Abstract: A disc golf jacket includes a front torso portion that covers a front torso of a player. The jacket includes a back portion that is coupled to the front torso portion along a top edge. The jacket includes an upper pocket having opposed side edges and a bottom edge therebetween which, together, are coupled to the back portion for defining an upper pocket interior area. The upper pocket includes an open top edge for receiving a disc in a top-loaded configuration. The jacket includes a lower pocket having a lower edge coupled to the back portion, left and right-side edges coupled to the lower edge, the side edges extending at angles that converge toward one another until meeting at an upper edge. The side edges are open for receiving a second disc in a side-loaded manner.

Abstract: A bag assembly has a primary storage chamber and a carrying structure, and the carrying structure having a panel and a shoulder strap extending from the panel. The strap and the panel are seamlessly integrated. The primary storage chamber is a first three dimensional (3D) knit structure having a first material or combination of materials and the carrying structure is a second 3D knit structure having a second material or combination of materials. The primary storage chamber is fixed to the panel of the carrying structure to form the bag assembly. Also provided is a bag assembly in which the primary storage chamber is a first 3D knit structure having a first knit pattern and the carrying structure is a second 3D knit structure having a second knit pattern. Also provided is a method for customizing locations of 3D knit features based on user dimensions.

Abstract: A bag for carrying a rifle that enables the user to secure the stock at specific location inside the bag. The bag includes a front wall with PALS grids, a back wall with a hook-and-loop pad, a front attachment means that is designed to be connected and adjusted to the PALS grid and a back attachment means that is designed to be connected and adjusted to the pad. The user connects and adjusts the front and the back attachment means at preferable locations inside the bag, places the rifle inside the bag and secure the stock by the front and the back attachment means in a way that the stock is positioned at the same place relative to the bag and by that enables the user to draw the rifle without necessity of eye contact with the bag.

Abstract: One possible embodiment of the invention could be a backpack for carrying folding chairs comprising a front panel, the front panel supporting at least one shoulder strap that is used to connect the backpack to an operator; a back panel; the back panel being connected to the front panel by a mutual bottom edge; one or more connection straps that can respectively removably further attach a front panel to a back panel; wherein when the backpack is carrying a folded folding chair that extends outwards past the front and back panels, the connection straps engage the folded folding chair to sandwich and otherwise hold the folded folding chair between the front panel and the back panel.

Abstract: Dual-strap carrying assemblies and devices including such assemblies are provided herein. The carrying devices may be embodied in dual carrying strap golf bags that allow the bearer to more easily don and remove the bag. The secondary strap of the dual strap assembly is connected to the primary strap by a movable engagement assembly, such as an assembly that rotates to allow the secondary strap to more easily become within the reach of the bearer of the bag. In some embodiments, the movable engagement assembly may include a movement limiting device that prevents the secondary strap from moving too far out of the bearer's reach. The strap assemblies may be used in combination with a flexible base stand to make a self-standing carrying device that is easy to don and doff.

Abstract: A backpack has a divider panel having four sides, with a first side pivotally attached to a main bag. A divider pan& zipper attaches the second, third and fourth sides of the divider panel to the main bag. The divider panel is movable, by unzipping the divider panel zipper, from a first position wherein the divider panel is substantially horizontal and divides the main bag into upper and lower compartments, to a second position wherein the divider panel is more vertical and the main bag is not divided into upper and lower compartments. An odor absorber is removably contained within a pouch in the divider panel. The pouch may be formed of mesh layers attached together at their perimeter.

Abstract: Backpacks and backpack systems which have at least a portion which is accessible from the front of a wearer. In one illustrative embodiment, a backpack system in accordance with the present invention includes a back portion with shoulder straps. A swing-around portion is formed as a storage compartment that is secured to the back portion in a carrying position. An articulated frame is secured to the back portion and the swing-around portion and allows a user wearing the backpack to pivot the swing around portion around the user's side and access the contents therein. A securing latch is used to secure the articulating frame to retain the swing-around portion in the carrying position. The entire storage compartment of the pack may be a swing-around portion, or the pack may include multiple storage compartments that are either fixed to the back portion or function as swing-around portions.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a tactical carrying pack for back-supported transport of a payload, comprising a vertical base plate having a front and a back and having an upright support connection section thereon. There is also a left shoulder bar having a top portion and a bottom portion, the top portion of the left shoulder bar extending forward in an inverted hook shape for hooking over a shoulder. The left shoulder bar is hingedly connected at its bottom portion to the upright support connection section so as to at least rotate through an arc from a first position to a second position and from the second position to the first position. The first position is a substantially vertical position and the second position is a non-vertical position. There is also a right shoulder bar having a top portion and a bottom portion, the top portion of the right shoulder bar extending forward in an inverted hook shape for hooking over a shoulder.

Abstract: A utility bucket backpack apparatus having an upper strap and a lower strap may have each of the upper and lower straps connected to two backpack straps. The lower strap may further be connected to a bottom strap. The upper strap may further be connected to two handle straps. The upper strap and the lower strap may also be removably connected to the outer circumference of a utility bucket.

Abstract: A portable backpack feeder apparatus including a granular-material container having a filling opening and a gravity-flow opening and flow sleeve extending from the gravity-flow opening of the container to an outflow opening, the flow sleeve being flexible along its length for manual flow control and for positioning and aiming the outflow opening.

Abstract: A shoulder pouch for securing documents or the like, which is fitted underneath a users arm and protects against pick pocketing and wireless identity theft while still being easily accessed. The present invention provides a pouch which is harnessed to the body and angled from horizontal such that the pouch can be easily accessed with the opposite hand. The pouch provides a secure harnessed attachment about the user's body and RFID protection.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and a method to carry recreational equipment on the back of a user, evenly distributing the weight of the recreational equipment on both shoulders of a user. The apparatus comprises of a front container portion, an intermediate portion, and a rear container portion, wherein said intermediate portion is connected between said front container portion and said rear container portion, and said front container portion connects to said rear container portion holding said intermediate portion there between. The intermediate portion comprises of a sleeve to hold a portion of the recreational equipment, at least one intermediate strap to hold an intermediate portion of the recreational equipment, and at least one bottom strap to hold a bottom portion of the recreational equipment. The intermediate portion may be stored between the front container portion and the rear container portion when not in use.

Abstract: A travel bag for organizing and compressing all the diving equipment generally taken by divers on diving vacations. The bag is a belt and shoulder strap supported trifold roll design made of a reinforced synthetic fiber that has no central cavity but rather, three panels with or without see through mesh to enclose pockets on the panels. The bag is washable and has no corrodible components thereon. The main features of the bag reside in it's ability for protective organization and protection of the delicate contents as well as a design suited for rapid opening and visual inspection for ease of access through security checkpoints. A plethora of accessories exist to enhance the versatility of the bag.

Abstract: A shoulder pouch for securing documents or the like, which is fitted underneath a users arm and protects against pick pocketing and wireless identity theft while still being easily accessed. The present invention provides a pouch which is harnessed to the body and angled from horizontal such that the pouch can be easily accessed with the opposite hand. The pouch provides a secure harnessed attachment about the user's body and RFID protection.

Abstract: A ski harness has a back panel with connected shoulder straps that a person wears. A flap is connected to the bottom edge of the back panel, and to left and right pocket points on the back panel sides near the bottom edge, so the bottom portions of the flap and back panel form a pocket. The flap extends upward beyond the pocket points, but is not connected to the back panel above the pocket points, so the flap can fall away from the back panel. A release strap is connected to the top edge of the flap and to the user's shoulder straps to hold the flap against the back panel, and the release strap has a quick release fastener. Skis can be placed between the flap and back panel such that the bottoms of the skis are in the pocket, and the release strap holds the middle of the skis against the back panel and within the ski harness. The skis can be quickly released and dropped by unbuckling the quick release fastener on the release strap.

Abstract: An interchangeable cover for a backpack, diaper bag, or a bag made with straps that are worn over the shoulder.

Abstract: An insulated bag for protecting the cape of a big game animal. The bag comprises a top panel having at least one port for accommodating the antlers of the big game animal. Pockets formed in the interior of the bag can be utilized to prevent the cape of the animal from degrading.

Abstract: A vest pack includes right and left pocket regions. Each pocket region is adapted for being positioned just below the respective right and left breast of a wearer. The vest pack further includes a zipper that connects the right and left pocket regions from approximately the sternum of the wearer to approximately a belt line of the wearer, and a pair of suspenders having a strap connected proximate each second pocket and adapted to be worn over the shoulders of the wearer. The vest pack further includes a back region comprising at least one elastic strap connecting opposing back sides of the right and left pocket regions, and to the straps of the pair of suspenders.

Abstract: Novel method of preserving the internal environmental air temperature and thereby stabilizing the temperature within the cargo compartment of a transport container, and thereby protecting the cargo itself from degradation due to temperature fluxuations, including a freeze and heat barrier attained through the characteristics of the article of manufacture, composition of matter, and method of preservation of the internal environmental air temperature and proximate cargo within said cargo compartment; along with a machine or devise that is used as either a stand-alone container, or as an insert to retrofit existing containers so as to make said retrofitted devices capable of providing cooling over an extended period of time are disclosed. The inserted cargo compartments described herein are particularly useful for temperature-stabilizing cargo compartment shipping containers that are required to maintain a temperature below ambient for a time sufficient to complete delivery of the container and its contents.

Abstract: A frame assembly includes a base frame member, an upper frame member and a canopy frame member. Each of the frame members is fabricated of a rigid metallic tube in an inverted U-shaped configuration with a closed end and essentially parallel legs terminating in lower free ends. Pins pivotally couple the frame members with respect to each other adjacent to their free ends. The base frame member has a forward face with shoulder straps and a waist strap secured to the base frame member and extending forwardly for releasably coupling the base frame member to a carrier's back. A canopy sheet spans the canopy frame member and the upper frame member. A first pull cord has a fixed end secured to the canopy frame member and a second end extending forwardly of the base frame member for being pulled by the carrier to deploy the canopy frame member and the canopy sheet to an extended orientation.

Abstract: Backpacks and backpack systems which have at least a portion which is accessible from the front of a wearer. In one illustrative embodiment, a backpack system in accordance with the present invention includes a back portion with shoulder straps. A swing-around portion is formed as a storage compartment that is secured to the back portion in a carrying position. An articulated frame is secured to the back portion and the swing-around portion and allows a user wearing the backpack to pivot the swing around portion around the user's side and access the contents therein. A securing latch is used to secure the articulating frame to retain the swing-around portion in the carrying position. The entire storage compartment of the pack may be a swing-around portion, or the pack may include multiple storage compartments that are either fixed to the back portion or function as swing-around portions.

Abstract: A reversible backpack includes a backpack shell with first and second surfaces. The backpack shell is reversible through an access opening thereinto, such that either of the first and second surfaces is selectable as the exterior of the bag. One or more carrying straps are releasably connected proximate to the top of the backpack shell and, during reversal, are passed through strap openings proximate to the bottom of the backpack shell. A pocket shell located in a pocket opening of the backpack shell defines a pocket volume separated from the interior volume of the backpack shell. Pocket access openings in first and second faces of the pocket shell allow access into the pocket regardless of which backpack shell surface is exterior.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a backpack for a helmet, such as a motorbike helmet, mentioned backpack comprising: straps for transporting the bag on the user's back, a back area of padded material for protecting the user's back when a helmet is being carried in the backpack on the user's back, an inner bag into which the helmet can be inserted and which is provided with first closure means, such as a zip, so that the inner bag can be covered when empty, such that the empty backpack can occupy a flat, aerodynamic configuration when it is being transported on a vehicle, such as a motorbike.

Abstract: A smoke ejector hanger is disclosed herein. The hanger includes a flexible pad. Hook and loop fastening means are affixed to the flexible pad for selectively retaining the flexible pad in the form of a tube. A pair of straps is affixed at the midpoints thereof to the flexible pad such that each of the straps has a pair of free ends extending outwardly from the flexible pad. One of a number of releasable fasteners is affixed to each of the free ends. Each of the releasable fasteners has a snap catch.

Abstract: A backpack system is provided including an external frame, a pack bag and a sling configured for extending between the frame and pack bag providing a space between the frame and pack bag for accommodating heavy or bulky cargo therebetween. The sling can be extended or retracted in order to selectively adjust the distance between the pack bag and frame. The backpack system may also include a pouch for supporting a lower end of relatively long object therein, which may be carried in the space between the pack bag and frame. In one embodiment, the pack bag is equipped with stiffening members for supporting the pack bag when not mounted directly to the frame.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reversible backpack comprising at least one wall and at least two shoulder straps (43) to carry the backpack (10), attached to the wall. The wall comprises, on opposite sides and on a area above the wall, first (31a) and second hooking elements designed to be hooked alternatively to correspondent first hooking means (61) attached to first ends (51) of said shoulder straps (43) and on opposite sides and on an area lower than the wall (21), third (33a) and fourth hooking means designed to be hooked alternatively to correspondent second hooking means (62) attached to second ends (53) of said shoulder straps (43). The invention also relates to a couple of shoulder straps (43) for a backpack and to a reversible body (12) for a backpack.

Abstract: The present invention involves the provision of a backpack frame assembly and associated load carrying devices. The backpack frame includes a plurality of stays having flexible joints therebetween. A membrane is secured to certain of the stays and helps resist flexing of joints between adjacent stay end portions. Load carrying devices may be provided and are releasably mounted to the frame assembly. The distance between the assembly's shoulder straps and hip belt can be adjusted to accommodate user's having different torso lengths by using an adjuster sheet to separate hook and look members attaching a shoulder strap assembly to a frame assembly. The adjuster sheet can operate as a support element when not operating as an adjuster. The adjuster sheet can be constructed of a laminated composite material and include reinforcing ribs formed therein.

Abstract: A wearable pack has a generally pliable body defining a volume for the containment of articles, the body generally having a height, width, and depth, at least one shoulder strap secured to the body, at least one tension strap secured to the body at a first anchor point and adjustably secured to the body at a second anchor point, the tension strap routing through at least one channel disposed on the body between the anchor points so that the tension strap is accessible in a frontal plane of the wearer so that the wearer does not need to reach rearwardly of the frontal plane to pull the tension strap.

Abstract: A backpack system is provided including an external frame, a pack bag and a sling configured for extending between the frame and pack bag providing a space between the frame and pack bag for accommodating heavy or bulky cargo therebetween. The sling can be extended or retracted in order to selectively adjust the distance between the pack bag and frame. The backpack system may also include a pouch for supporting a lower end of relatively long object therein, which may be carried in the space between the pack bag and frame. In one embodiment, the pack bag is equipped with stiffening members for supporting the pack bag when not mounted directly to the frame.

Abstract: A body-worn apparatus for carrying an electronic device may include a shoulder harness having interconnected first and second portions configured to be supported by first and second shoulders respectively of a wearer. An electronic device support pouch configured to removably receive the electronic device therein may be attached to the first portion of the shoulder harness such that it extends under one arm and along one side of the wearer when the shoulder harness is worn by the wearer. An accessory support unit configured to removably receive one or more accessory items therein may be attached to the second portion of the shoulder harness such that it extends under an opposite arm and along an opposite side of the wearer when the shoulder harness is worn by the wearer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device (1) for carrying an elongated object (2). The device comprises a first protective layer (12) a second protective layer (14); where the respective layers (12, 14) are joined together at least at some point to form a fold (20). At least one releasable locking device (30) is provided for locking at least a part of the first protective layer (12) to at least a part of the second protective layer (14), thereby providing that the elongated object (2) may be carried between the first and second protective layer (12, 14). At least one releasing device (40) is also provided, the device (40) being connected to the releasable locking device (30), wherein activation of the releasing device (40) provides a release of the elongated object (2).

Abstract: In one aspect, there is disclosed a carrying device that comprises in combination a bucket and a cover positioned about the bucket. The cover may include a cylindrical wall, an open top, and a bottom wall. The bottom wall includes an opening covered by a moveable barrier for allowing access to the bucket from a bottom of the cover. The cylindrical wall may include a zipper secured thereon. The zipper allows the cylindrical cover to open for positioning the bucket in and out of the cover. The bucket may further include a lid that is removably attached to the bucket. A padded cover may be positioned on the lid providing a seating surface.

Abstract: Dual-strap carrying assemblies and devices including such assemblies are provided herein. The carrying devices may be embodied in dual carrying strap golf bags that allow the bearer to more easily don and remove the bag. The secondary strap of the dual strap assembly is connected to the primary strap by a movable engagement assembly, such as an assembly that rotates to allow the secondary strap to more easily become within the reach of the bearer of the bag. In some embodiments, the movable engagement assembly may include a movement limiting device that prevents the secondary strap from moving too far out of the bearer's reach. The strap assemblies may be used in combination with a flexible base stand to make a self-standing carrying device that is easy to don and doff.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a protective cover for a backpack, the cover preventing unauthorized access to the backpack and its contents. Apertures and slots are formed in the protective cover to allow the straps on the backpack to pass through the cover, so that the protective cover and backpack can be retained on the shoulders of the user. A single, elongated zipper on the protective cover provides access to the interior thereof, and the end point of the zipper is hidden from view when resting upon the back of the user.

Abstract: A carrying bag comprising a main compartment having a front panel, a back panel and two side panels; two side flaps attached to the back panel protruding laterally; and a carrying strap having a first end attached to the first side flap and a second end attached to the second side flap, wherein the first and second side flaps have a first configuration and a second configuration, wherein in the first configuration, the side flaps project upwards so that the carrying strap can function as a shoulder strap and in the second configuration, the side flaps can be folded and secured onto itself to project laterally and function as a waist strap.

Abstract: A book sling of a generally U-shaped sling cradle is provided with first and second side walls, and a bottom disposed between the side walls upon which one or more books received in the cradle of the book sling rest. Advantageously, the book sling has open sides and an open top enabling quick visual determination of which particular book should be taken out during use, thereby making it quicker and easier to use than a backpack that completely encloses everything such that it cannot be viewed without first opening the backpack.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying a patient transport litter includes a support mount for releasably mounting a separate litter carrier for carrying a patient transport litter. The support mount includes a mounting panel adapted to be mounted to a supporting structure and a pair of flexible side flaps that wrap around the litter carrier to secure the litter carrier to the support mount in a storage condition. Each side flap includes a fastener or buckle component for releasably joining together the respective side flaps snugly around the litter carrier, to thereby releasably secure the litter carrier to the support mount and the supporting structure. The litter carrier may include carrying straps for facilitating transport to a site of injury, where the litter carrier is opened and the patient transport litter removed from the litter carrier for use in transporting an injured person.

Abstract: A sack for compressing compressible material contained therein, the sack including: a pliable body portion (20) for receiving the material, the body portion having a lower base portion (22), wall means (21) and an upper opening (23) for introducing the material into the sack and removing it therefrom; cover means (28) exterior to the body portion and fixed thereto proximate the opening and having cover fastening means (29, 30, 31, 32) for releasably fastening to the body portion proximate the base whereby the cover means covers the opening, and a plurality of straps (25, 26) and/or connectors exterior to the body portion and attached thereto; wherein the cover fastening means and the plurality of straps and/or connectors are operable to compress material in the body portion.

Abstract: A load harness has a load in the form of a container. A bag connector is mounted to the container. A belt connector is mounted to a belt worn by the user. A non-permanent connection is between the bag connector and the belt connector and is formed of a hook and groove or hook and loop or interlocking grooves. The load harness also has a harness mounted to the container, so that the bag connector engages with the harness. The bag connector has at least one arm which engage with at least one strap of the harness. The hook is shaped as a peg with a relatively broad and flat head. The hook is mounted to the bag connector and the receiving groove is formed on the belt connector. The hook is mounted to the belt connector and the receiving groove is formed on the bag connector.

Abstract: Systems and methods for carrying a load on the back of a user and backpacks having a convex back panel are described. The convex back panel of the backpack may curve outward from the center of a wearer's back to minimize contact between the backpack and the wearer's back The backpack may also have a center-support panel for contacting the spinal region of the back of the wearer of the backpack. The center-support panel may have grooves for distributing a load along a wearer's back.

Abstract: A portable game feeder backpack that is worn by the user to spread feed for wild game or other granular material, e.g. seed, grain, or fertilizer. The invention provides a bucket mounted on a tubular frame. A funnel and a downspout direct granular material to a motorized spreader plate mounted below the bucket. A handheld switch remotely activates the motor. The device is worn as a backpack and has two removable padded shoulder straps. A detachable bracket allows the device to be attached to the rear structure on a vehicle, e.g. an all terrain vehicle or pickup. The device also can be used as a swiveling hunting seat having a padded cover on the lid of the bucket. The lid draining accumulated water to protect interior contents. Motor control is easily interchangeable among pushbutton, remote and timer control.

Abstract: A backpack which includes a frame and a cover. The frame has a first frame element which is connected with a first portion of the cover and a second frame element which is connected to a second portion of the cover. The second frame element is pivotably arranged on the first frame element at a region lying between an upper region and a lower region of the first frame element.

Abstract: A bag comprising: a first enclosure comprising at least a first material; a securing member comprising at least a second material, said second material being tougher than said first material; a second enclosure within or connected to said first enclosure and secured to said securing member, said second enclosure comprising a third material tougher than said first material, and an access point having an open position and a closed position; and at least one locking mechanism for locking said access point in said closed position and securing said securing member to said second enclosure.

Abstract: A vest pack includes right and left pocket regions. Each pocket region is adapted for being positioned just below the respective right and left breast of a wearer. The vest pack further includes a zipper that connects the right and left pocket regions from approximately the sternum of the wearer to approximately a belt line of the wearer, and a pair of suspenders having a strap connected proximate each second pocket and adapted to be worn over the shoulders of the wearer. The vest pack further includes a back region comprising at least one elastic strap connecting opposing back sides of the right and left pocket regions, and to the straps of the pair of suspenders.

Abstract: A bag carried by a user, comprises at least one compartment sized and shaped for carrying articles. The compartment is defined by a front panel, a rear panel, a bottom panel and at least one side panel which are joined together via at least one joinder line. The side panel extends along each side of the bag and across the top of the bag. At least one securement loop is connected to the bag to extend across a width of the rear panel. The securement loop is configured for selectively attaching the bag to a selectively extendable handle of a wheeled article, and for preventing the bag from shifting and interfering with a maneuvering of the wheeled article.

Abstract: A golf bag includes a first shoulder strap attached to the body of the golf bag at its upper end on a first side of the spinal axis of the body and at its lower end on the opposite second side of the spinal axis of the body. A second shoulder strap is attached to the body at its upper and lower ends on the sides opposite the first shoulder strap, so that the two shoulder straps cross each other over the spinal axis of the body. A strap guide assembly comprising an elastic cord is connected to an intermediate portion of the second shoulder strap to urge it toward the first side of the golf bag to prevent the second shoulder strap from falling away from the golfer as the golf bag is hoisted onto the golfer's shoulders.

Abstract: A liner consisting of a back piece and straps that can be worn between a backpack and the wearer's shoulders and back. The liner is affixed to the straps and backpack in a way that it can be easily removed for washing or replacement. The liner consists of layers that allow it to transport moisture and dirt away from the wearer, while shielding the backpack and its contents from the same.

Abstract: A carrying bag includes a bag body including first and second panels cooperating to substantially form a first compartment therebetween; an expandable compartment configured for housing an object, the expandable compartment including first and second areas cooperating with each other; the first area being connected to the bag body, the first area having two end portions, each end portion comprising a protrusion, and the first area having a fold line approximately along its center, the second area comprising three regions configured to cooperate with each other; and a cord capable of cooperating with the second area for facilitating the cooperation of the three regions. The shape of the protrusions of the end portions prevents the visibility of the first area to a user when the compartment is in an unexpanded configuration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reversible backpack comprising at least one wall and at least two shoulder straps (43) to carry the backpack (10), attached to the wall. The wall comprises, on opposite sides and on a area above the wall, first (31a) and second hooking elements designed to be hooked alternatively to correspondent first hooking means (61) attached to first ends (51) of said shoulder straps (43) and on opposite sides and on an area lower than the wall (21), third (33a) and fourth hooking means designed to be hooked alternatively to correspondent second hooking means (62) attached to second ends (53) of said shoulder straps (43). The invention also relates to a couple of shoulder straps (43) for a backpack and to a reversible body (12) for a backpack.

Abstract: A bicycle bag which comprises a covering body, a main support strap, a first connection device and a second connection device is disclosed. The major characteristic of the present invention is that the main support strap, the first connection device, and the second connection device are directly or indirectly connected with each other. By means of associating with connection members, the first connection device and the second connection device can be fastened to a bicycle. Therefore, when the first connection device and the second connection device receive a force from the weight of the bicycle, the main support strap is capable of bearing such a force.