Abstract: A light source device includes a discharge tube, a discharge medium sealed inside the discharge tube, and inner and outer electrodes for exciting the discharge medium. The inner electrode is arranged inside the discharge tube. The outer electrode includes a first outer electrode and a second outer electrode that are connected electrically with each other. The first outer electrode is in contact with an outer surface of the discharge tube at a plurality of first contact portions that are located at different distances from the inner electrode and are provided discontinuously. The second outer electrode is in contact with the outer surface of the discharge tube at second contact portions. The second contact portions are arranged closer to the inner electrode than the first contact portions at a surface density greater than that of the first contact portions.

Abstract: A light source, in particular incandescent lamp, with a bulb (1), a filament (2) arranged in the bulb (1), and a heating device (3) for the filament (2), the filament (2) emitting both visible light and heat radiation, is designed and constructed with respect to a high conversion efficiency between an electrical power input and emitted light output such that the filament (2) includes a flat section (4). A light source of this type may be produced by a method, wherein initially a filament (2) of a sintered metal powder is provided. Subsequently, the filament (2) is exposed to an atmosphere of carbon dioxide or of carbon dioxide and inert gas for forming a metal carbide. Finally, the filament (2) is sealed into the bulb (1).

Abstract: A lighting system that includes a lamp and a control circuit configured to apply signals to the lamp in pulsed mode operation. The lamp may employ ferroelectric ceramic cathodes to enhance life of the lamp when used with the pulsed mode drive circuitry. The drive circuitry applies signals within a desired frequency range to lower input power while providing enhance output within a desired wavelength band, such as 365 nm to make use of an afterglow regime from an emissive medium within the lamp.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multi-tube fluorescent discharge lamp which construct multiple glass tubes of different caliber in coaxial structure, the both sides of the inner most tube are connected to a cathode respectively, by isolating, perforating and blocking the discharge path, forming a successive discharge path, and coating phosphor on surface of the discharge tubes. The invention can then have more fluorescent area than a conventional fluorescent lamp of the similar size and higher lumen as well as power transfer factor. Compared with the power consumption of a conventional fluorescent discharge lamp, the invention therefore has higher luminous flux.

Abstract: An amalgam assembly for a fluorescent lamp includes an exhaust tubulation closed at a free end thereof, a glass ball disposed in the tubulation, and a mercury amalgam body disposed in the tubulation between the glass ball and the tubulation closed end. The tubulation is provided with a pinched portion comprising a plurality of inwardly extending dimples separated from each other and adapted to engage the glass ball to retain the glass ball on a central axis of the tubulation. The glass ball rests on the dimples concentrically and gaps between the dimples allow gas to pass therethrough between the glass ball and an inside surface of the tubulation.

Abstract: A flat lamp with horizontal facing electrodes is provided, in which a front substrate and a rear substrate are spaced such as to face each other. Walls between the front and rear substrates form a discharging space filled with a discharge gas. A plurality of front electrodes and a plurality of rear electrodes are provided on facing surfaces of the front and rear substrates, respectively. The front and rear electrodes, formed in strips, are arranged in such a way that the front electrodes alternate with the rear electrodes. Accordingly, the discharging distance between front and rear electrodes is lengthened, and many fine discharging operations occur between tip electrodes extending from the lateral sides of the electrode strips and flat portions of corresponding electrode strips. Therefore, a current concentration is prevented, thereby achieving uniform discharging. Also, brightness of the flat lamp increases.

Abstract: A plasma display panel comprising plural kinds of phosphors, each of which emits a light having a different kind of color, separators which separate the plural kinds of phosphors, and discharge cells having sustain electrode pairs which create discharges producing the light emissions from the phosphors. In the plasma display panel, sustain discharge currents through the sustain electrode pairs in the discharge cells are set at different values according to respective brightness of the lights emitted from the plural kinds of phosphors.

Abstract: An electron emissive composition comprises a barium tantalate composition in an amount of about 50 to about 95 wt %; and a ferroelectric oxide composition in an amount of about 5 to about 50 wt %, wherein the weight percents are based on the total weight of the barium tantalate composition and the ferroelectric oxide composition. A method for manufacturing an electron emissive composition comprises blending a barium tantalate composition in an amount of about 50 to about 95 wt % with a ferroelectric oxide composition in an amount of about 5 to about 50 wt % to form an electron emissive precursor composition, wherein the weight percents are based on the total weight of the barium tantalate composition and the ferroelectric oxide composition; and sintering the composition at a temperature of about 1000° C. to about 1700° C.

Abstract: Each sustain electrode of a pair includes a continuous ignition conductor, a bus without any overlap and without any direct contact with the latter, electrical connection between the ignition conductor and the bus, and a connector for spreading the discharge. This arrangement allows the luminous efficiency of sustained discharges to be increased.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, the present invention provides flat panel or planar lamps suitable to be placed in a body illuminating device and emitting fluorescent, ultraviolet radiation such that a person or user may be exposed to electromagnetic radiation suitable for tanning. In preferred embodiments, the invention includes a tanning device or system comprising at least one fluorescent, ultraviolet emitting planar lamp, and in certain embodiments the system uses an array of fluorescent, ultraviolet emitting planar lamps. In certain preferred embodiments, the lamp comprises at least one planar surface made of a material substantially transparent to ultraviolet radiation. A fluorescent or phosphor material is applied to the planar surface. An envelop is hermetically sealed over the planar surface to define a sealed volume containing the fluorescent material. A gas is dispersed within the volume, wherein the gas interacts with the fluorescent material when electrically excited to emit ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract: A lamp includes an enclosure with partitions defining a channel having channel segments and/or providing multiple paths for an electrical arc to travel. The channel segments can be implemented by adding additional electrodes in the channel formed by the partitions, by forming a channel where the arc may travel in multiple directions, or by a combination of these methods. The channel segments and multiple directions of arc travel tend to reduce the voltage required to start the lamp.

Abstract: Light-emitting devices are disclosed that comprise a light source emitting first light, a first material substantially transparent to and located to receive at least a portion of the first light, and particles of a second material dispersed in the first material. The second material has an index of refraction greater than an index of refraction of the first material at a wavelength of the first light. The particles of the second material have diameters less than about this wavelength. Particles of a third material may also be dispersed in the first material.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp includes a luminous bulb in which a pair of electrodes are opposed to each other in the bulb. At least mercury and halogen are contained in the luminous bulb, and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Rh, Ru and Re is present in the luminous bulb.

Abstract: A light shield film is provided adjacent to an anode of an EL element that consists of the anode, an EL layer, and a cathode. The anode and the cathode are transparent or semitransparent to visible light and hence transmit EL light. With this structure, ambient light is absorbed by the light shield film and does not reach an observer. This prevents an external view from appearing on the observation surface.

Abstract: In order to ensure hermeticity of a hermetic container and to suppress occurrence of electrical leakage, a display device is provided with a faceplate including an anode to be supplied with an externally-supplied electric potential, a rear plate arranged facing the faceplate at a predetermined spacing therefrom, a metal pin for supplying the electric potential to the anode from outside of the rear plate through a penetration hole in the rear plate, wherein the penetration hole includes the metal pin by insertion. The metal pin includes an axis portion disposed in the penetration hole and a flange portion which is integral with this axis portion and which is located adjacent an opening end of the penetration hole. The flange portion is joined to the rear plate for hermetically sealing the penetration hole.

Abstract: A flat fluorescent lamp (1) has a discharge vessel (2) having a base plate (7), a top plate (8) and a frame (9) which are connected to one another in a gas-tight fashion by means of solder (10). Structures resembling conductor tracks function in the interior of the discharge vessel as electrodes (3-6), in the feedthrough region as feedthroughs, and in the external region as external supply leads (13; 14). Flat lamps of the most different sizes can thereby be produced simply in engineering terms and in a fashion capable of effective automation. Moreover, virtually any electrode shapes can be realized, in particular optimized with regard to a uniform luminous density with a reduced drop in luminous density towards the edges of the flat lamp. At least the anodes (5, 6) are covered in each case with a dielectric layer (15). The lamp (1) is preferably operated by means of a pulsed voltage source and serves as background lighting for LCDs, for example in monitors or driver information displays.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a cold-cathode discharge lamp which can suppress sputtering on a lead-in wire and reduce consumption of mercury so as to achieve a longer lifetime without increasing an amount of applied mercury. The cold-cathode discharge lamp of the present invention is characterized in that a lead-in wire connected to a cylindrical electrode in a lighting tube is made of a material same as a material that forms the cylindrical electrode. It is possible to suppress concentration negative glow discharge shifted to the lead-in wire and to allow the electrode to be covered with even negative glow discharge. Thus, it is possible to reduce mercury consumed by excessive sputtering on the outer surface of the internal lead-in wire and to achieve a longer lifetime of the cold-cathode discharge lamp.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a first panel, address electrodes formed on the first panel in a predetermined pattern, a first dielectric layer formed on the first panel and covering the address electrodes, a partition structure having unit partitions discontinuously formed on the first dielectric layer to partition a discharge space, the unit partitions being parallel to the address electrodes and each having auxiliary partitions, red, green and blue phosphor layers coated in the partitioned discharge space, a second panel, which is coupled to the first panel to form the discharge space and which is transparent, a plurality of pairs of sustaining electrodes formed on an inner surface of the second panel and having sets of first and second electrodes at a predetermined angle with respect to the address electrodes, and a second dielectric layer formed on the second panel and covering the sustaining electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a low-pressure discharge lamp, having a tubular discharge vessel made from glass, the free ends of which are closed off in a gas tight manner, two electrode systems (3) each having a filament (7), two supply conductors (5, 6) and a bead (8) of glass, the ends of the supply conductors (5, 6) being fused into the ends of the discharge vessel which have been closed off in a gas tight manner and, in order to be held in a region between the filament (7) and the discharge vessel fused seal (2), into the bead (8), and a device for switching off the lamp at the end of its service life, comprising a paste (9) which contains a metal hydride and is fitted to the bead (8). According to the invention, the bead (8) consists of a glass material which has a resistivity of greater 108 ?cm at 350° C.

Abstract: An arc tube includes an arc tube body and a pair of electrodes. The arc tube body is formed from a glass tube which is double-spirally wound from a middle portion to both ends around a spiral axis. The pair of electrodes are sealed at both ends of the arc tube body. Mercury is enclosed in the arc tube substantially in a single form. Each of the electrodes includes a multiple-coiled filament which is wound substantially one turn in a last coiling stage.

Abstract: A gas filled channel is formed between a pair of plates. A phosphor is disposed upon a surface of the channel and the channel is filled with a mixture of noble gases. A surface electrode is formed upon the exterior surface of each of the plates. Upon application of an alternating voltage to the pair of surface electrodes, the electrodes are capacitively coupled across the channel and break down the gas contained in the channel. The gasses emit ultraviolet light that causes the phosphor to emit visible light in a characteristic color.

Abstract: A short arc type super high pressure discharge lamp has a pair of electrodes, a light emitting portion in which greater than 0.15 mg/mm3 is enclosed, and sealing portions provided on both side of the light emitting portion, wherein at least one of the pair of electrodes has a thick portion which extends into one of the sealing portions and a coil is wound around the thick portion in the one of the sealing portion via gap.

Abstract: A short-arc ultra-high pressure mercury lamp in which the change in the shape of the electrodes can be suppressed and a stable arc discharge can always be produced is achieved in an arrangement in which, in the silica glass arc tube, there is a pair of opposed electrodes with a distance between them of at most 2 mm and the tube is filled with at least 0.15 mg/mm3 of mercury, a rare gas, and a halogen in the range from 1×10−6 &mgr;mole/mm3 to 1×10−2 &mgr;mole/mm3, by at least one of the electrodes having a melt part formed toward the electrode tip by winding the electrode rod with a coil and by melting the part of the coil oriented towards the electrode tip at least in the area of its surface. A part of the coil located away from the electrode tip is unmelted and the base point side area of the coil facing away from the electrode tip is rounded and does not have sharp edges.

Abstract: Disclosed is an image display comprising: a substrate including a light function layer for displaying an image by emitting or blocking light in accordance with a supplied voltage; and a frame body for surrounding the substrate, wherein a concave portion is provided on a side surface of the substrate, a convex portion is provided on an inner side of a side surface of the frame body, and the convex portion is fitted to the concave portion.

Abstract: A plasma flat-panel display has a glass substrate having a first pair of parallel sustainer electrodes deposited thereon that includes a first sustainer electrode and a second sustainer electrode. A second pair of parallel sustainer electrodes also is deposited upon the substrate that also includes a first sustainer electrode and a second sustainer electrode. A single common electrode pad is electrically connected to the first sustainer electrode in the first sustainer electrode pair and the first sustainer electrode in the second sustainer electrode pair. The electrode pad is adapted to be connected to a first sustainer voltage waveform supply so that a single supply provides a voltage waveform to both of the first sustainer electrodes.

Abstract: There is provided an improved high-pressure discharge lamp which includes an arc tube encapsulating a halogen, and a pair of tungsten electrodes disposed in the arc tube. The oxygen content in the tungsten electrodes is not more than 15 ppm, while the amount of the encapsulated halogen lies in the range of 1×10−7 to 1×10−2 &mgr;mol/mm3.

Abstract: A fluorescent luminous tube includes a plurality of cathode filaments, a multiplicity of a cathode wirings, each cathode wiring including one or more terminal portions and a wiring portion and being formed of a metal layer, and one or more intermediate portions, each being made of a metal layer. The cathode filament is grouped into at least one set of one or more filaments and filaments in each set are connected in series by fixing an end portion thereof on a terminal portion or an intermediate portion by ultrasonic wire bonding or ultrasonic bonding.

Abstract: A light source device includes at least one discharge tube, a discharge medium sealed inside the discharge tube, and first and second electrodes for exciting the discharge medium. The first electrode is arranged inside or outside the discharge tube, and the second electrode has a plurality of contact portions at which the second electrode is in contact with an outer surface of the discharge tube. The contact portions are located at different distances from the first electrode and are provided discontinuously. Thus, it is possible to provide a light source device with an improved light emission efficiency, and a liquid crystal display device in which the light source device is employed.

Abstract: A field emission display includes first and second substrates provided opposing one another with a predetermined gap therebetween; electron emission sources provided on one of the first and second substrates; an electron emission inducing assembly for inducing the emission of electrons from the electron emission sources; and an illuminating assembly provided on the substrate on which the electron emission sources are not formed, the illuminating assembly realizing images by the emission of electrons from the electron emission sources. The electron emission sources include a carbon nanotube layer and a base layer, the base layer connecting the carbon nanotube layer to the substrate and applying a voltage to the carbon nanotube layer required for the emission of electrons. Also, the carbon nanotube layer is provided on the base layer in a state substantially un-mixed with the base layer.

Abstract: The present invention has an object to provide a cold-cathode fluorescent lamp which can suppress sputtering caused by electric discharge and reduce consumption of mercury so as to achieve a longer lifetime even if a lamp current is large and a lighting tube has a small diameter. The cold-cathode fluorescent lamp according to the present invention is characterized in that a distance between the inner surface of the lighting tube and the outer surface of a cylindrical electrode is set such that electric discharge develops mainly on the inner surface of the cylindrical electrode. When the lighting tube has an inside diameter D1 of 1 to 6 mm and the maximum lamp current is 5 mA or more, an outside diameter D2 of the cylinder electrode is preferably set at D1−0.4 [mm]≦D2<D1.

Abstract: A contact hole is formed, by etching that uses buffered hydrofluoric acid, in a gate insulating film made of SiO2 and an interlayer insulating layer, formed on the gate insulating film, which is made of SiN. In this contact hole, there is formed an electrode which includes: a first protective metal layer made of a refractory metal; a wiring layer, formed on the first protective metal layer, which is made of a metal whose resistance is lower than that of the refractory metal; and a second protective metal layer, made of a refractory metal, which is formed thicker than the gate insulating film.

Abstract: A light-emitting tube array display device includes a light-emitting tube array, a flexible sheet and a plurality of electrodes. The light-emitting tube array is constituted of a plurality of light-emitting tubes arranged in parallel. Each of the light-emitting tubes consists of narrow tube having a phosphor layer disposed and discharge gas filled inside. The flexible sheet is capable of flatly supporting the light-emitting tube array and deforming the light emitting tube array in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the light-emitting tubes. The plurality of electrodes are formed on a face of the flexible sheet opposed to the light-emitting tubes, which are capable of generating discharge inside the light-emitting tubes by an application of voltage. Each of the electrodes is formed of a metal film having a mesh pattern, a ladder pattern, or a comb-shape pattern.

Abstract: A bent fluorescent lamp for backlighting a display providing uniform illumination. A fluorescent lamp is made from a tubular glass envelope having right angles. The right angles provide improved illumination of a plane surface for backlighting a liquid crystal display. The right angles eliminate dark regions in the illuminated surface. An electrode is positioned sufficiently far from a central portion of the lamp so that any dark spaces in the gas discharge of the fluorescent lamp, such as the Faraday dark space associated with a cathode of a lamp are not formed within the central portion. The central portion of the fluorescent lamp has a uniform brightness or intensity for backlighting a liquid crystal display. A method of forming a right-angled bend in a glass tube is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel discharge structures for dielectric barrier discharge lamps, in which discharge electrode sections 5, 6, which are associated with the individual discharges 7, of the respective electrode strips 3, 4 overhang adjacent sections of the electrode strips 3, 4.

Abstract: Disclosed is a flat type fluorescent lamp having a discharge space divided into a plurality of discharge areas. The flat type fluorescent lamp includes a first substrate, a second substrate separated from the first substrate in a predetermined distance to provide a discharge space containing a discharge material, first and second electrodes for applying a voltage to the discharge space and being disposed on the second substrate, and a sealing member for sealing side portions of the first and second substrates to isolate the discharge space from a peripheral space thereof. A plurality of barrier ribs having a slender shape are disposed in the discharge space and perpendicular to the first and second electrodes to divide the discharge space into a plurality of discharge areas. Accordingly, plasma converted from the discharge material has a uniform density through out the discharge space, thereby increasing brightness and uniformity of a light to be supplied to a display panel.

Abstract: In a plasma display panel, a back substrate has a first metal electrode on a back base substrate, and a front substrate has a transparent electrode and a second metal electrode on a front base substrate. The front substrate is arranged opposite to the back substrate. At least one of the first metal electrode and the second metal electrode being formed by e electrophotographic printing. At this time, coated metal particles are used as toner, which particles are formed by coating metal particles having an average diameter of 0.1 to 20 &mgr;m with thermoplastic resin. The electrophotographic printing enables manufacture of plasma display panels and the like with less waste of materials.

Abstract: A cold cathode discharge device with high efficiency of light emission and long life is prepared by a cold cathode having both high secondary electron emission and anti-spattering property. Using carbon system cold cathodes constituted of a mixed phase of diamond and graphite, a cold cathode discharge device with high efficiency of light emission and long life is realized. It is desirable that an element having a wavelength of light emission equal to or shorter than 200 nanometers should be mixed in the discharge gas.

Abstract: The invention relates to a gas discharge lamp for dielectrically impeded discharges, which gas discharge lamp is provided with a discharge vessel filled with a gas filling, which discharge vessel comprises at least a wall of a dielectric material and at least a wall having a surface which is at least partly transparent to visible radiation and coated with a phosphor layer, which phosphor layer comprises a phosphor having a host lattice, Eu2+ as the activator and a doping D selected from the group formed by Ce3+, Pr3+ and Tb3+, and provided with an electrode structure for a dielectrically impeded discharge and means for igniting and maintaining the discharge. The invention also relates to a phosphor comprising a host lattice, Eu2+ as the activator and a doping D selected from the group formed by Ce3+, Pr3+ and Tb3+.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tungsten electrode which causes minimal cracking when sealed in a quartz glass envelope. The invention includes forming a substantially uniform oxide coating on a selected portion of the shank of a tungsten electrode followed by reducing the oxide coating to substantially elemental tungsten, wherein the electrode exhibits superior properties when sealed in a lamp having a quartz glass envelope. The invention also includes the electrode made by the process.

Abstract: A flat-type fluorescent lamp device includes first and second substrates facing each other, a plurality of first electrodes on the first substrate disposed along a first direction, each first electrode having protrusions extending from both sides of the first electrode along the first direction, a plurality of second electrodes on the first substrate, the second electrodes each having concave portions that correspond to the protrusions of the first electrode and convex portions that correspond to regions between the protrusions of the first electrode, a first fluorescent layer on an entire surface of the first substrate including the first and second electrodes, and a second fluorescent layer on the second substrate.

Abstract: A flat-type fluorescent lamp device includes a first substrate, a plurality of first and second electrodes arranged on the first substrate at fixed intervals, a first fluorescent layer on an entire surface of the first substrate including the first and second electrodes, a second substrate having a plurality of projection portions for maintaining a uniform gap between the first and second substrates, and a second fluorescent layer on the second substrate except at regions, of the projection portions that contact the first substrate.

Abstract: The electrode comprises a pin-like shank (7) and a head part (8), the electrode, in the region of its discharge-side end, forming a vessel (9) for an emitter, in which there is a bore (16) which is filled with emitter material (10). The vessel, at its discharge-side end face, forms a collar, having an inner collar part (13) which is curved convexly toward the bore and an outer collar part (14) which is curved convexly toward the side wall of the vessel.

Abstract: A portable battery powered high intensity lighting system that produces solar quality illumination at four to six times the efficiency of comparable incandescent lighting systems includes a light head and a power source. The light head contains an HID (high intensity discharge) arc lamp. A sealed enclosure containing a ballast is attached immediately adjacent to the lamp assembly. The ballast enclosure is preferably potted with a thermally conductive epoxy.

Abstract: A seal plate is installed for sealing tightly an exhaust hole provided to a glass substrate of the back side of a PDP (flat display panel). The air is directly exhausted from internal spaces via the exhaust hole and gas is sealed into an enclosure. The seal plate is heat-secured to the exhaust hole so as to seal the internal spaces tightly.

Abstract: In the case of a quiet discharge lamp, support elements for supporting a top plate are provided, by comparison with a base plate, in larger numbers and in an alternating arrangement with individual discharge structures.

Abstract: An electrical lead assembly for devices such as electrical lamps having a metallic foil for providing an electrically conducting path through a hermetic seal formed by pinch sealing a vitreous material. The metallic foil includes an oxidation-inhibiting coating of silica. In another aspect of the invention, methods of coating metallic foils with silica are disclosed. In yet another aspect of the present invention, an electrical lead assembly for lamps is provided wherein the metallic foil is extended to form an outer electrical lead for the lamp.

Abstract: A driving electrode structure of a plasma display panel for improving operation margin is described. A plurality openings is formed in a transparent electrode according to the driving characteristics of fluorescent layer of each luminous cell to adjust the effective area of the transparent electrode in each luminous cell, thereby increasing the operation margin of the sustaining voltage.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp is described with at least one capacitive coupling structure (10, 10′), which lamp has the particular feature that the coupling structure (10, 10′) is provided for generating an electromagnetic field with a frequency below approximately 50 MHz, that it is formed by a metal element (101, 101′) surrounded by a dielectric layer (102, 102′) at least in the region of a discharge space, which layer is less than approximately 100 &mgr;m thick. It was surprisingly found that operation at low frequencies is possible with such a coupling structure, for which efficient ballasts are available. A further advantage is that this coupling structure compared with known coupling structures for frequencies below approximately 50 MHz only cause a minimum shadow effect. The efficacy of the entire system is considerably higher than that of known lamps of this kind for these two reasons.

Abstract: A flat type fluorescent lamp that serves as an illuminating unit and a back light of a large sized liquid crystal panel. The flat type fluorescent lamp includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first electrode formed on the first substrate, the first electrode including a plurality of protrusions, a phosphor layer formed on the second substrate, a second electrode formed on the phosphor layer, and supports selectively formed between the first substrate and the second substrate. A method for manufacturing a flat type fluorescent lamp comprising the steps of forming a first electrode with protrusions at different intervals on a first substrate, forming a barrier layer over an entire surface of the first substrate including the first electrode, forming a phosphor layer on a second substrate, forming a second electrode on the phosphor layer, selectively forming supports between the first substrate and the second substrate and bonding the first substrate to the second substrate.

Abstract: A flat luminescent lamp and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed in the present invention. More specifically, a flat luminescent lamp includes first and second substrates each having a plurality of grooves in sides which the first and second substrates face into each other, first and second electrodes in the grooves, first and second phosphor layers in the first and second substrates including the first and second electrodes, respectively, and a frame for sealing the first and second substrates.