxidising or a non-oxidising biocide or a mixture of an oxidising and a non-oxidising biocide and is passed through a fine filtration system resulting in reduced microbiological matter, suspended solids and nutrients.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of denitrifying a solution including introducing into the solution an amount of a carbon source within a duration and at a frequency so that indigenous heterotrophic bacteria deplete dissolved oxygen in the solution and obtain oxygen from nitrate in the solution. Related apparatuses and compounds also are disclosed.

Abstract: Nitrate salts are used to suppress disturbing biologically produced odors.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of Formula 1: [(O3/2)Si CH2CH2SX]a [Si(O4/2)]b[Si(O3/2V)]C wherein X is selected from CH2A,[CH2CH2NR1]pR2, CHCOX1CH2COX2,(CH2)eCO Y[(CH2)eSCH2CH2Si(O3/2)]m[CO2(CH2)eSH]n wherein A is the residue of an amino acid or derivative or salt of an amino acid of formula CHNR1R2COX3; R1 and R2 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-20alkyl, and C1-20alkylaryl C1-12acyl R is selected from hydrogen, metal ion, C1-5alkyl, P is 1 to 100 and e is 1 or 2; X1 and X2 are independently selected from OR and NR1R2; X3 is selected from OR, NR1R2 or known amino acids and proteins or derivatives thereof; and Y is the residue of polyol having z or fewer hydroxyl groups substituted and m+n+1 is less than or equal to z; the free valences of the silicate oxygen atoms are saturated by one or more of silicon atoms of other groups of Formula 1, hydrogen, a linear or branched C1-12-alkyl group or by end groups R33M1O1/2 or by cross-linking bridge members or by polymer chains R3qM1(OR4)gOk/2 or AI

Abstract: Methods and devices for providing dialysis treatment are provided. The device includes a resin bed including zirconium phosphate, zirconium oxide, and urease.

Abstract: A method for treatment of nitrified wastewater, the method including supplying wastewater to be treated to a tank having a layer of biomass supporting media near or at the top thereof, retaining biomass on and below the biomass supporting media for a sufficient time such that the biomass hydrolyses and supplies organic carbon to the wastewater in the tank; denitrifying and simultaneously clarifying the wastewater by providing an upward flow of the wastewater in the tank through the layer of biomass supporting media and discharging excess sludge from the bottom of the tank at a rate which is selected to maintain nitrate and ammonia concentrations below selected thresholds.

Abstract: A synergistic composition is provided for controlling odor from waste products. The composition comprises a combination of nitrate salt, sulfide-consuming compound, pH-elevating compound, sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and sulfide-oxidizing enzyme. The method includes adding a sufficient amount of the composition to a waste stream to provide sufficient sulfide-consuming compound to effect immediate removal of sulfide. The composition incorporates a pH elevating compound, which both decreases the amount of gaseous H2S and puts the aqueous phase into a pH range where naturally occurring bacteria can more easily metabolize the sulfide. The composition also includes one or more nitrate salts which will accomplish longer term prevention of odors. Specific bacteria are incorporated into the formulation to insure that the nitrate has the right type and amount of bacteria present to prevent formation of and/or consume sulfide.

Abstract: Catalytically treating groundwater (10), surface water, or above surface water, contaminated (12) with halogenated organic compounds being members of chlorotriazine, chloroacetanilide, or halogenated aliphatic, herbicide groups, and, halogen containing analogs and derivatives thereof. Method: exposing contaminated water to catalytic amount of electron transfer mediator (18) under reducing conditions, to decrease concentrations of halogenated organic compounds. System: at least one electron transfer mediator (18) contained in at least one (in-situ or/and ex-situ) unit (20), for exposing to contaminated water under reducing conditions. Exemplary electron transfer mediators are porphyrinogenic organometallic complexes, being metalloporphyrins, metallocorrins, or metallochlorins. Exemplary metalloporphyrins are a [TMPyP], [TP(OH)P], [TPP], or [TBSP], free base porphyrin complexed to a transition metal (cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc, or copper).

Abstract: A method of removing contaminants from slurry samples is set forth. The method includes the utilization of repeated pressurizing and depressurizing steps to disrupt solidified particles in solid-containing slurries thereby increasing decontamination efficiency. An expansion fluid is injected into the slurry sample sufficient to create microbubbles when the slurry sample is depressurized. The micro bubbles mechanically disrupt the solidified particles increasing contaminant exposure. The microbubbles also provide for increased interfacial regions where contaminants can accumulate at gas-liquid thin films that are in close proximity to and can be effectively removed using a suitable expansion fluid and optional decontamination agents.

Abstract: A method for treating waste water containing nitrate ion which comprises supplying raw waste water from a tube (2), formalin from a tube (3) and an aqueous alkaline solution from a tube (4) to a mixing vessel (1), while agitating with an agitator (5), so the resultant mixture has a pH of 7 or higher, transferring the mixture from an outlet pipe (6) to a catalyst bed (9) through a tube (8) by a pump (7), and discharging the treated fluid drained from the catalyst bed (9) to the outside of the system through pipe (11), wherein the catalyst bed (9) is provided within a jacket (10), through which a liquid such as water flows, for the temperature control, and is packed with a support type catalyst comprising spherical type activated carbon and Pd—Cu supported thereon. The type of reactor containing the support type catalyst in the catalyst bed (9) may be a fluidized bed or a fixed bed.

Abstract: A process is described for treating effluents from oil production units for discharge or reutilization, to remove oil and other soluble toxic contaminants such as sulphides, benzenes, toluenes, xylenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, before discharging or reusing this effluent, especially in an offshore environment. This process for effluent treatment includes a step of changing the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions of an oil-in-water emulsion, followed by a step of separating the oil and the water, to be carried out in an offshore oil production unit.

Abstract: A selective method of dechlorination treatment of circulating water containing disinfectant chlorine in the form of ClO?,HClO, ClO2 or chloramine, where an ascorbic acid aqueous solution is injected from a storage reservoir into the water flow, the mass flow rate of the injected ascorbic acid solution being regulated with respect to the mass flow rate of the chlorine in the circulating water to be treated, in such a way that the ratio (R) of the ascorbic acid and chlorine mass flow rates (R=D1/ D2) is between 2.5 and 4, preferably less than or equal to 3. The method can be used for treatment of water that feeds into a biological detector containing a disinfectant chlorine content that is incompatible with the survival of the biological species used in the detector. The disinfectant chlorine level in the circulating water after mixing is maintained at a value lower than or equal to 0.6 mg/l, and preferably lower than or equal to the detectable limit.

Abstract: The invention relates to new compounds of Formula 1: wherein R, R1, are each independently hydrogen, a linear or branched C1-40 alkyl, C2-40-alkenyl or C2-40-alkynyl group, an aryl or C1-40-alkylaryl group; X is H, OH, O(MnN)1/n or R4 where M is a metal ion derived from a lanthanide, actinide, main group or transition metal and V is a substituted C1-40-alkyl, C2-40-alkenyl or C2-40-alkynyl group or an aryl group or C1-40-alkylaryl sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, amine or a polyalkyl amine or phosphine or other phosphorous containing group; R4 is a linear or branched C1-40-alkyl, C2-40-alkenyl or C2-40-alkynyl group, an aryl or C1-40-alkylaryl group; e is an integer from 0 to 2; f is an integer from 1 to 100; n is an integer from 1 to 4: the free valences of the silicate oxygen atoms are saturated by one or more of: silicon atoms of other groups of Formula 1, hydrogen, a linear or branched C1-12-alkyl group or by cross-linking bridge members or by polymer chains (R2)2Si(OR3)1O1/2 or (R2)2SiO2/2 or (R2)3SiO1/2

Abstract: A method includes triggering an oxygen scavenger; and storing the scavenger in a container configured such that the oxygen scavenger exhibits no substantial oxygen scavenging activity while inside the container. The triggered oxygen scavenger can later be removed from the container, and used in packaging oxygen sensitive products. A stored oxygen scavenger, triggered, is also disclosed. A method of distributing an oxygen scavenger film includes providing a tubular film at a first location, the film having oxygen barrier and oxygen scavenger layers; triggering the oxygen scavenger; collapsing the film; rolling up the film; transporting the film to a second location; and triggering the oxygen scavenger. Another method of distributing an oxygen scavenger film includes providing an oxygen scavenger film at a first location; transporting the film to a second location; triggering the oxygen scavenger; storing the oxygen scavenger film in a container; and transporting the film to a third location.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus for oxidation and reduction of a reduced aqueous nitrogen contaminant.

Abstract: Wastewater streams from semiconductor processing operations are treated to reduce the concentration therein of one or more metal species to a satisfactory level. The disclosed systems and technique utilize complexing ion exchange media to treat the wastewater streams having a significant concentration of oxidizing species.

Abstract: Provided is a separating agent for enantiomeric isomers that is advantageous from the production standpoints of having a high enantiomeric resolution ability inherent in polysaccharide derivatives, solvent resistance, high solubility in a reaction solvent, and good filtration property. That is, the separating agent for enantiomeric isomers includes a polysaccharide oligomer derivative derived from a polysaccharide oligomer having a number-average degree of polymerization of from 5 to less than 50, supported on a carrier.

Abstract: A catalyst which, by means of a reduction reaction at ambient temperature, permits the elimination of nitrates and nitrites in waters. The catalyst comprises a combination of a noble metal and a non-noble metal supported on or incorporated into the structure of a support which, in elemental and anhydrous form, has the formula XYMgAl, in which X is at least one noble metal, Y is at least one non-noble metal, Mg is magnesium and Al is aluminium, the Mg and Al preferably forming the structure of a hydrotalcite or a mixed oxide deriving from a hydrotalcite.

Abstract: Methods for enhancing bioremediation of ground water contaminated with nonaqueous halogenated solvents are disclosed. An illustrative method includes adding an electron donor for microbe-mediated anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of the halogenated solvents, which electron donor enhances mass transfer of the halogenated solvents from residual source areas into the aqueous phase of the ground water. Illustrative electron donors include C2-C4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, salts thereof, esters of C2-C4 carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids, and mixtures thereof, of which lactic acid, salts of lactic acid—such as sodium lactate, lactate esters, and mixtures thereof are particularly illustrative. The microbes are either indigenous to the ground water, or such microbes can be added to the ground water in addition to the electron donor.

Abstract: A process by which heat is removed from a reactant fluid to reach the operating temperature of a known pollutant removal method and said heat is recirculated to raise the temperature of the product fluid. The process can be utilized whenever an intermediate step reaction requires a lower reaction temperature than the prior and next steps. The benefits of a heat-recirculating cooler include the ability to use known pollutant removal methods and increased thermal efficiency of the system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a harmful material remediating agent comprising a metal oxide and a reducing material, and it can remediate environmental. pollutants such as harmful organic compounds and nitrate or nitrite nitrogen-containing compounds efficiently and at low cost.

Abstract: A means for modifying contaminants in a liquid comprising a reaction chamber where the liquid interacts with an ionization reaction material which causes contaminants to reduce or oxidize into harmless compounds.

Abstract: An encapsulated reactant(s) having at least one encapsulant and at least one reactant. An outermost encapsulant is substantially nonreacting, impermeable and nondissolving with water. The reactant(s) contribute to at least one reaction with contaminants in environmental media rendering the environmental media less harmless. Processes for using the encapsulated reactant in environmental media is also hereby claimed.

Abstract: The invention describes a new method for treating sludge, which can result in the production of high nitrogen organically-augmented inorganic fertilizer that incorporates municipal sludges or biosolids or organic sludges that can compete with traditional fertilizers such as ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and urea on the commodity fertilizer marketplace. The method takes advantage of the thixotropic property of dewatered biosolids or organic sludge to create a pumpable paste-like material from the biosolids or organic sludge that is then treated with an oxidizer to reduce odorant effects and an acid. This mix is then interacted with concentrated sulfuric and or phosphoric acids and an ammonia source or alternatively a hot or molten melt or salt of ammonium sulfate/phosphate to form a fertilizer mix. The present invention controls the heat, atmospheric pressure and retention time of the fertilizer mix in the reaction vessel.

Abstract: A method for modifying contaminants in a liquid comprising a reaction chamber where the liquid interacts with an ionization reaction material which causes contaminants to reduce or oxidize into harmless compounds.

Abstract: A process for removing selenium from an aqueous stream using a supported sulfur material, and optionally the addition of an activating agent for enhanced removal of selenite, is disclosed.

Abstract: A stabilized, chemically reactive, metallic nano-material effective for degradation of chlorinated organic compounds in soils, sediments and groundwater. The nano-material is composed of a magnetic metal nanoparticle and a carbohydrate stabilizer bound to the nanoparticle. The preferred metal nanoparticle is iron and the preferred carbohydrate stabilizer is either a starch or a water soluble cellulose such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The nanoparticle may be either mono-metallic, bi-metallic or multi-metallic in nature, but is preferably bi-metallic wherein it is coated with a secondary catalytic metal coating, preferably palladium. A method of making the metallic nano-material is further disclosed wherein a solution of the metal nanoparticle and carbohydrate stabilizer is prepared, and the nanoparticle is then reduced under inert conditions.

Abstract: Process for the reduction of a hexavalent chromium oxide based catalyst comprising contacting, under mixing conditions, a hexavalent chromium oxide based catalyst, with a molar excess, in respect of the chromium species, of a solid reducing agent and subjecting the mixture to a temperature in the range 30-1000° C. The process is simple, involves low costs and allows to obtain a permanently reduced chromium catalyst that can be disposed without toxicity risks.

Abstract: A purifying agent for purifying soil or ground water which comprises a water suspension containing iron composite particles comprising ?-Fe and magnetite, and having an average particle diameter of 0.05 to 0.50 ?m, an S content of 3500 to 10000 ppm and an Al content of 0.10 to 1.50% by weight, and polyaspartic acid or a salt thereof. The purifying agent is capable of decomposing aliphatic organohalogen compounds or aromatic organohalogen compounds contained in the soil or ground water in an efficient, continuous and economical manner.

Abstract: Method for the elimination of metal ions from aqueous media, such as zinc, lead, chrome, copper, iron, aluminium, manganese, cadmium, cerium or silver and mixtures of the metals present in a trace or ultratrace state in aqueous effluents, by adsorption on a solid charge containing a metal chosen from group VIII.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for removing chlorite ion from a body of water containing unacceptably high levels of chlorite comprising adding to said body of water a chlorite removal chemical selected from the group comprising sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanurate, polyaluminum chloride, sodium permanganate, potassium permanganate, and catalase enzyme.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus for oxidation and reduction of a reduced aqueous nitrogen contaminant, as can be embodied by a system comprising nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and contacting oxygen and hydrogen.

Abstract: We disclose methods of sorting or separating mixtures of living cells (e.g., eukaryotic, prokaryotic, mammalian, pathogenic, bacterial, viral, etc.). We perform our methods by activating cell-selective photophoric labels, which photosensitize and chemically reduce a photosensitive metal compound to form metal grains, particles or crystals. The metal adheres to the cells and forms the basis for sorting or separating different cell types. Photophoric labels may include chemiluminescent agents such as peroxidase enzymes activated with peroxidase substrates capable of luminescence. Photosensitive metal compounds may be present in a light-sensitive matrix or emulsion containing photosensitizable metal compounds, which form metal grains, particles or crystals upon exposure to a developer solution. Developer solutions are formulated to substantially allow living cells to remain viable after exposure to the developing solution.

Abstract: The invention describes novel agents und methods thereof for removing chloramine, chlorine, and other active chlorine compounds from water used for keeping organisms living in aquariums, garden ponds, or other aquaculture systems. The agents consist of sodium hydrogen sulfite, salts and organic derivatives thereof, or adducts of sodium hydrogen sulfite, preferably an adduct of aliphatic aldehydes of the general formula X—(CH2)n—CO—H, wherein n means the numbers 0 to 3 and X means a —OH, —COOH or —CO—H group, wherein X may not be —OH if n=0.

Abstract: A method for removal of dissolved oxygen from organic liquids by use of a solid state catalyst. In doing so the dissolved oxygen is converted by the action of a reducing agent into water.

Abstract: Preparation of dispersions of zero-valance nanoscale iron particles and one of soy protein, soy milk, or other soy derivative. The dispersions can be used to treat contaminated soil or water.

Abstract: A biological system for removing selenium from waste water comprises a first immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) and a selenide removal module. The first ICB comprises a chamber having a substrate housed therein and situated to contact the waste water flowing therethrough during use. Anaerobic microorganisms are supported on the substrate, and comprise selenium respiring bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium and/or sulfate reducing bacteria capable of reducing selenates and selenites to insoluble elemental selenium or to soluble selenides. The selenide removal module includes metallic or oxidized iron compounds capable of chemically reacting with selenide or sulfide compounds in the waste water to form iron selenide or iron sulfide precipitates.

Abstract: Methods of treating ground water and methods for reducing contaminants (e.g., chlorinated compounds in contaminated ground water) to harmless compounds in the presence of an elemental metal treatment composition. Said methods comprise injecting a treatment solution comprising a colloidal suspension of elemental metal particles (e.g., iron, a tin, a zinc, a palladium and mixtures thereof) having a nanoscale particle size and a carbohydrate in an organic liquid (e.g., dodecane, butyl acetate and polypropylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and mixtures thereof) into the ground, proximate to the contaminated ground water.

Abstract: A system for removing particulates and/or contaminants, including impure compounds and elements from fluid to be treated is provided. The systems can include a receptacle having chamber in which a volume of fluid may be accommodated, a cover for placement across an opening into the chamber, so as to prevent fluid from within the chamber from spilling, and a porous matrix, positioned within the chamber and having a nanostructured adsorption material for trapping and retaining, within its pores, particles and contaminants in the fluid. A method for removing particulates and contaminants is also provided.

Abstract: A synergistic composition is provided for controlling odor from waste products. The composition comprises a combination of nitrate salt, sulfide-consuming compound, pH-elevating compound, sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and sulfide-oxidizing enzyme. The method includes adding a sufficient amount of the composition to a waste stream to provide sufficient sulfide-consuming compound to effect immediate removal of sulfide. The composition incorporates a pH elevating compound, which both decreases the amount of gaseous H2S and puts the aqueous phase into a pH range where naturally occurring bacteria can more easily metabolize the sulfide. The composition also includes one or more nitrate salts which will accomplish longer term prevention of odors. Specific bacteria are incorporated into the formulation to insure that the nitrate has the right type and amount of bacteria present to prevent formation of and/or consume sulfide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the development of an improved methodology for adsorption and subsequent reduction of hexavalent chromium aimed at the total removal of hexavalent chromium in water, which comprises, reacting dichromate solutions with natural ferrous-saponite clays at temperature 50 to 200° C. for the period of 1 to 3.0 hours.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide metal powder capable of decomposing and remedying various range of organic halogen compounds including organic halogen compounds which are difficult to be decomposed by a conventional decomposition and remediation method. Metal powder for decomposition of organic halogen is prepared in such a manner that the metal powder contains at least two kinds or more of metal elements, the respective metal elements forming phases, the respective metal elements therein serving as major constituents thereof, wherein difference in standard oxidation-reduction electric potential between any two kinds among the above-described metal elements is 778 mV or more in absolute value.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating impurities from a liquid by a non-dispersive contacting of a liquid—liquid reactive systems, the liquids being immiscible with each other, having a cylindrical column separated into a first stage and a second stage, a plurality of modules of packed metallic fibers mounted in the first stage of the column on a support, a first distributor provided in the first stage of the column for distributing a first liquid located above the support such that the first liquid completely wets the fibers by capillary action and forms a film thereon, a second distributor fitted at a bottom portion of the second stage for distributing a second liquid containing impurities on to the metallic fibers, wherein the second liquid flows concurrently with said first liquid so that the impurities present in the second liquid react with the first liquid and dissolve therein and a separator connected to a bottom of said column separates the first liquid and purified second liquid.

Abstract: This invention relates to an automated process to inhibit corrosion of the metal surface of an inactive boiler containing water.

Abstract: An object of this invention is to change room temperature or cooling drinking water to hydrogen rich water that contains hydrogen abundantly simply and efficiently without using an electrolytic device, and a hydrogen rich water generator 2 is provided by filling magnesium grain 4 that generates hydrogen gases by reacting with the drinking water 6 and silver grain 3 into the case 1 made of ceramics of water permeability and porosity. This hydrogen rich water generator 2 together with the drinking water 6 are filled in the vessel 5, and the drinking water 6, magnesium grain 4 and the ceramics and the silver grain 3 are caused to react in the vessel 5 to generate the hydrogen gases, and the drinking water 6 in the vessel 5 is purified by the reaction of the silver grain 3 and is changed to the hydrogen rich water having hydrogen abundantly and anti-bacterial action.