Abstract: A matching circuit arrangement for operating a high-pressure discharge lamp. The circuit arrangement is provided with first and second input terminals for connection to a supply source, each of which is connected to a respective first and second output terminal. The output terminals are intended for connection of the high-pressure discharge lamp. A first controlled semiconductor switching element A having a thyristor characteristic is included in a connection between the second input terminal and the respective second output terminal. A control electrode of the switching element A is connected to a main electrode BE2 of a second controlled semiconductor switching element B having a thyristor characteristics. The main electrode AE2 of the first switching element is connected together with the main electrode BE1 of the second switching element to the second input terminal. The main electrode AE1 of the first switching element is connected to the second output terminal.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for increasing the reliability of an arc discharge occurring in metal halide gas discharge lamps by providing UV radiation in the gas discharge path.

Abstract: A low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp in which a rare gas and mercury are provided in an outer bulb, which in turn contains therein a plurality of bent inner tubes, each having an opening at an end and an electrode at the other end thereof. A starting probe is provided between the openings in the outer bulb. An operating circuit or starter is connected to the electrodes. Further, a starting probe circuit is connected to the starting probe to apply a high voltage to the starting probe at the time of ignition.

Abstract: In order to facilitate the initiation of plasma discharge inside a gaseous discharge tube, some form of pre-ionizing the gas is required. This invention describes a technique whereby a small but intense discharge region is created near the cathode of a d.c. discharge in order to generate the necessary electrons to initiate the formation of the main electrical discharge. It makes use of the high negative voltage that is applied on the discharge cathode with respect to the discharge anode. A third auxiliary pin electrode near the cathode is introduced into the discharge tube. It is connected on the outside to the anode through a resistor of a suitable value. In the presence of a high voltage across the main electrodes, corona discharge occurs near the auxiliary electrode. This leads to the formation of a small region of intense discharge between it and the cathode. The electron generated in this small discharge region would drift towards the anode under the high electric field between the main electrodes.

Abstract: A discharge lamp is provided with a starting aid in the form of a loop of conductive wire arranged around the discharge lamp arc tube and a novel spark gap. A conductive element is electrically connected between the loop and an insulating sleeve adapted to form a spark gap by means of the conductive element wrapped around an opening in the insulating sleeve. The opening can be in the form of a drilled hole or slot and the arrangement is particularly useful in the restricted confines of a sealed beam reflector lamp.

Abstract: An electric discharge lamp has an arc tube within an outer gas filled glass envelope, and a thermal switching means is located within the outer envelope. The thermal switching means has a bimetal strip and a spring-like member each affixed to at least one of the electrical conductors, and upon application of heat the bimetal strip and spring-like member are flexed to short-circuit the electrical conductors and remove any DC potential between the main electrode and the starting electrode minimizing electrolysis.

Abstract: An electronic light emitter comprising an electric-discharge tube having a transparent tube, a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode, and a reflector for forwardly reflecting light emitted from the discharge tube. A reflecting portion is formed on the transparent tube to reflect light impinging thereupon toward the reflector, thereby limiting the direction in which the light emitted from the discharge tube passes outwardly from the transparent tube. The reflecting portion is formed of conductive material and is used as the trigger electrode.

Abstract: A low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp in which a rare gas and mercury are provided in an outer bulb, which in turn contains therein a plurality of bent inner tubes, each having an opening at an end and an electrode at the other end thereof. A starting probe is provided between the openings in the outer bulb. An operating circuit or starter is connected to the electrodes. Further, a starting probe circuit is connected to the starting probe to apply a high voltage to the starting probe at the time of ignition.

Abstract: A high pressure metal vapor discharge lamp including an arc tube having at least a main electrode at each end thereof, a fill sealed in the arc tube, including mercury, metal halide and starting gases selected from the group consisting of Ar, Kr and Xe, a radioactive source material, impregnated with a radioactive substance having a half-life less than 1.times.10.sup.4 years, sealed in the arc tube and a circuit including a conventional low voltage mercury lamp ballast and a glow starter for starting the arc tube.

Abstract: A rapid start fluorescent lamp having an external conductive strip has a resistive element in the lamp base electrically connected to the conductive strip and a pin of the lamp base. The resistive element is made from a material which has a volume resistivity of about 10.sup.5 to about 10.sup.8 ohm-cm and a deflection temperature greater than 250.degree. C. at 1,820 kilo dynes/cm.sup.2. The resistive element is mounted in the lamp base metal housing and supports the metal pins or the resistive element is made into a washer shaped element and attached to one of the pins on the inside of the lamp base.

Abstract: An electronic light emitter comprising an electric-discharge tube having a transparent tube, a cathode, an anode, a trigger electrode, and a reflector for forwardly reflecting light emitted from the discharge tube. A reflecting portion is formed on the transparent tube to reflect light impinging thereupon toward the reflector, thereby limiting the direction in which the light emitted from the discharge tube passes outwardly from the transparent tube. The reflecting portion is formed of conductive material and is used as the trigger electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure sodium vapor discharge lamp comprising a discharge vessel and a glow starter. The glow starter in the inoperative condition of the lamp is electrically connected parallel to the discharge vessel. In the operative condition the glow starter is switched off electrically by means of a bimetal switch. According to the invention the contact point of the bimetal switch which is connected to the glow starter is situated on the wall of the discharge vessel. Herewith a reliable and simply realizable positioning of the contact point is obtained.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp, for example a high pressure sodium or sodium halide lamp, which utilizes a refractory metal spiral with positive electric potential applied to it positioned around the arc tube to aid in starting and inhibit sodium migration through the arc tube during operation.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp operable from an AC potential source includes an arc discharge tube having a pair of oppositely disposed main electrodes therein and an associated external starting electrode, all disposed within a sealed envelope having an affixed base with a circuit means including a negative potential blocking device coupling the starting electrode to the AC potential source.

Abstract: A starter for igniting a gas and/or vapor discharge tube (1) comprising two main electrodes 53, 54 and an auxiliary electrode 70. The discharge tube is connected to an inductive stabilization ballast 52. The starter applies an ignition voltage between the auxiliary electrode and a main electrode of the discharge tube. Tube ignition is promoted by connecting a capacitor 55 in series with a semiconductor switching element 58 across the starter input terminals A,B so that - in addition to the said ignition voltage - an increased voltage is generated between the two main electrodes of the discharge tube by cooperation of the inductive ballast and the capacitor.

Abstract: A high pressure sodium discharge lamp employs a starting aid allowing the use of increased xenon pressure for higher efficacy. The starting aid is positioned far enough from the ends of the electrodes so that end blackening does not attenuate the starting pulse and render the lamps impossible to start after they have been aged over 100 hours.

Abstract: High-intensity-discharge (HID) sodium lamp has a starting aid comprising a conducting ceramic which is hermetically sealed to and extends through an alumina arc tube at least at one end thereof to form an electrically conducting path. The conducting ceramic is fused to the alumina arc tube and is electrically conductive by virtue of having embedded therein a small percentage of finely divided refractory metal. At least during starting, the conducting ceramic is electrically connected through a resistor to the opposite lamp electrode and, as a result, on application of energizing potential, a glow discharge is established between an arc-tube-interior portion of the conducting ceramic and the adjacent electrode to ionize the atmosphere within the arc tube and facilitate lamp starting.

Abstract: A light source, including a high pressure discharge lamp and a starting pulse generator, such as a spiral line pulse generator, utilizes a generally straight elongated conductor, or starting aid, in close proximity to an outer surface of the discharge tube to provide efficient coupling of the starting pulse to the discharge lamp. The starting aid extends between a region proximate one of the electrodes and a region proximate the other of the electrodes. The starting aid provides within the discharge lamp an ionization path of minimum length free of circumferential turns when the conductor is energized by the pulse generator. The starting aid can be affixed to the discharge tube or can be mounted in one or more support brackets.

Abstract: A starting aid for a fluorescent lamp is formed from a metallized, insulating tape carrying an adhesive on the metallized surface. An integral coupling impedance is formed on one end of the starting aid by an adhesive backed insulating tape which is attached to a metal foil. The metal foil carries a connecting wire which is attached to one of the lead-in wires of the lamp. The lead-in wire potential is thus capacitively coupled to the metallized layer of the starting aid.

Abstract: A high pressure sodium lamp, which includes a discharge tube enclosing xenon at pressures in excess of 300 torr, is reliably started by the combination of an igniter, a conductor wrapped around the discharge tube, and a switching circuit. The igniter provides periodic pulses of 2500 to 4000 volts with a duration of at least one microsecond. The switching circuit provides a high voltage pulse having an amplitude about equal to the amplitude of the periodic pulses and a duration much greater than the duration of the periodic pulses. The conductor intensifies the electric field within the discharge tube. A conventional lamp ballast provides ac power during starting and normal operation.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp comprises a two-electrode arc tube and an external starting probe supported from a base and preferably sealed within an outer envelope to which the base is attached. The base contains an electronic pulsing circuit comprising a capacitor connected in a charging circuit across the base terminals, a pulse transformer having its primary connected in series with a voltage sensitive switch across the capacitor, and a step-up secondary connected to the probe. After starting, the voltage across the capacitor drops below the breakdown level of the switch and pulsing stops.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure sodium lamp which is provided with a discharge tube having an external auxiliary electrode. The auxiliary electrode is switched off by a bimetallic switch in the operating condition of the lamp.According to the invention the lamp also comprises a glow starter which in the operating condition of the lamp is switched off by means of the same bimetallic switch. This apparatus achieves in a simple manner, a large available voltage for igniting the discharge tube with an operating condition of the lamp in which no disturbance is experienced from any of the ignition auxiliary means.

Abstract: A metal halide high-intensity discharge lamp for connection to a constant wattage-type mercury ballast including a transformer having a secondary winding having a capacitor in series circuit arrangement therewith. The lamp includes starting aid means and warm-up assistance means to ensure reliable operation. The starting aid means is a voltage doubler comprising a diode and two resistors operating in conjunction with the ballast capacitor and also including a normally closed heat-responsive switch means operative to prevent voltage stress on the diode after the lamp starts.

Abstract: A metal halide high-intensity discharge lamp for connection to a constant wattage-type ballast including a transformer with a secondary having a capacitor connected in series circuit arrangement therewith. The lamp includes starting aid means including a voltage doubler comprising a diode and two resistors operating in conjunction with the ballast capacitor. The starting aid means further comprises a normally closed heat-responsive switch means operative to prevent voltage stress on the diode after the lamp starts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure sodium vapor discharge lamp which comprises a discharge tube provided with an external starting electrode. In accordance with the invention the lamp comprises a transformer wherein the secondary winding of the transformer is connected between the starting electrode and a main electrode of the discharge tube, the primary winding of that transformer being included in an oscillatory circuit including a glow starter. These further components of the starting circuit form part of the lamp. In this construction proper starting of the lamp is achieved with minimal insulation near the input terminals of the lamp.

Abstract: High-pressure-discharge (HID) sodium lamp has a starting aid comprising a plug-like ceramic member extending through the longitudinal wall of the arc tube proximate one of the lamp electrodes. The plug-like ceramic member is fused to the alumina arc tube and is electrically conductive by virtue of having embedded therein a small percentage of finely divided refractory metal. At least during lamp starting, the plug-like ceramic starting aid is electrically connected through a resistor to the opposite lamp electrode and, as a result, on application of energizing potential, a glow discharge is established between the interior surface of the plug-like ceramic member and the proximate lamp electrode to ionize the atmosphere within the arc tube to facilitate lamp starting.

Abstract: A metal vapor discharge lamp includes a discharge tube with main electrodes at each end. A starting electrode extends around at least an axial portion of the tube intermediate the main electrodes, one main electrode is connected to the starting electrode by a first resistance and the other main electrode is connected to the other electrode by a second resistance. At least one of the resistances has a temperature dependent characteristic which is substantially more positive than the other resistance.

Abstract: A jacketed high pressure metal vapor discharge lamp comprising an arc tube having main electrodes at opposite ends and a starter electrode, has a resistor and a diode in series bridged across the main electrodes which are connected across a peaked lead ballast in operation. A second resistor connects the starting electrode to the remote main electrode. The circuit lowers the minimum open circuit voltage required from the ballast for reliable starting.

Abstract: An overvoltage protection circuit, in particular for protection against lightning. It comprises, in an ionizable atmosphere, three electrodes in the form of plates secured to an insulating support. One of the said electrodes is a discharge ignition electrode penetrating into a discharge gap between the two other electrodes, which are discharge electrodes. One of the two latter is connected to the ignition electrode through an electrical resistor. The assembly of the electrodes is located inside a case filled by the said atmosphere and inside which the electrodes and resistor are secured to a plate of insulating material which constitutes the said insulating support.

Abstract: The invention relates to a starting and operating device, including an intance in the ignition circuit, for a high pressure discharge lamp, especially for a high pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp with metal halide additive, having at least one starting electrode positioned near one of the main electrodes within the discharge vessel. The starting electrode and the main electrode remote from the starting electrode are bridged by an electric circuit externally of the discharge vessel which comprises a current-interrupting and/or current-limiting electrical component. This arrangement of an auxiliary electrode within the discharge vessel of a high pressure discharge lamp brings about a reduction of the supply voltage required for initiation of the discharge which is particularly desirous in the case of high pressure mercury vapor discharge lamps containing metal halides.

Abstract: A discharge lamp for connection to an associated alternating current power supply. The lamp is provided with two main electrodes and a starting electrode. Two diodes are connected in series, in cathode to anode relationship, between one associated AC power conductor and the starting electrode. In parallel with the diodes is a first capacitor. Connected to the junction between the diodes is a second capacitor which is connected on the other side thereof to a conductor from the other AC power conductor to the main lamp electrode remote from the starting electrode. In operation the second capacitor substantially changes its capacitance responsive to the temperature present with the lamp to effectively make the voltage doubler inoperative.

Abstract: In a discharge lamp where the arc tube has main electrodes and a starter electrode, there is provided a voltage doubling circuit comprising a diode and a capacitor connected in series across the input terminals. The circuit is poled to generate a positive potential at the junction of diode and capacitor which is coupled through a resistor to the starter electrode. Voltage doubling may be provided across the gap from starter to adjacent main electrode or from starter to remote main electrode to improve starting. Where the arc tube contains sodium, the positive potential may also be applied to the arc tube frame to reduce sodium loss by electrolysis.

Abstract: A high pressure metal halide lamp comprises an outer envelope and an inner fused silica arc tube whose fill includes sodium iodide. Notwithstanding the use of a divided mount side-rod-less construction, the arc tube is subject to loss of sodium by electrolysis through the walls. The sodium loss is reduced by means of a collector wire within the outer envelope having a control potential thereon which shadows the current carrying lead wire in order to collect electrons that otherwise drift to the arc tube and promote electrolysis.

Abstract: A jacketed high intensity discharge lamp utilizes a starter electrode voltage doubling circuit comprising a diode and a mica-dielectric capacitor which is electrically interposed between an inlead into the jacket and the frame side rod and forms an integral structural part of the frame which supports the arc tube. The starter electrode is resistively connected to the side rod to facilitate starting and the arrangement maintains a positive D.C. bias on the frame which reduces electrolysis of sodium through the arc tube walls.

Abstract: An improved thermal switch permitting large temperature excursions beyond the design closure temperature without stressing the switch material beyond its elastic limits. It combines a bimetal portion with a spring portion through which movement is transmitted, the former providing sufficient deformation for closure at design temperature, and the latter accommodating excess deformation beyond closure caused by high temperature. It is particularly useful in metal halide lamps having gas filled outer envelopes and requiring shorting of an auxiliary starting electrode to the adjacent main electrode during operation.