Abstract: A metal halide lamp includes: an arc tube having a light-emitting unit forming a discharge space therein, and two thin-tube units fitted into openings in both ends of the light-emitting unit; two electrode holding members provided through the thin-tube units so that one ends hold the electrodes and the other ends extend from one ends of the thin-tube units not facing the discharge space, and sealed to the thin-tube units via sealing members; and a metal tubular member through which the electrode and/or electrode holding member is inserted within the thin-tube units. Expressions “X≧0.0056P+0.194” and “0≦L≦0.44X” are satisfied, where “P” is lamp wattage [W], “X” distance [mm] from one end of the thin-tube unit facing the discharge space to one end of the coil facing the thin-tube unit, and “L” length [mm] of a part of the tubular member protruding into the discharge space.

Abstract: A discharge lamp comprises an enclosure in which a discharging gas is sealed, and a pair of electron-emitting members sealed in the enclosure between which a voltage is applied and each of which has, at its surface, a plurality of conductive micro-tips and an electron-emitting film which supports the plurality of conductive micro-tips and is made of a material whose secondary emission efficiency is higher than that of the material for the conductive micro-tips with respect to the discharging gas.

Abstract: A liquid crystal cell substrate 109, a plasma cell substrate 104, a dielectric layer 103 provided between the liquid crystal cell substrate 109 and the plasma cell substrate 104, a liquid crystal layer 110 provided between the liquid crystal cell substrate 109 and the dielectric layer 103, and a plurality of plasma channels 106 provided between the dielectric layer 103 and the plasma cell substrate 104, are provided. Each of the plurality of plasma channels 106 includes a discharge gas, an anode 107 and a cathode 108, and the cathode 108 includes a cathode layer 108a made of a mixture of a conductive material and an insulative material including a glass having a lead weight percentage of 30% or less.

Abstract: An incandescent light bulb includes a lamp envelope, a coiled filament with a predetermined amperage rating disposed inside the lamp envelope, and current supply wires that electrically connect a pair of opposite terminal ends of the filament to a power supply. The power supply has a predetermined nominal voltage range for causing a current to flow through the filament sufficient to heat the same to a temperature at which it emits visible light. In one arrangement the filament has a pair of end segments and a central segment between the end segments. The end segments of the filament have a first pitch which is smaller than a second pitch of the central segment of the filament. With this configuration, more of the length of the coil will be heated to the maximum operating temperature while avoiding peak temperature areas that lead to failures. The variable pitch of the filament increases the brightness of the light bulb without decreasing its life.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to improve the thermal radiation characteristic of the electrodes in a high pressure discharge lamp of the short arc type in which the input power has been increased in order to increase the amount of radiant light, and to reduce the electrode temperature with high efficiency. The object is achieved as claimed in the invention in a high pressure discharge lamp of the short arc type in the emission tube of which there is a pair of electrodes, in that at least part of the sides of the above described electrodes is provided with a groove area, that the depth D of this groove area is within 12% of the electrode diameter and that the relation D/P is between the depth D of the groove area and the pitch P between the grooves is greater than or equal to 2.

Abstract: A portable battery powered high intensity lighting system that produces solar quality illumination at four to six times the efficiency of comparable incandescent lighting systems includes a light head and a power source. The light head contains an HID (high intensity discharge) arc lamp. A sealed enclosure containing a ballast is attached immediately adjacent to the lamp assembly. The ballast enclosure is preferably potted with a thermally conductive epoxy.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp comprising an electrode including a carrier of an electrode metal, selected from the group formed by tungsten and tungsten-containing alloys, and a first coating of a first electron-emitting material, which material comprises an alkaline earth metal oxide, selected from the group formed by calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide, and a rare earth metal oxide, selected from the group formed by scandium oxide, yttrium oxide and europium oxide, in a quantity a that ranges from 0.1 to 10 wt. % by weight, is characterized by a longer service life, a higher resistance to poisoning and a robust manner of coping with a rapid succession of switching operations, as well as a short ignition stage.

Abstract: A discharging and light emitting element included in a CIS unit includes a transparent electrode having an external electrode and a substrate having an internal electrode. A first lead is led out from the internal electrode and a second lead is led out from the external electrode, and first and second leads are led out from end portions of the substrate and the transparent electrode at the same side.

Abstract: Light-emitting devices are disclosed that comprise a light source emitting first light, a first material substantially transparent to and located to receive at least a portion of the first light, and particles of a second material dispersed in the first material. The second material has an index of refraction greater than an index of refraction of the first material at a wavelength of the first light. The particles of the second material have diameters less than about this wavelength. Particles of a third material may also be dispersed in the first material.

Abstract: In a polarized electrical component, a first electrode is provided at an inner-side bottom face of the component, and a second electrode is provided at an outer-side bottom face of the component. One of the first and second electrodes serves as an anode electrode, and the other serves as a cathode electrode.

Abstract: A glow discharge lamp has a discharge vessel, a pair of electrodes mounted in the discharge vessel, ionizable filling which is principally made of rare gas and filled in the discharge vessel, and emissive material containing zinc alloy and provided on at least one of the electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a silent discharge lamp in which support elements for supporting a top plate opposite a base plate are designed as a unipartite component of the top plate and have a tapering contour.

Abstract: A low-wattage fluorescent lamp is provided. The lamp has at least one mercury cold spot region effective to maintain the mercury in the lamp at less than 30° C., preferably 25° C., in an enclosed lamp fixture. The lamp also features a reduced distance between electrodes resulting in less power being required to sustain an electric arc discharge during operation of the lamp. The lower power electric arc generates less heat to raise the temperature of mercury vapor within the lamp.

Abstract: A field effect emission device (100) for a visual display has a ceramic substrate (1). On an emission side (2) of the substrate, it has an emission layer (3) including a lattice of conductive emitter and gates line stripes (4, 5). For electrical connection to the emitter and gate stripes, the substrate has apertures (16), into which the strip material—or other conductive material—extends as vias (17). The device substrate is made up of several substrate layers 11, 12, 13, 14 bonded together. Each layer piece has connection strips (19) set into its opposite surfaces and intereonnecting vias (20), of the same material as the strips. The connection strips of adjacent layers about or at least vias of one layer abut with the connection strips of the next layer, providing electrical contact. The connection strips and the vias are arranged to spread or fan out the connections from the stripe pitch, typically 0.0125″, to that of driver chip contacts, typically 0.

Abstract: A planar fluorescent lamp equipped with a pair of flat electrodes and a method for fabricating such lamp are disclosed. In the planar fluorescent lamp, a lamp housing and a cover plate which are both formed of a soda-lime glass can be bonded together to form a vacuum tight seal by glass frit. A pair of flat electrodes and a pair of getter strips are pre-mounted in the cavity of the planar lamp. The pair of flat electrodes run substantially the full width of the interior cavity of the lamp such that a substantially uniform electric discharge field can be formed in the cavity when a RF power is supplied to the electrodes. A bottom panel of the lamp housing may be fabricated in a ribbed structure to improve the rigidity of the bottom panel such that it does not bow in when the cavity is sealed under a vacuum pressure.

Abstract: A display device includes elongated display tubes each of which has a discharge gas filled and a phosphor layer formed in the tube; a flexible sheet; a plurality of electrodes; and an adhesive layer. Each of the tubes is flat elliptical in cross section and has a plane section. The flexible sheet abuts against the plane sections of the tubes to support the tubes. The plurality of electrodes are arranged on the tubes abutting surface of the flexible sheet, for applying a voltage to the tubes to generate discharges within the tubes. The adhesive layer is disposed on the tubes abutting surface of the flexible sheet to bond the flexible sheet to the plane sections of the tubes so that the electrodes of the flexible sheet face the plane sections when the flexible sheet abuts against the plane sections of the tubes.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is disclosed, in which the discharge distance is expanded to generate ultraviolet rays in a positive column region and discharge current is reduced to decrease power consumption. The plasma display panel includes a plurality of first outer electrodes successively formed on a substrate at predetermined intervals, a plurality of first inner electrodes formed in parallel to the first outer electrodes and mated with the first outer electrodes one by one, a plurality of second outer electrodes formed in parallel to the first outer electrodes, and a plurality of second inner electrodes formed between the first inner electrodes and the second outer electrodes and mated with the second outer electrodes one by one.

Abstract: An electrode for a plasma display panel (PDP) in which an electrode having a high adhesive power is formed on a glass substrate of a color plasma display panel and a method for forming the same. The electrode for the PDP includes a metal ceramic thin film formed between a metal electrode and a dielectric substrate. The method includes steps of forming a metal ceramic thin film on a predetermined portion of the dielectric substrate and forming an electrode having the same metal element as the metal ceramic thin film on the metal ceramic thin film.

Abstract: An electro-optical display comprising a flexible three-dimensional structure including at least two layers of electrode structures held together but spaced apart by at least one skeletal layer formed of fibers transverse to the electrode structures, the skeletal layer having empty space among the transverse fibers filled with an electrooptically active (EOA) substance, whereby an EOA zone is formed by the EOA substance between the electrode structures. A 3-D spacer fabric comprising two woven or knitted network layers united by a skeletal layer made of fibers and interwoven with the network layers, wherein the network layers comprise sets of conductive fibers ready to form an EOA zone with an EOA substance in the skeletal layer.

Abstract: A surface emitting device (A) has a light source (1a) and a light guide plate (2). Members (3) having a function as a reflection portion for reflecting light from the light source (1a) toward a liquid crystal display panel (100) are provided inside the light guide plate (2).

Abstract: A tungsten-rhenium filament is disclosed. The filament has a re-crystallization temperature above 2000° C., and it comprises an aluminum-potassium-silicon (AKS) additive. The potassium content of the filament is between 80-110 ppm, and the rhenium content is between 0.05-0.19% by weight. A method for manufacturing a rhenium-tungsten filament is also disclosed. The method comprises the following steps. An AKS doped tungsten-rhenium alloy powder is prepared with a rhenium content of 0.05-0.19% by weight, and a potassium content between 80-110 ppm. The alloy powder is pressed and presintered, and thereafter sintered with direct current. A rhenium-tungsten filament is formed which has a metastable crystal structure. The filament is wound on a mandrel, and it is annealed on the mandrel below the re-crystallization temperature. The filament is finally re-crystallized above the re-crystallization temperature. A halogen incandescent lamp with an envelope enclosing a tungsten-rhenium filament is also provided.

Abstract: A sealing electrode for discharge lamp having electrically conductive cup, and an emitter pellet is disclosed. The cup seals a passage into the discharge lamp, and additionally supports the electrode pellet or tip for the discharge. The design enables the emitter, electrode and seal structure to be made separately off line, while also enabling the emitter to be protected from contaminants during subsequent assembly.

Abstract: A short-arc high pressure discharge lamp with a shorter distance between electrodes than a conventional lamp that realizes a long life of at least 3000 hours and suppresses the arc jump phenomenon is disclosed. In the high pressure discharge lamp, an electrode tip 124 is transformed into a semi-sphere by fusing and processing an electrode rod 122 and a coil 123 wound around an end of the electrode rod 122. A thickness “de” and a diameter “&phgr;e” of the semi-sphere are each set in a range predetermined in correspondence with a power input (W) of the short-arc high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: A flat luminescent lamp and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed, in which light weight and high luminance can be obtained and discharge efficiency can be maximized. The flat luminescent lamp includes first and second substrates each having a plurality of concave and convex portions on an opposing surface, first and second electrodes alternately formed in the convex portions on the first substrate at constant intervals, a dielectric layer formed on the first substrate including the first and second electrodes, and first and second phosphor layers respectively formed on the dielectric layer and the second substrate.

Abstract: In a short-arc high-pressure discharge lamp (1) with a xenon fill for digital projection purposes, the separation L in mm of the two mutually facing end sections (6a, 8c) of the cathode (6) and the anode (8) when the lamp is hot is given by the relationship 0.8×P≦L≦1×P+1, where P is the lamp power in kW. Further, the diameter D of the circular-cylindrical middle section (8a) of the anode (8) in mm obeys the relationship D≧2.1×L+10.

Abstract: Low work function materials are disclosed together with methods for their manufacture and integration with electrodes used in thermionic conversion applications (specifically microminiature thermionic conversion applications). The materials include a mixed oxide system and metal in a compositionally modulated structure comprised of localized discontinuous structures of material that are deposited using techniques suited to IC manufacture, such as rf sputtering or CVD. The structures, which can include layers are then heated to coalescence yielding a thin film that is both durable and capable of electron emission under thermionic conversion conditions used for microminiature thermionic converters. Using the principles of the invention, thin film electrodes (emitters and collectors) required for microconverter technology are manufactured using a single process deposition so as to allow for full fabrication integration consistent with batch processing, and tailoring of emission/collection properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device with a color filter used as an electrode which improves both color purity and optical efficiency of the display device and a method for manufacturing the same. The display device with color filters used as electrodes in accordance with the present invention is achieved by forming conductive color filters on an upper substrate. The fabrication process is simple and accordingly the production yield is increased for thereby reducing the manufacturing cost. In addition, the light transmittance and optical efficiency are increased, and the color purity is increased and external light reflection is effectively shut off.

Abstract: A method for forming an electrode in a plasma display panel, which simplify fabrication steps of a metal electrode and a transparent electrode and prevent bubbles from being generated due to reaction between the metal electrode and a dielectric layer, includes the steps of forming a metal oxide layer on a transparent substrate in a predetermined pattern, etching a surface of the metal oxide layer to form an uneven portion, and chemical plating a surface of the uneven portion to form a metal electrode.

Abstract: A panel of an organic electro-luminescence (EL) device and a method for manufacturing the same is disclosed, in which it is possible to decrease a load in a scan driver (driving chip for the scan) and a pixel, thereby improving reliability of a driving driver and the device. Also, the number of the scan and data drivers (driving chip for the data) decreases, and the number of COF (chip on flexible printed circuit) bonding, chip bonding for connecting the driving chip to each electrode line, decreases, thereby decreasing a manufacturing price.

Abstract: An AC plasma display panel in which variation in display luminance and occurrence of error display are suppressed is provided. A first insulating substrate and a second insulating substrate are positioned opposing each other. On the first insulating substrate, a scanning/sustain-electrode group including a plurality of sets of a scanning electrode and a sustain electrode that are arranged in parallel to each other and a dielectric layer covering the scanning/sustain-electrode group are provided. A plurality of data electrodes that are orthogonal to and opposing the scanning electrode and the sustain electrode are provided on the second insulating substrate. Discharges between the scanning electrode and the sustain electrode allow phosphors to emit light. Each of the plurality of sets includes, as a unit, the scanning electrode and the sustain electrodes positioned on both sides of the scanning electrode, and the plurality of sets are separated from one another.

Abstract: In a lighting arrangement comprising a low-pressure discharge lamp and a high-frequency ballast for cold-igniting and operating the low-pressure discharge lamp, said low-pressure discharge lamp is equipped with electrodes which each comprise two or more double-spiral tungsten electrode bodies covered with an emitter. The switching performance of the low-pressure discharge lamp is very high.

Abstract: Start-up and re-ignition of a high pressure arc lamp are aided by injection of electrons toward a high pressure arc lamp electrode. A microdischarge device directs electrons toward an electrode of the arc lamp and is preferably turned off during normal operation of the arc lamp. The harsh environment of an arc lamp requires the microdischarge to be made from robust materials, such as ceramics, semiconductors or tungsten, for example. In the present invention, the discharge design must allow, preferably through a screen anode, for the escape of electrons from the microdischarge. This invention results in a decrease in the voltage required to start-up or re-ignite a lamp.

Abstract: In a capacitively coupled discharge lamp the electrode comprises a dielectric material that during operation is in contact with the discharge. The impedance of the dielectric material is small and its electron affinity is negative. In this way it is realized that the discharge lamp can be operated efficiently at low frequencies (less than 500 KHz).

Abstract: A sustain electrode (10, 20) formed by a metal thick film consists of (i) a base portion (15, 25) extending along a second direction (D2) and (ii) a projecting portion (16, 26) coupled with the base portion (15, 25) to extend toward another sustain electrode (20, 10) with respect to the base portion (15, 25). The projecting portion (16, 26) consists of (ii-1) two first portions (161, 261) coupled with an end of the base portion (15, 25) in the second direction (D2) to extend along a first direction (D1), (ii-2) a second portion (162, 262) coupled with an end of the first portion (161, 261) on the side of the other sustain electrode (20, 10) in the first direction (D1) to extend along the second direction (D2) and connect the two first portions (161, 261) with each other, and (ii-3) a third portion (163, 263) coupled with portions of the first portions (161, 261) separate from the second portion (162, 262) for connecting the two first portions (161, 261) with each other.

Abstract: A plasma display device including a rear substrate, a first electrode formed on an upper surface of the rear substrate in a striped pattern, a dielectric layer formed on the upper surface of the rear surface such that the first electrode is embedded therein, a plurality of partitions defining a discharge space formed on an upper surface of the dielectric layer, a front substrate installed above the partitions and formed of a transparent dielectric thin plate, and second and third electrodes formed on an upper surface of the front substrate to cross with the first electrode.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp includes a light-emitting tube having a pair of electrodes therein, a base in which the light-emitting tube is fixed, and a base contact pin terminal supported by the base with one end thereof projecting from the base. The base contact pin terminal is electrically connected to an electrode lead wire drawn from the light-emitting tube. The base is provided with a first power-conducting member including the base contact pin terminal having a lead plate, a connecting terminal having a lead plate and connected to the electrode lead wire, and a thermal protection element connected to the lead plate of the base contact pin terminal and the lead plate of the connecting terminal. The manufacturing processes of a fluorescent lamp provided with a thermal fuse are simplified and can be performed easily.

Abstract: Sputtering of the cathodes of a cold cathode fluorescent lamp is reduced or eliminated by removing electrodes altogether from the sealed envelope containing the gaseous medium. Electric field is then applied by means of electrically conductive members outside the tube. Alternatively, the current passing between electrodes can be spread over multiple sub-electrodes so that the current flow and sputtering experienced by each individual sub-electrode will be reduced. Different designs are employed to facilitate heat dissipation for high power and high intensity cold cathode fluorescent lamp applications. Thus, a container for the fluorescent lamp tube may be omitted altogether and adjacent rounds of a spiral-shaped lamp may be attached together by an adhesive material. Alternatively, the container may be open at one end to facilitate heat dissipation. Or the container for the lamp and the housing from the driver may each contain a hole to allow air circulation to carry away heat.

Abstract: A short-arc high pressure discharge lamp with a shorter distance between electrodes than a conventional lamp that realizes a long life of at least 3000 hours and suppresses the arc jump phenomenon is disclosed. In the high pressure discharge lamp, an electrode tip 124 is transformed into a semi-sphere by fusing and processing an electrode rod 122 and a coil 123 wound around an end of the electrode rod 122. A thickness “de” and a diameter “Øe” of the semi-sphere are each set in a range predetermined in correspondence with a power input (W) of the short-arc high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including upper and lower substrates which are opposite to each other, a pair of upper electrodes formed to be spaced apart from each other on the lower surface of the upper substrate, a first dielectric layer coated on the lower surface of the upper substrate to bury the upper electrodes, partition walls installed to be spaced apart from each other on the lower substrate, for defining discharge spaces, lower electrodes formed of conductive wires on the upper substrate in the discharge spaces so as to be orthogonal to the upper electrodes, and a phosphor layer coated in the discharge spaces.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a plurality of row electrodes defining rows of a screen. The row electrodes are arranged at intervals so that adjacent row electrodes are capable of serving as an electrode pair for generating a surface discharge. Each of the row electrodes includes a belt-shaped base extending along the full length of the screen in a direction of the rows and protrusions extending from the base toward an adjacent row electrode in every column.

Abstract: A low-wattage fluorescent lamp is provided. The lamp has at least one mercury cold spot region effective to maintain the mercury in the lamp at less than 30° C., preferably 25° C., in an enclosed lamp fixture. The lamp also features a reduced distance between electrodes resulting in less power being required to sustain an electric arc discharge during operation of the lamp. The lower power electric arc generates less heat to raise the temperature of mercury vapor within the lamp.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is provided in which a reliability of addressing is ensured, a flicker is reduced and the area that a cross talk can spread in the column direction is decreased so that a fluctuation of the display can be reduced. The plasma display panel has a first display electrode and a second display electrode that make an electrode pair for surface discharge. The first and the second display electrodes share one electrode for display of neighboring two rows. A partition is provided that divides a discharge gas space in the column direction only in the area where the first display electrode that is not used as a scanning electrode is positioned.

Abstract: A direct-current-lighting, ultra-high-pressure mercury lamp that is resistant to loss of transparency even after being lit for a long period, and has little wastage of electrodes and particularly the cathode tip, and also exhibits a long service life. The direct-current ultra-high-pressure mercury lamp includes a cathode and anode of tungsten facing each other within a quartz glass tube, and a cathode coil which is wrapped around the cathode. The cathode is composed of tungsten doped with potassium, and the anode is composed of tungsten having a purity of at least 99.99%. The cathode coil can also be advantageously formed of tungsten having a purity of at least 99.99%.

Abstract: To provide a lamp device that is a point light source, that withstands high pressure, and that produces high-intensity light, a high-frequency excitation point light source lamp device has been devised having a discharge vessel made of a transparent, non-conductive material and having an expanded part forming a discharge space and with tubules joined to the expanded part; at least one discharge concentrator, that concentrates the electrical field within the discharge space of the expanded part, which is supported in a tubule with an end within the discharge space; and a high-frequency supply external to the lamp for providing excitation energy that excites a discharge of the concentrator.

Abstract: An electron emitter includes a coating layer of a mixture of carbon nanotubes and alkali-earth metal oxides on an electrically conducting structure. The preferred carbon nanotubes are those having a diameter less than about 200 nm. A substantial portion of electron emission is liberated from the carbon nanotubes, thus lessening the requirement on the alkali-earth oxides. Such an electron emitter is advantageously used in gas discharge devices to increase the energy efficiency thereof.

Abstract: A high pressure mercury lamp comprises a quartz envelope that contains an atmosphere and a pair of arc-discharge electrodes. These are coil-wound tungsten that has been doped to grain-stabilize the tungsten crystalline structure, e.g., with potassium or potassium and alumina. Preferred potassium doping levels of the tungsten material are in the range of 35-75 ppm. A suitable commercial product of alumina and potassium doped tungsten material is Type BSD-Sylvania. The atmosphere generally comprises a rare gas like xenon, to which is added no more than 0.2 mg/mm3 of mercury so as to keep operating pressure under 200 bar (197 atm). But the electrical power applied is sufficient to maintain arc power loadings of at least 150 watts/mm. The resultant wall loading is more than 0.8 watts/mm2, and lamp operating-power levels can be greater than 150 watts.

Abstract: A PDP drive method capable of restraining the generation of contour noise and making to be high a brightness level. In the PDP drive method, discharging cells on the plasma display panel start simultaneously on a radio frequency discharge by row lines. Next, the radio frequency discharge, which is caused in each discharging cell on the row line, is erased by applying an erasing pulse corresponding to a brightness level of video to the discharging cells on a row line.

Abstract: A cathode-ray tube according to the present invention is able to automatically correct a color shading caused due to a repulsion effect and the like, which occurs between electron beams. An electron gun for use with the cathode-ray tube according to the present invention includes beam apertures bored through a first electrode opposing a cathode disposed in an inline fashion. Further, beam apertures through which so-called side beams pass are bored with a predetermined inclination relative to the opposing cathodes. Consequently, an electron lens formed between the cathode and the first electrode becomes an axial-asymmetric electron lens. The curvature of this electron lens is changed in response to a drive voltage of the cathode. When this curvature is changed, the trajectories of electron beams are changed to cancel an influence caused by a repulsion effect. Thus, a color shading can be corrected automatically.

Abstract: A robust coiled filament electrode for a fluorescent lamp used in high vibration environments. A cylindrical mandrel is placed within coils in each end of a coiled filament electrode. The mandrel and the coiled filament electrode are held by a mounting post. The mounting post is bent over and crimped, holding the mandrel and coiled filament electrode. The mandrel extends inward between the two mounting posts, providing support for the coiled filament electrodes. The coiled filament electrode may be made by method or process of chemically dissolving selected portions of a mandrel. Lamp life is extended, as well as the variance between lamp life is substantially reduced. The present invention is particularly applicable to applications in avionics.

Abstract: An AC-driven surface discharge plasma display panel (AC-PDP) includes a pair of substrates that face each other and define a discharge space therebetween, a pair of electrodes for each display line formed on an inner surface of one of the two substrates such that the electrodes face each other and define a discharge gap therebetween, each of the electrodes having minute openings, and a dielectric layer covering the electrodes. The panel has enhanced emission efficiency properties that do not suffer from deterioration.