Abstract: A detector objective forms a component of an electron-optical column of a scanning electron microscope, the detector objective being composed of an asymmetrical magnetic lens, an electrostatic immersion lens generating a substantially rotationally symmetrical field, and an annular detector disposed immediately above the magnetic lens body. An electrode of the electrostatic immersion lens is formed as a truncated cone and is arranged in insulated fashion in an upper pole piece of the magnetic lens. The lower pole piece forms the second electrode of the immersion lens. The first and second electrodes are charged with potentials that establish an electrical field for decelerating the primary electrons, the electrical field overlying the focusing magnetic field.

Abstract: An improved laser rangefinder and thermal imager with enhanced scanning mirror control is disclosed. Optical axes (11,12) are aligned parallel to each other. The system includes only one common thermal image/laser reception channel (8,9,10,11). The angular movement of scanning mirror 8 is compensated during the range finding operation. Synchronizing means (1,2,3,4) located in the beam path controls the movement of the scanning mirror. An improved method for controlling the movement of the scanning mirror which enhances the measuring range of the device is also disclosed. In order to receive CO.sub.2 radiation of narrow bandwidth which is reflected from a target, the cyclical movement of the scanning mirror (8) is precisely controlled in order to position it favorably during the range measuring operation. The frequency of the scanning function is retarded so that the scanning mirror (8) is moved only through a fraction of the width of the image field.

Abstract: A spectroanalytical gas measuring apparatus has a radiation source (36), a transmitting condensor (19), an objective (13) and a beam divider (11) which deflects at least a part of the radiation reflected back to the apparatus by a reflector (40) to a polychromator or spectrometer (32). The transmitted radiation falls after the beam divider (11) onto a deflecting mirror (12) which is adjustable between two positions and which directs the light to an objective reflector (13). The objective reflector (13) reflects the radiation to a follow-up mirror (15) arranged opposite to the beam passage opening (14). At least one long and one short focal length objective reflector (13) are provided in order to ensure different ranges of distance in conjunction with the adjustable deflecting mirror (12).

Abstract: Pitch and roll attitude information of an orbiting body is provided by sensing the discontinuity of optical radiation in a scan field of view between the reference body and outer space using a scanner which simultaneously scans two concentric conical paths through the field of view about the same axis of rotation of the orbiting body. The scanner comprises a scanning mirror split into two halves which are tilted through an angle with respect to each other and are also displaced in phase with respect to each other about the axis of rotation. The scanner may also be a prism having angled faces on opposite sides of the optical axis of the scanner which are also displaced in phase. Either scanner results in having a detector view two instantaneous fields of view simultaneously. An infrared detector receiving the radiation from these two fields of view produces signals which can be used to determine pitch and roll attidue as well as altitude on each scan which identifies four points around the horizon.

Abstract: A radiation detector is scanned over two fan fields of view by first and second cylindrical lenses spaced about the axis of rotation of a common optical element positioned on the axis of rotation. The optical element is rotated about the optical axis by a motor or the rotation of the orbiting body on which the scanner is mounted. In one form the common optical element is a chisel mirror having the first and second cylindrical lenses positioned on opposite sides thereof and tilted at an angle of 45.degree. with respect to the axis of rotation producing two fan fields which are 180.degree. apart in phase. As an alternative the common optical element may comprise a cylinder having the second cylindrical lens positioned along with a bevelled reflective upper surface for producing a vertical fan field.

Abstract: A retarding field spectrometer has a mounting ring for attachment to the pole piece of a scanning electron microscope or similar beam generator. Supported by the mounting ring are three screen electrodes with their planes positioned normal to the beam axis and adjustable as a unit in a pseudo-orthogonal manner through two worm and gear drives of eccentrics cooperating with an aperture and a slot, respectively, in a plate carrying the electrode closest to the pole piece. Three continuous dynode electron multipliers are arrayed symmetrically about the beam at-rest axis between the last mentioned electrode and the intermediate electrode. The multipliers have cathodes maintained at substantially the same potential as the intermediate electrode.

Abstract: An improved optical system having an opto-mechanical scanner for increasing the duty cycle of the scanner while maintaining a constant optical aperture throughout the scan. Two alternating optical paths are provided between the scanner and a transducer by use of an optical multiplexer synchronized with the scanner rotation.

Abstract: A stabilized sighting apparatus comprising a infrared camera sensitive to the thermal infrared rotatably mounted for rotation about an elevation axis on an assembly rotatable on a platform about an azimuth axis. The camera is provided with an inertial system for stabilization about the two axes. The apparatus comprises an optical viewfinder having an aiming mirror mounted on the assembly and rotatable about an axis parallel with the elevation axis by a recopying device and an optical offset means which directs along the azimuth axis, towards the platform, the light beam reflected by the aiming mirror. The infrared camera is traversed by the azimuth axis and the larger part thereof is on the side of the azimuth axis opposed to the side where the mirror is located.

Abstract: In an apparatus for generating an image of a scene, preferably an image of a heat image, the image is moved line by line across a row of detectors by means of a scanning mirror. The signals thus generated control light-emitting elements via amplifiers. The light-emitting elements are also disposed in a row, and their light is also guided via the scanning mirror. The scanning of the image is done bidirectionally, that is, during the forward pass and return pass of the scanning mirror. For correction of the resultant phase error, which is brought about by a delayed triggering of the light-emitting elements, an optical deflector element is provided which can assume two defined positions. The first position is associated with the forward pass of the scanning mirror and the second position is associated with its return pass and these positions are entirely independent of the location of the scanning lines.

Abstract: In an IR-FR- spectrometer, a light beam (10) is guided from a source to a detector (31) and is passed, in a first mode of operation, by means of first optical means (12, 19, 20) through a sample to be measured (28) and, in a second mode of operation, by second optical means (12, 22, 21) through a reference sample (32). The first and second optical means comprise a common mirror element (12) having at least first and second mirror surfaces (13, 14, 15, 16) which are inclined relative to each other. The mirror surfaces abut in at least one point. There is provided means for moving the mirror element (12) relative to the light beam so that during such relative movement the impinging point of the light beam (10) is displace from the first mirror surface (13), over onto the second mirror surface (14).

Abstract: A high-sensitivity pulsed radiation detection system which receives pulses of radiation from a target area and includes a charge-coupled device having an array of photosensitive elements and an apparatus for receiving backscattered radiation from the target area. The apparatus repeatedly scans, across at least one row of the array, the back-scattered radiation from a plurality of regions within the target area. The photosensitive elements accumulate charges and are arranged in rows and columns. The detection system further includes a circuit for synchronizing the apparatus for scanning with the radiation pulses for accumulating in the same photosensitive element of the row charges representing the same region during successive scans.

Abstract: A scanning fire-monitoring system comprising a fire source detecting apparatus including a detecting head having a small field of vision and adapted to detect heat radiant energy from a monitoring area, a vertical scanning drive means for letting the detecting head scan within a detection range of small width on the monitoring area, and a horizontal scanning drive means for mounting said detecting head and said vertical scanning drive means thereon and rotatable in a horizontal direction and an arithmetic unit for carrying out a required signal processing and decision on the basis of a detection signal from the detecting head said detecting head being driven in vertical and horizontal directions to scan over the entire monitoring area.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a dual technology intruder detection system which features a modular optical system by which the field of protection of one subsystem can be changed relative to the field of view of the other by merely altering the orientation of one optical module relative to another. Such modular optical system includes a multifaceted reflector having two sets of planar reflective facets. Depending on the orientation of such multifaceted reflector relative to a separate spherical reflector, two different fields of view are provided, whereby false alarm-producing can be avoided.

Abstract: A wavelength discriminator designed to collect broadband, multiple wavelength input energy, to isolate specific narrow bands of interest, and to image such narrow bands of interest upon closely spaced, separate detectors. This discriminator comprises optical devices (22, 18) for directing incoming radiant energy of a certain quality and involving a wide range of wavelengths through first (26a) and second (26b) wavelength selective reflectors separated by a medium that transmits the wavelengths of interest. The wavelength selective reflectors in accordance with this invention are in a non-parallel configuration and disposed in a double pass geometrical arrangement wherein energy of a certain wavelength reflected from the second wavelength selective reflector (26b) passes back through the first wavelength selective reflector (26a), with the energy from the first and second wavelength reflectors thereafter being directed onto respective detectors (32aand 32b).

Abstract: An apparatus for accurately measuring laser beam intensity profiles so as to permit adjusting the oscillation mode of the laser to achieve good workability of the beam. The beam from a CO.sub.2 laser generator is attenuated and applied to an infrared sensor which produces an electrical analog signal representing the beam intensity. The sensed signal is amplified and applied via an A/D converter and an interface to a computer. The computer controls a scanner which scans successive scanning lines of the laser beam profile across the sensor. The computer also produces a visual image of the laser beam intensity profile from the sensor signal. An operator veiwing such image can make an accurate and convenient measurement of the laser beam intensity profile, thereby providing a basis for quantitative analysis in quality inspection of workpieces subjected to the laser beam.

Abstract: Device for synchronous modulation, synchronous light-path switch-over and control-signal derivation for step-drive controlled modulation and switch-over devices, especially for multibeam spectral analysis equipment and preferably for the infrared region of the spectrum, in which the radiation modulation is effected by a rotating light stop and the light path switch-over between a measuring beam and a reference beam is effected by pivoting mirrors. The device provides for the use of only a single photosensor. The synchronization between the stepping motor for moving the light stop and the stepping motors for moving the mirrors is effected via a counting logic and common clocking. Moreover, set pulses are generated to set the mirrors in defined positions, and control signals are generated for further processing.

Abstract: A safety system for a laser-beam utilizing facility incorporates a safety enclosure (24) and an infra-red monitoring system (32) for detecting the development of hot spots at internal surfaces of the enclosure walls (24) and ceiling (26) which may occur as a result of stray laser radiation impinging on such surfaces. The development of a hot spot leads to shutting off the laser source (10) or interruption of the beam by means of a shutter (22).

Abstract: The invention provides an infra-red target detection system in which an array of infra-red detectors is scanned vertically in swathes and horizontal scanning is effected by sampling the output of each detector in turn. Addresses of target detections in the vertical and horizontal are stored and read out into an X and Y co-ordinate target position store if a detection resulting from scanning in the vertical corresponds to a detection resulting from scanning in the horizontal.

Abstract: Selective thermal examination of a target is provided by scanning the field of view of an infrared detector over predetermined areas of a target. The selection is made by a plurality of infrared fibers having first and second ends with the first ends being stationarily mounted in a fixed array suitable for being scanned by the detector or a detector coupled to each first end which are electrically scanned, while the second ends of the infrared fibers are directed by the user to selected areas of the target which are desired to be thermally examined. The infrared detector or detectors are then scanned over the first ends of the infrared fibers in the fixed array for sequentially thermally examining the selected areas of the target. The selected areas may be changed simply by rearranging and redirecting the second ends of the infrared fibers with respect to the target areas desired to be examined.

Abstract: An optical projection system, e.g., an imaging infrared system, is compensated for errors caused by scan-to-scan jitter, framing jitter, vibrational effects, and scan nonlinearities. One or two closed control loops compensate for errors associated with mirrors (32, 52) of the optical projection system. In the scan control loop, a set of scan reference marks (75) in a reference plane (7) is superimposed onto a scan position detector (59) lying in a plane (10) containing a detector array (9), producing a scan error compensation signal (56). For wide scan fields of view (72), the scan position detector (59) comprises two pairs (94, 95) of triangular detectors, and means (86) for periodically switching therebetween.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for processing the output signals of an optical rth-horizon sensor (1) operating in the infrared range of an orbiting, e.g. stationary earth satellite with respect to variously warm oppositely located earth rims (earth anomaly). With the earth-horizon sensor (1), an off-course signal is formed which is a measurement of the off-course angle of the line of sight of the earth-horizon sensor in relation to the satellite/earth central point connection line and is used for the attitude control of the earth satellite. This off-course signal is corrected in dependence on the earth anomaly.

Abstract: A stereoscopic infrared imager includes optics for producing infrared images of two different views of an infrared scene. A scanning mirror alternately scans the two infrared images across a single infrared detector array. The detector array modulates a light source array to produce a visible image of the scanned part of the infrared scene. Optics are provided for producing visible images of the light source array at the positions of the eyes of the observer. A second scanning mirror alternately scans the image of the light source array across the two eyes of the observer in order to construct full visible images of the scene.

Abstract: A passive infrared detector including an optical collector releasably attached to a base with a sensor on which incident infrared radiation directed through the optical collector is focused. The sensor is held by a joint member which is pivotally supported on the base and to which said optical collector is releasably attached, whereby the optical collector is rotatable together with the joint member relative to the base for adjustment of its angular position and the optical collector can be alone replaced as necessary without having to replace the base, the sensor and its associated electric circuitry.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for determining the anomaly portion the output signal of a zero-seeking earth-horizon sensor for a geostationary satellite. The horizon sensor comprises a chopper disk operated with constant frequency, which chopper disk pictures the image of oppositely located earth horizons on a common infrared detector. When the thermal radiation of the two earth horizons is different the anomaly portion contained in the detector output signal can be determined in that the off-course signals are measured for different amplitudes of the chopper disk. Since the anomaly-dependent portion in the detector output signal depends on this chopper amplitude, correcting amounts can be determined for the measured values corresponding to the anomaly portion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for deriving an off-course signal for an orbiting th satellite, preferably a geostationary satellite, by an earth-horizon sensor. The earth-horizon sensor operates in the infrared range and comprises, in the focal plane of an input lens, a chopper disk, which is periodically reciprocated with a determined chopper frequency (f) and which has a diameter corresponding to the image of the earth, and a detector (1) receiving the periodically interrupted radiation of opposite earth rims. The output signal of the detector is demodulated synchronously with the chopper frequency (f) and corrected with a correction signal corresponding to different temperatures of opposite earth rims (earth anomaly).

Abstract: A method and a circuit for processing the signals of an earth-horizon sen of a circularly orbiting earth satellite. The earth-horizon sensor operates in the infrared range and includes, in the focal plane of an input lens, a chopper disk which is periodically reciprocated with a determined chopper frequency (f) and has a diameter corresponding to the image of the earth, as well as a detector (1) receiving the periodically interrupted light radiation of oppositely located earth rims. The output signal of the detector (1) is demodulated synchronously with the chopper frequency (f) in order to derive an off-course signal. In order to suppress the influence of the earth anomaly, the amplified output signal of the detector (1) is additionally synchronously demodulated with the doubled chopper frequency (2f), according to the invention, in order to produce a symmetry signal.

Abstract: A radiant energy interlace system comprises an electromagnetic radiant energy reflector means having a magnetic core which includes a reed mirror portion and a body portion. The reed mirror portion is either a polished plate or frame of magnetic material holding a mirror and the body portion is of magnetic material having a center section with a centrally disposed ridge from which downwardly sloping surfaces extend to solid bar reel sections surrounded by coils of conductive wire. End sections of magnetic material having sloping surfaces for continuing the sloping surface of the center section complete the body section. A circuit is connected to the coils for alternately energizing the coils to magnetize alternate portions of the reed mirror portion to rotate the reed mirror portion about the fulcrum ridge of the center section. The slope of the body portion surfaces is equal to one half of the desired interlace angle.

Abstract: An infrared scanner includes an infrared energy reflecting surface rigidly fixed to a supporting shaft. The shaft is supported by jewel bearings for rotation by a motor controlled by a control circuit for imparting a scanning motion to the reflecting surface. A collar interconnects the shaft to an electrical coil which is energized by a two-directional source of power. A magnetic means includes a pair of "U" shaped members forming a housing of electromagnetic material for containing a pair of opposing magnets. The legs of the "U" shaped members support a coil pole in an air gap forming relationship with respect to the magnets.

Abstract: An interferometer/spectroradiometer that uses a beamsplitter means for dividing an input beam into two separate beams and presents the resultant beams to a rotary refractive window from symmetrically oriented optical elements such that the optical path differences through the refractive window as it rotates are additive and non-linearities are subtracted. The beams are returned through the refractive window to the beamsplitter for dividing the input beam, where fringes are generated for application to appropriate detectors. The detector output is applied to Fourier transform computer equipment for digitizing and processing for presentation on a spectrum display device.

Abstract: The method and apparatus permit analyses, by optical means, of properties of gaseous suspensions of particles, by measuring radiation that is emitted, transmitted or scattered by the particles. Determinations of composition, size, temperature and spectral emittance can be performed either in-situ or by sampling, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometric techniques are most effectively used. Apparatus specifically adapted for performing radiation scattering analyses, and for collecting radiation from different sources, are provided.

Abstract: An automatic fire extinguisher wherein a fire detector receives infrared rays from started fire flames in detecting area, as unified in the incident amount of the rays, at one of many light receiving elements which corresponds to the ray's incident angle into an assembly of infrared-ray passing filter and condenser lens, variations in detected output of the detector resulting from flaring of the fire flames are discriminated, the detected output higher than a predetermined level controllably drives an ejection nozzle to direct it towards the position of the flames and discharges a fire extinguishant out of the nozzle towards the flames, achieving thus a reliable detection of the fire irrespective of its distance from the detector as well as an effective extinguishment of only such started fire while preventing any erroneous operation due to other infrared ray sources.

Abstract: A selective infra-red detector is used to determine the amount of a selected gas present in a gas sample. A beam of infra-red energy is passed through a gas sample and into the selective infra-red detector. An outer annular portion of the beam is reflected from a paraboloidal mirror onto a first focal point, while an inner annular portion of the beam passes through a chamber containing a fluid which will absorb the spectral wavelengths of the selected gas and is reflected by a spherical mirror onto a second focal point. Separate infra-red energy detectors are positioned near the first and second focal points to measure the infra-red energy. The difference or ratio between the infra-red energy measured by each infra-red energy detector is a measure of the amount of selected gas present in the gas sample.

Abstract: A source of radiation is detected by an optical scanning system including a otating mirror and an array of V-shaped detector elements. The detectors are arranged in vertically stacked pairs in a common plane, with the time of travel of a target image between a given pair of detectors determining the azimuth and elevation coordinates of the target. Signals from the detectors are amplified, filtered and passed through a processor which provides the desired information from the time and spatial relationships of the target and detectors. Each pair of detectors covers a given sector of the elevation angle scanned by the total array.

Abstract: A multispectral collimator for testing and verifying electro-optical and opto-mechanical parameters of a forward looking infrared receiver, laser receiver, laser transmitter and the like. The collimator having a plurality of sub-systems which can be readily repositioned to test different types of electro-optical systems of a unit under test.

Abstract: An infrared ray detecting apparatus comprises an infrared ray detecting element (5), bimorph elements (8a and 8b), a transistors (53, 54), a DC-DC converter (55), and a volume (56). A square wave signal is applied to a base of the transistor (53) from a microprocessor (40) included in a microwave oven and a signal having a constant level is applied to a base of the transistor (54). The DC-DC converter (55) is continuously driven in response to an emitter output from the transistor (54) so that a constant voltage -E.sub.0 V which is extremely stable is supplied. A voltage -E.sub.s V which is obtained by regulating properly the constant voltage -E.sub.0 V by means of the volume (56), is applied to central electrodes of the bimorphs (8a and 8b), while a square wave signal varying between 0 V and -E.sub.0 V in response to an on/off state of the transistor (53), is applied to a surface electrodes of the bimorphs (8a and 8b).

Abstract: A passive infra-red sensor comprising a housing including a mounting base and a lens mounting cover element, detector support apparatus selectably positionable with respect to said mounting base along a first axis, an infra-red detector and a beam locator illuminator mounted on the detector support apparatus, a multi-faceted focusing lens including a first array of beam defining lenses arranged for optical coupling to the infra-red detector and a second array of beam defining lenses arranged for optical coupling to the beam locator illuminator.

Abstract: An apparatus for reading out an image by scanning comprises a stimulating ray source, a device for scanning a stimulable phosphor sheet carrying an image stored therein by stimulating rays forwardly and backwardly in a main scanning direction, a device for scanning the stimulable phosphor sheet by the stimulating rays in a sub-scanning direction normal to the main scanning direction, and a read-out device for detecting light emitted by the stimulable phosphor sheet when it is exposed to stimulating rays. A converging lens is positioned to converge the stimulating rays, and a light shielding member is positioned at the converging point to intercept the stimulating rays during the backward scanning period. Or, an acousto-optic modulator is positioned between the stimulating ray source and the converging lens to diffract the stimulating rays and generate diffracted light components other than a zero-order diffracted light component during the backward scanning period.

Abstract: In a double-beam spectrophotometer intended for spectral analysis in the infrared region, inputs to a light detector are switched to dark, reference light, sample light, and reference light in this order, and those components in an output signal of the detector which have a fundamental frequency corresponding to one cycle of the switching and a frequency twice the fundamental frequency undergo arithmetic operation to determine the ratio of the sample to reference light intensity, which is representative of the transmittance of the sample.

Abstract: A dual field of view sensor, particularly adapted for use as a forward-looking infrared night vision detector, includes a single detector (24) for receiving a light signal and developing an output electrical signal therefrom. A rotating polygon scanner (16) having a plurality of reflective facet (14) thereon receives light (12, 34) from two separate optical systems (10, 32) and directs the light onto the facets (14) of the scanner (16) at positions offset by one-half the facet angle such that the light beams alternately strike a facet and the juncture between two facets. The reflected light is then directed through a beam splitter 40 onto the detector in an alternating, interleaved sweeping motion. The beam splitter permits only one at a time of the light (12, 34) from entering the detector. In one embodiment, both optical systems include a steerable dual field of view telescope.

Abstract: An infra red photo detector system comprises a piece of detector material, such as Cd.sub.x Hg.sub.1-x Te, InSb, InAs, etc, carrying at least a pair of spaced electrodes. An optical arrangement directs a small spot of radiation onto the detector. The position of the small spot on the much larger detector is found by applying an electrical bias between the electrodes causing a drift of photo carriers. The bias may be of alternating polarity and the detector output measured at each polarity. Alternatively a high frequency bias may be applied and the A.C. offset from the detector used to indicate spot position. Alternatively the spot position may be modulated or swept along the detector by a mirror moving in a sawtooth scanning action.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system for detecting sources of heat, comprising a certain number of watching stations distributed within the area to be watched, comprising an infrared radiation detector located at a level above the area to be watched and connected to a motor for imparting to the detector a periodic angular, step-by-step motion, and a device for logic processing of the information received by the detector and for transmission through the telephone link, a central station being equipped with a data processing device including a memory in which the known sources of heat of the area to be watched are recorded or entered.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for scanning for radiated energy employs a scanning mirror (1) pivoting azimuthally about a vertical scanning axis (2) and capable of being pivoted also about a pivotal axis (3) that makes an angle with the scanning axis. The mirror reflects the incident IR energy onto a vertically disposed field composed on n individual IR detector elements (22) having (n-1) spacings of equal magnitude. The horizontal motion of the mirror takes place in customary manner but the pivotal motion is smaller than the individual detector elements and their separations. Therefore, the same thermal image requires several pivotal processes and, hence, also several mutually parallel horizontal scanning motions, resulting in achieving greater resolution of the image.

Abstract: In a radiation image read-out system, a stimulable phosphor sheet carrying a radiation image stored therein is scanned by stimulating rays in forward and backward main scanning directions by use of galvanometer mirrors. Light emitted from the stimulable phosphor sheet upon exposure to the stimulating rays is detected and converted into an electric image signal at each position on forward and backward scan lines. The electric image signal is corrected by use of a correction coefficient predetermined for each position on the scan lines in accordance with the deviation in position in a sub-scanning direction at each position on the scan lines, thereby correcting a read-out error in the image signal caused by distortion of the scan lines arising when the stimulable phosphor sheet is scanned by the stimulating rays in the forward and backward main scanning directions by use of the galvanometer mirrors.

Abstract: In an optical radar system a coherent signal is transmitted at a variable position and the return signal, that is, the reflected portion of the coherent signal is received and coherently detected. The transmitter utilizes a scanning laser having an electron beam that impinges upon a variable reflectance mirror that terminates one end of an optical cavity. An oscillating mode is generated within the resonant cavity when the electron beam locally heats the surface of the variable reflectance mirror to create a pixel that reflects light in a diffracted pattern. The receiver utilizes a stable single mode laser to illuminate a variable reflectance surface. A receiver electron beam generates a plurality of receiver pixels at various positions. The diffracted light from each pixel generates a plurality of variable angle local oscillator beams that are summed with the return signal at a beamsplitter. The output of the beamsplitter is applied to the surface of a detector array.

Abstract: In an optical radar system a coherent signal is transmitted at a variable position and the return signal, that is, the reflected portion of the coherent signal is received and coherently detected. The transmitter utilizes a scanning laser having an electron beam that impinges upon a variable reflectance mirror that terminates one end of an optical cavity. An oscillating mode is generated within the resonant cavity when the electron beam locally heats the surface of the variable reflectance mirror to create a pixel that reflects light in a diffracted pattern. The receiver utilizes a stable single mode laser to illuminate a variable reflectance surface. A receiver electron beam generates a plurality of receiver pixels at various positions. The diffracted light from each pixel generates a plurality of variable angle local oscillator beams that are summed with the return signal at a beamsplitter. The output of the beamsplitter is applied to the surface of a detector array.

Abstract: In a system for reading out radiation image information recorded on a stimulable phosphor sheet which emits light upon stimulation by stimulating rays according to the recorded radiation image information, the phosphor sheet is two-dimensionally scanned by a laser beam and the light emitted therefrom is detected by a photodetector. The integrated output of the photodetector is read out for every unit of time period corresponding to a picture element of the radiation image. Position reference pulses are generated every time the relative position of the laser beam scans on the phosphor sheet by a standard amount in the main scanning direction. The integrated value of the output of the photodetector is read out every time the output is integrated for a fixed time period within each time interval between the position reference pulses.

Abstract: An apparatus for inspecting a device made up of a plurality of different infrared radiating elements includes an optical head which is moveable along X-Y coordinates above the fixed device to sequentially scan the infrared radiating elements. A laser beam source is operatively connected to the moveable head for injecting thermal energy into the infrared radiating elements and an infrared detector is provided for sensing the infrared radiation emanating from the elements. The infrared detector may be mounted directly on the moveable head or in a remote location wherein the detector would be connected to the moveable head by a flexible optical fiber. A second moveable head may be located on the opposite side of the device so that thermal energy from the laser source may be injected into opposite sides of the infrared radiating element.

Abstract: An analyzer for relative (percent etc.) measurement of amounts of certain substances, especially protein, water and/or oil in powdered, pulp-like or other non-rigid foodstuffs, is made to alternatingly irradiate a sample and a reference with collimated monochromatic IR-light. Both the sample and the reference are irradiated several times with light of various wavelengths in sequence. Photocells in an open spherical chamber, a so-called Ulbricht ball, receive from the sample and from the reference reflected diffuse light and convert it to electrical signals. In the beam path there is a window which allows said wavelengths to pass and which is in direct contact with the sample, which is thus not provided with a casing or own covering glass or the like. The sample is placed in a sample holder, which is formed by the window, possibly with a wall portion around said window, and a wall directly opposite to the window.

Abstract: A visible light emitting element is mounted adjacent a lead-chalcogenide infrared diode laser element on the same supporting member or heat sink adjacent. The optical axis of the laser apparatus is adjusted using a visible light beam emitted by the visible light emitting element. The light source is then changed from the visible light emitting element to the infrared diode laser element by shifting the laser mount.

Abstract: A boresight collimator usable with three different night-vision (infrared) ights for the U.S. Army TOW missile. These sights must be boresighted to the visible light (day) sight already on the missile launcher, but each night sight is differently mounted. The collimator has a readily adjustable bracket for attaching to the night sights and for allowing both the visible and infrared collimating images to be seen in their respective sights.